Resumo
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mammary biopsy procedures on gland function of goats submitted to hormonal lactation. Ten female Caninde goats, at the age of around 3 years, were used and lactation was induced by using estrogen, progesterone, and prednisolone. Ultrasonographic examinations of mammary gland, milking, and analysis of physicochemical properties of milk were performed immediately before (0 h), and 24, 48, and 72 h after each biopsy procedure. Surgical mammary gland biopsies were obtained at days 5 and 26 of the lactation. Even after drying initiation, all animals produced milk for five months. No abnormalities were observed on the ultrasonographic appearance of biopsied glands. All 20 biopsies were technically successful and any inflammation or infection was associated with biopsy procedures. Regarding the physicochemical properties and volumes of milk produced, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between right and left glands nor in the comparison of the results from time 0 with 24, 48, and 72 h for biopsied teats. The mammary biopsy did not induce neither severe changes in production and physicochemical properties of the milk nor in ultrasonographic appearance of mammary gland of goats in hormonal lactation.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos procedimentos de biópsia mamária sobre a função da glândula de caprinos submetidos à lactação induzida. Dez cabras Canindé com idade de cerca de 3 anos foram utilizadas e a lactação foi induzida pelo uso de estrógeno, progesterona e prednisolona. Exames ultrassonográficos da glândula mamária, ordenha e análise das propriedades físico-químicas do leite foram realizados imediatamente antes (0 h), e 24, 48 e 72 h após cada procedimento de biópsia. As biópsias cirúrgicas de glândula mamária foram obtidas aos dias 5 e 26 da lactação. Mesmo após o início do processo de secagem, todos os animais continuaram produzindo leite por cinco meses. Nenhuma anormalidade foi observada na aparência ultrassonográfica das glândulas biopsiadas. Todas as 20 biópsias foram realizadas com sucesso e nenhuma inflamação ou infecção foi observada. Com relação às propriedades físico-químicas e volumes de leite produzido, nenhuma diferença significativa (P > 0,05) foi observada entre a glândula direita e esquerda, nem comparando resultados do momento 0 com 24, 48 e 72 h para as glândulas biopsiadas. A biópsia mamária não induz severas mudanças na produção e nas propriedades físico-químicas do leite nem na aparência ultrassonográfica da glândula mamária de caprinos em lactação.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Biópsia/veterinária , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/anatomia & histologia , Leite/química , Ruminantes/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Animais Lactentes/fisiologiaResumo
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mammary biopsy procedures on gland function of goats submitted to hormonal lactation. Ten female Caninde goats, at the age of around 3 years, were used and lactation was induced by using estrogen, progesterone, and prednisolone. Ultrasonographic examinations of mammary gland, milking, and analysis of physicochemical properties of milk were performed immediately before (0 h), and 24, 48, and 72 h after each biopsy procedure. Surgical mammary gland biopsies were obtained at days 5 and 26 of the lactation. Even after drying initiation, all animals produced milk for five months. No abnormalities were observed on the ultrasonographic appearance of biopsied glands. All 20 biopsies were technically successful and any inflammation or infection was associated with biopsy procedures. Regarding the physicochemical properties and volumes of milk produced, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between right and left glands nor in the comparison of the results from time 0 with 24, 48, and 72 h for biopsied teats. The mammary biopsy did not induce neither severe changes in production and physicochemical properties of the milk nor in ultrasonographic appearance of mammary gland of goats in hormonal lactation.(AU)
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos procedimentos de biópsia mamária sobre a função da glândula de caprinos submetidos à lactação induzida. Dez cabras Canindé com idade de cerca de 3 anos foram utilizadas e a lactação foi induzida pelo uso de estrógeno, progesterona e prednisolona. Exames ultrassonográficos da glândula mamária, ordenha e análise das propriedades físico-químicas do leite foram realizados imediatamente antes (0 h), e 24, 48 e 72 h após cada procedimento de biópsia. As biópsias cirúrgicas de glândula mamária foram obtidas aos dias 5 e 26 da lactação. Mesmo após o início do processo de secagem, todos os animais continuaram produzindo leite por cinco meses. Nenhuma anormalidade foi observada na aparência ultrassonográfica das glândulas biopsiadas. Todas as 20 biópsias foram realizadas com sucesso e nenhuma inflamação ou infecção foi observada. Com relação às propriedades físico-químicas e volumes de leite produzido, nenhuma diferença significativa (P > 0,05) foi observada entre a glândula direita e esquerda, nem comparando resultados do momento 0 com 24, 48 e 72 h para as glândulas biopsiadas. A biópsia mamária não induz severas mudanças na produção e nas propriedades físico-químicas do leite nem na aparência ultrassonográfica da glândula mamária de caprinos em lactação.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Biópsia/veterinária , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/anatomia & histologia , Ruminantes/fisiologia , Ultrassonografia/veterinária , Leite/química , Animais Lactentes/fisiologiaResumo
Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mammary biopsy procedures on gland function of goats submitted to hormonal lactation. Ten female Caninde goats, at the age of around 3 years, were used, and lactation was induced by using estrogen, progesterone, and prednisolone. Ultrasonographic examinations of mammary gland, milking, and analysis of physicochemical properties of milk were performed immediately before (0 h) and 24, 48, and 72 h after each biopsy procedure. Surgical mammary gland biopsies were obtained at days 5 and 26 of the lactation. Even after drying initiation, all animals produced milk for five months. No abnormalities were observed on the ultrasonographic appearance of biopsied glands. All 20 biopsies were technically successful and any inflammation or infection was associated with biopsy procedures. Regarding the physicochemical properties and volumes of milk produced, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between right and left glands nor in the comparison of the results from time 0 with 24, 48, and 72 h for biopsied teats. The mammary biopsy did not induce neither severe changes in production and physicochemical properties of the milk nor in ultrasonographic appearance of mammary gland of goats in hormonal lactation.
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos procedimentos de biópsia mamária sobre a função da glândula de caprinos submetidos à lactação induzida. Dez cabras Canindé com idade de cerca de 3 anos foram utilizadas e a lactação foi induzida pelo uso de estrógeno, progesterona e prednisolona. Exames ultrassonográficos da glândula mamária, ordenha e análise das propriedades físico-químicas do leite foram realizados imediatamente antes (0 h) e 24, 48 e 72 h após cada procedimento de biópsia. As biópsias cirúrgicas de glândula mamária foram obtidas aos dias 5 e 26 da lactação. Mesmo após o início do processo de secagem, todos os animais continuaram produzindo leite por cinco meses. Nenhuma anormalidade foi observada na aparência ultrassonográfica das glândulas biopsiadas. Todas as 20 biópsias foram realizadas com sucesso e nenhuma inflamação ou infecção foi observada. Com relação às propriedades físico-químicas e volumes de leite produzido, nenhuma diferença significativa (P > 0,05) foi observada entre a glândula direita e esquerda, nem comparando resultados do momento 0 com 24, 48 e 72 h para as glândulas biopsiadas. A biópsia mamária não induz severas mudanças na produção e nas propriedades físico-químicas do leite nem na aparência ultrassonográfica da glândula mamária de caprinos em lactação.
Resumo
In transgenic murine models, the study of certain organs or tissues can be performed after euthanasia of some specimens. However, this practice may not be economically feasible when applied to livestock such as transgenic goats. It is necessary to use minimally invasive methods to perform in vivo studies of organs that may be affected by disorders related to the activity of the transgene, particularly during milk production, when the recombinant protein is secreted. The aim of this study was to describe ultrasonographic findings of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and mammary glands in transgenic goats for evaluating the effect of human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) expression in milk during induced lactation. Six female Canindé goats-three transgenic (T) and three non-transgenic (NT)-were subjected to hormone therapy to induce lactation; ultrasonographic examinations of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and mammary gland were performed during both the hormonal therapy and the lactation period at different intervals depending on the organ being examined. On Day 16 (Day 1 = hormonal therapy initiation), all goats were lactating and presented healthy mammary glands, characterized by echogenic parenchyma showing a granular echotexture. Transgenic and nontransgenic goats were compared on the basis of measurements and ultrasound images obtained from each organ. No differences between T and NT animals were observed in the examined area for the liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys. Liver and renal echogenicity and appearance of gallbladder and portal and hepatic veins were similar in all females. Ultrasonographic findings of the mammary gland, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys in transgenic goats did not show any difference from those in nontransgenic goats.[...]
Em camundongos transgênicos, o estudo de certos órgãos ou tecidos pode ser viabilizado por meio da eutanásia de alguns exemplares. Entretanto, esta prática pode não ser economicamente viável quando aplicada a animais de produção, como caprinos transgênicos. É necessário utilizar métodos minimamente invasivos para estudar in vivo os órgãos que podem estar envolvidos em desordens relacionadas à atividade do transgene, principalmente durante a produção de leite, quando a proteína recombinante é secretada. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características ultrassonográficas de fígado, vesícula biliar, baço, rins e glândula mamária de caprinos transgênicos expressando o fator estimulante de colônias de granulócitos humano (hG-CSF) no leite, durante lactação induzida. Seis fêmeas caprinas da raça Canindé: três não transgênicas (NT) e três transgênicas (T) foram submetidas a tratamento hormonal para indução da lactação; os exames ultrassonográficos de fígado, vesícula biliar, baço, rins e glândula mamária foram realizados durante tratamento hormonal e lactação, em diferentes intervalos de acordo com o órgão. No dia 16 (Dia 1 = início do tratamento hormonal) todas as cabras estavam em lactação e apresentando uma glândula mamária saudável, caracterizada por parênquima ecogênico, com uma ecotextura granular. As cabras T e NT foram comparadas em relação às mensurações e aparência ultrassonográfica obtida de cada órgão. Não foram observadas diferenças com relação à área para exame de fígado, vesícula biliar, baço e rins entre T e NT. A ecogenicidade de fígado e rins, a aparência da vesícula biliar e das veias porta e hepática foram similares em todas as fêmeas. As mensurações ultrassonográficas dos órgãos abdominais examinados não revelaram diferenças entre animais T e NT.[...]
Assuntos
Animais , Baço , Fígado , Glândulas Mamárias Animais , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/efeitos adversos , Lactação , Rim , Ruminantes/anatomia & histologia , Ultrassom/métodos , Vesícula BiliarResumo
The aim of this study was to report the occurrence of pregnancy loss in transgenic goat submitted toprenatal ultrasonography monitoring. We used on goat transgenic for human Granulocyte Colony StimulatingFactor (hG-CSF). The animal was submitted to mating after estrous synchronization. Ultrasound examinationswere carried out until D60 of pregnancy by transrectal via and after D60 by transabdominal via. Someparameters were observed such as morphology, organogenesis and formation of skeletal fetuses, viability withcardiac activity and fetus movements. During all sonographic evaluations, the conceptus showed normaldevelopment of their morphology and viability. Goat had fetal development completed by D150, however, therewere problems at birth and the fetus has died. In conclusion, the transgenic fetus remained viable and showednormal development during pregnancy, although still birth.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cabras/embriologia , Gravidez , Ultrassom/métodos , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/administração & dosagemResumo
In transgenic murine models, the study of certain organs or tissues can be performed after euthanasia of some specimens. However, this practice may not be economically feasible when applied to livestock such as transgenic goats. It is necessary to use minimally invasive methods to perform in vivo studies of organs that may be affected by disorders related to the activity of the transgene, particularly during milk production, when the recombinant protein is secreted. The aim of this study was to describe ultrasonographic findings of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and mammary glands in transgenic goats for evaluating the effect of human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) expression in milk during induced lactation. Six female Canindé goats-three transgenic (T) and three non-transgenic (NT)-were subjected to hormone therapy to induce lactation; ultrasonographic examinations of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, and mammary gland were performed during both the hormonal therapy and the lactation period at different intervals depending on the organ being examined. On Day 16 (Day 1 = hormonal therapy initiation), all goats were lactating and presented healthy mammary glands, characterized by echogenic parenchyma showing a granular echotexture. Transgenic and nontransgenic goats were compared on the basis of measurements and ultrasound images obtained from each organ. No differences between T and NT animals were observed in the examined area for the liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys. Liver and renal echogenicity and appearance of gallbladder and portal and hepatic veins were similar in all females. Ultrasonographic findings of the mammary gland, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and kidneys in transgenic goats did not show any difference from those in nontransgenic goats.[...](AU)
Em camundongos transgênicos, o estudo de certos órgãos ou tecidos pode ser viabilizado por meio da eutanásia de alguns exemplares. Entretanto, esta prática pode não ser economicamente viável quando aplicada a animais de produção, como caprinos transgênicos. É necessário utilizar métodos minimamente invasivos para estudar in vivo os órgãos que podem estar envolvidos em desordens relacionadas à atividade do transgene, principalmente durante a produção de leite, quando a proteína recombinante é secretada. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características ultrassonográficas de fígado, vesícula biliar, baço, rins e glândula mamária de caprinos transgênicos expressando o fator estimulante de colônias de granulócitos humano (hG-CSF) no leite, durante lactação induzida. Seis fêmeas caprinas da raça Canindé: três não transgênicas (NT) e três transgênicas (T) foram submetidas a tratamento hormonal para indução da lactação; os exames ultrassonográficos de fígado, vesícula biliar, baço, rins e glândula mamária foram realizados durante tratamento hormonal e lactação, em diferentes intervalos de acordo com o órgão. No dia 16 (Dia 1 = início do tratamento hormonal) todas as cabras estavam em lactação e apresentando uma glândula mamária saudável, caracterizada por parênquima ecogênico, com uma ecotextura granular. As cabras T e NT foram comparadas em relação às mensurações e aparência ultrassonográfica obtida de cada órgão. Não foram observadas diferenças com relação à área para exame de fígado, vesícula biliar, baço e rins entre T e NT. A ecogenicidade de fígado e rins, a aparência da vesícula biliar e das veias porta e hepática foram similares em todas as fêmeas. As mensurações ultrassonográficas dos órgãos abdominais examinados não revelaram diferenças entre animais T e NT.[...](AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ruminantes/anatomia & histologia , Hormônio do Crescimento Humano/efeitos adversos , Ultrassom/métodos , Lactação , Fígado , Vesícula Biliar , Baço , Rim , Glândulas Mamárias AnimaisResumo
The aim of this study was to report the occurrence of pregnancy loss in transgenic goat submitted toprenatal ultrasonography monitoring. We used on goat transgenic for human Granulocyte Colony StimulatingFactor (hG-CSF). The animal was submitted to mating after estrous synchronization. Ultrasound examinationswere carried out until D60 of pregnancy by transrectal via and after D60 by transabdominal via. Someparameters were observed such as morphology, organogenesis and formation of skeletal fetuses, viability withcardiac activity and fetus movements. During all sonographic evaluations, the conceptus showed normaldevelopment of their morphology and viability. Goat had fetal development completed by D150, however, therewere problems at birth and the fetus has died. In conclusion, the transgenic fetus remained viable and showednormal development during pregnancy, although still birth.
Assuntos
Feminino , Animais , Cabras/embriologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/administração & dosagem , Gravidez , Ultrassom/métodosResumo
Background: Mammary remodeling is determined by a combination of cell differentiation, proliferation and programmeddeath controlled not only by systemic hormones, but also by proteins produced either in the stromal or in the epithelialcompartments. However, few works were undertaken to use phenotypic markers for cellular components of the lactatingcaprine mammary gland and to determine structuralfunctional relationships. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the morphology and α-SMA, F-actin and JC1 protein expression in the mammary gland of Canindé goats in earlyhormonal lactation.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen 2 years old female Canindé goats were used and distributed into two groups: nonlactating (n = 4) and lactating animals (n = 10). Lactation was induced by using estrogen, progesterone and prednisoloneaccording to previous protocol. All subjects were housed indoors and had four hours of daily access to solarium. Mammarygland biopsies were obtained at days 5 (D5) and 26 (D26) of the early stage of lactation and were assessed by histologicaland immunohistochemical analysis. The microstructure of mammary gland in lactating goats was analyzed by conventionalhistologic techniques. Immunohistochemistry was used by identify α-SMA in myoepithelial cells and JC1 in epithelialcells. α-SMA and F-actin expression were assessed by confocal microscopy. Concerning microscopic features, the alveolistructure was evaluated in respect to number, size and cell population. The structural units of the lactating mammary glandconsisted of variably shaped lobules. When comparing to lactating tissue, sections of the non-lactating mammary glandshowed a lower number and size of alveoli, separated by wide connective tissue. Lactating tissues demonstrated numerousand well-developed alveoli, separated by thin trabeculae of connective tissue. In relation to lactating goats, no difference (P> 0.05)...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Actinas/análise , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/fisiologia , Células Epiteliais , Proteína Quinase 1 Ativada por Mitógeno , CabrasResumo
Background: Mammary remodeling is determined by a combination of cell differentiation, proliferation and programmeddeath controlled not only by systemic hormones, but also by proteins produced either in the stromal or in the epithelialcompartments. However, few works were undertaken to use phenotypic markers for cellular components of the lactatingcaprine mammary gland and to determine structuralfunctional relationships. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the morphology and α-SMA, F-actin and JC1 protein expression in the mammary gland of Canindé goats in earlyhormonal lactation.Materials, Methods & Results: Fourteen 2 years old female Canindé goats were used and distributed into two groups: nonlactating (n = 4) and lactating animals (n = 10). Lactation was induced by using estrogen, progesterone and prednisoloneaccording to previous protocol. All subjects were housed indoors and had four hours of daily access to solarium. Mammarygland biopsies were obtained at days 5 (D5) and 26 (D26) of the early stage of lactation and were assessed by histologicaland immunohistochemical analysis. The microstructure of mammary gland in lactating goats was analyzed by conventionalhistologic techniques. Immunohistochemistry was used by identify α-SMA in myoepithelial cells and JC1 in epithelialcells. α-SMA and F-actin expression were assessed by confocal microscopy. Concerning microscopic features, the alveolistructure was evaluated in respect to number, size and cell population. The structural units of the lactating mammary glandconsisted of variably shaped lobules. When comparing to lactating tissue, sections of the non-lactating mammary glandshowed a lower number and size of alveoli, separated by wide connective tissue. Lactating tissues demonstrated numerousand well-developed alveoli, separated by thin trabeculae of connective tissue. In relation to lactating goats, no difference (P> 0.05)...