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Among the greenhouse gases produced in broiler chicken production environments, ammonia stands out for being present in higher concentrations and for significantly affecting human and animal health. Thus, this review evaluates the various sources of ammonia generation in animal production facilities, the damages caused by ammonia emissions in broiler chicken production facilities, and the accompanying economic losses. The main source of ammonia in broiler production is the nitrogen ingested in the diet, which is broken down into uric acid and, eventually, into ammonia that is volatilized from the bed to the environment. High ammonia concentrations in such facilities can affect productivity and result in economic losses. The effects on the environment are eutrophication of water bodies and ground water contamination. Ammonia emission control in poultry production facilities is therefore inevitable to avoid economic losses, prevent environmental damage, and increase feed efficiency.(AU)

Simulation of rumen fermentation kinetics of by-products from the biodiesel industry with in vitro gas production technique / Simulação da cinética de fermentação ruminal de subprodutos da indústria do biodiesel através da técnica de produção de gases in vitro

The objective of this study was to investigate the rumen fermentation kinetics of 18 by-products from the biodiesel industry exhibiting potential for use in the feeding of ruminants via the in vitro gas production technique. The following feeds were investigated: cottonseed, canudo de pito, crambe, sunflower, castor seed (detoxified with lime) and soybean meals and cottonseed, peanut, babassu, crambe, palm kernel, sunflower, licuri nut, macaúba, forage radish and jatropha cakes. The evaluated parameters were total gas production (VfT), gas production from fibrous carbohydrates (VfFC), gas production from non-fibrous carbohydrates (VfNFC), the degradation rate of fibrous carbohydrates (kdFC), the degradation rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates (kdNFC) and lag time (lag). The feeds were grouped into six different groups according to rumen fermentation kinetic parameters and adopting an R2 of 0.8. Forage radish cake and the meals of cottonseed, soybean, crambe and sunflower composed the first group, while the cakes of babassu and sunflower formed the second group. Canudo de pito and castor seed meals and the cakes of cottonseed, licuri and jatropha I and II formed the third group. The fourth group was composed by the cakes of crambe, palm kernel and peanut I. The fifth group was formed by peanut cake II, while macauba fruit cake formed the sixth group. The VfNFC and VfFC varied...(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar a cinética de fermentação ruminal de 18 coprodutos da indústria do biodiesel, com potencial de uso na alimentação de ruminantes, através da técnica de produção de gases in vitro. Os alimentos estudados foram os farelos de: algodão, canudo de pito, crambe, girassol, mamona destoxificado com cal e soja e as tortas de: algodão, amendoim, babaçu, crambe, dendê, girassol, licuri, sementes de macaúba, nabo forrageiro e pinhão manso. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: produção total de gases (VFT), produção de gases proveniente dos carboidratos fibrosos (VFCF), produção de gases proveniente dos carboidratos não fibrosos (VFCNF), taxa de degradação dos carboidratos fibrosos (kdCF), taxa de degradação dos carboidratos não fibrosos (kdCNF) e lag time (Lag). Os alimentos foram agrupados através dos parâmetros de cinética de fermentação ruminal, utilizando-se um R2 de 0,8, em seis diferentes grupos. A torta de nabo forrageiro e os farelo de algodão, soja, crambe e girassol compuseram o primeiro grupo, enquanto o segundo grupo foi formado pelas tortas de babaçu e de girassol. O terceiro grupo foi formado por farelo de canudo-de-pito e farelo de mamona destoxificado e pelas tortas de algodão, licuri e pinhão-manso I e II. O quarto grupo apresentou as tortas de amendoim I, crambe e dendê. O grupo cinco apresentou somente a torta de amendoim II, sendo que de forma semelhante...(AU)

Simulation of rumen fermentation kinetics of by-products from the biodiesel industry with in vitro gas production technique / Simulação da cinética de fermentação ruminal de subprodutos da indústria do biodiesel através da técnica de produção de gases in vitro

The objective of this study was to investigate the rumen fermentation kinetics of 18 by-products from the biodiesel industry exhibiting potential for use in the feeding of ruminants via the in vitro gas production technique. The following feeds were investigated: cottonseed, canudo de pito, crambe, sunflower, castor seed (detoxified with lime) and soybean meals and cottonseed, peanut, babassu, crambe, palm kernel, sunflower, licuri nut, macaúba, forage radish and jatropha cakes. The evaluated parameters were total gas production (VfT), gas production from fibrous carbohydrates (VfFC), gas production from non-fibrous carbohydrates (VfNFC), the degradation rate of fibrous carbohydrates (kdFC), the degradation rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates (kdNFC) and lag time (lag). The feeds were grouped into six different groups according to rumen fermentation kinetic parameters and adopting an R2 of 0.8. Forage radish cake and the meals of cottonseed, soybean, crambe and sunflower composed the first group, while the cakes of babassu and sunflower formed the second group. Canudo de pito and castor seed meals and the cakes of cottonseed, licuri and jatropha I and II formed the third group. The fourth group was composed by the cakes of crambe, palm kernel and peanut I. The fifth group was formed by peanut cake II, while macauba fruit cake formed the sixth group. The VfNFC and VfFC varied...

Objetivou-se estudar a cinética de fermentação ruminal de 18 coprodutos da indústria do biodiesel, com potencial de uso na alimentação de ruminantes, através da técnica de produção de gases in vitro. Os alimentos estudados foram os farelos de: algodão, canudo de pito, crambe, girassol, mamona destoxificado com cal e soja e as tortas de: algodão, amendoim, babaçu, crambe, dendê, girassol, licuri, sementes de macaúba, nabo forrageiro e pinhão manso. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: produção total de gases (VFT), produção de gases proveniente dos carboidratos fibrosos (VFCF), produção de gases proveniente dos carboidratos não fibrosos (VFCNF), taxa de degradação dos carboidratos fibrosos (kdCF), taxa de degradação dos carboidratos não fibrosos (kdCNF) e lag time (Lag). Os alimentos foram agrupados através dos parâmetros de cinética de fermentação ruminal, utilizando-se um R2 de 0,8, em seis diferentes grupos. A torta de nabo forrageiro e os farelo de algodão, soja, crambe e girassol compuseram o primeiro grupo, enquanto o segundo grupo foi formado pelas tortas de babaçu e de girassol. O terceiro grupo foi formado por farelo de canudo-de-pito e farelo de mamona destoxificado e pelas tortas de algodão, licuri e pinhão-manso I e II. O quarto grupo apresentou as tortas de amendoim I, crambe e dendê. O grupo cinco apresentou somente a torta de amendoim II, sendo que de forma semelhante...