Evaluation of electrosurgery and titanium clips for ovarian pedicle haemostasis in video-assisted ovariohysterectomy with two portals in bitches / Eletrocirurgia bipolar e clipes de titânio para hemostasia em pedículos ovarianos durante ovariohisterectomia videoassistida com dois portais em cadelas

This study evaluated the use of bipolar electrosurgery and laparoscopic clipping, and their effects on blood loss and the inflammatory response, during a two portal video-assisted ovariohysterectomy technique (two groups with 10 animals each). Surgical time and blood loss volume were significantly lower in the electrosurgery group. There were no significant changes in haematocrit between groups; however, haematocrit did differ between evaluated times, and decreased 10% from the initial measurement to four hours after the procedure. The inflammatory response was significantly higher throughout the post-surgical period, but without any different clinical signs between the two groups. Both techniques had good application for the two portal video-assisted procedure; however, the bipolar electrosurgery allowed for shorter surgical times, reduced blood loss and a minimal learning curve for the surgeon.

Este estudo avaliou a utilização da eletrocirurgia bipolar e do clipador laparoscópico em relação à perda sanguínea e resposta inflamatória durante a ovariohisterectomia videoassistida com dois portais (dois grupos com 10 animais). O tempo cirúrgico, assim como o volume de sangue perdido foram significativamente menores no Grupo Bipolar. Não houve mudanças significativas no hematócrito entre os grupos, mas entre os tempos avaliados houve redução de 10% do valor inicial até quatro horas após o procedimento. A resposta inflamatória foi significativamente maior durante todo o período de avaliação após a cirurgia, mas sem manifestações clínicas diferentes daquelas apresentadas pelo Grupo Clipador. Ambas as técnicas têm boa execução pelo procedimento videoassistido, contudo, o uso da eletrocirurgia bipolar permite tempos cirúrgicos menores, perda de sangue mínima e menor curva de aprendizado para o cirurgião.

Perineal hernia in dogs: which technique should we use?

Background: Perineal hernia may be unilateral or bilateral and results from weakening and separation of the pelvic diaphragm muscles, favoring the abdominal viscera herniation into the perineal subcutaneous. The factors described as possible etiology of this affection are prostate hyperplasia, senile muscular atrophy, myopathy and hormonal imbalances. Several herniorrhaphy techniques are available in literature presenting different rates of success leaving the question whether there is any technique that is predominantly better than others are. This case report aims to describe five cases of perineal hernia treated with four different techniques performed by four experienced surgeons.Cases: Case 1. Semitendinous muscle transposition: A 8-year-old intact male Shitzu (6 kg) was referred for the evaluation of a swelling in the right perineal region. The mass was soft and regressed into de pelvic cavity during palpation. Abdominal ultrasound and radiography were taken, which reveled perineal hernia and a mild prostate enlargement. The patient was prepared for hernia repair with semitendinous muscle transposition and orchiectomy. Case 2. Internal obturator muscle transposition: A 9-year-old intact male mixed breed dog (18kg) presenting a two-week long unilateral (right-side) perineral hernia. Ultrasound exam revealed a cystic prostate and adipose tissue as the hernia content. After clinical and image examination the patient was submitted to surgical repair using the internal obturator muscle transposition technique and orchiectomy. Case 3. Internal obturator muscle transposition associated to correction of rectal sacculation: A 12-year-old intact male mixed breed presenting swelling on the right side of the perianal region. The owner reported a 4-day long aquesia, emesis and increased volume in perineum for 6 months. During the rectal palpation, resected fecal content was present and rectal sacculation was suspected...

Perineal hernia in dogs: which technique should we use?

Background: Perineal hernia may be unilateral or bilateral and results from weakening and separation of the pelvic diaphragm muscles, favoring the abdominal viscera herniation into the perineal subcutaneous. The factors described as possible etiology of this affection are prostate hyperplasia, senile muscular atrophy, myopathy and hormonal imbalances. Several herniorrhaphy techniques are available in literature presenting different rates of success leaving the question whether there is any technique that is predominantly better than others are. This case report aims to describe five cases of perineal hernia treated with four different techniques performed by four experienced surgeons.Cases: Case 1. Semitendinous muscle transposition: A 8-year-old intact male Shitzu (6 kg) was referred for the evaluation of a swelling in the right perineal region. The mass was soft and regressed into de pelvic cavity during palpation. Abdominal ultrasound and radiography were taken, which reveled perineal hernia and a mild prostate enlargement. The patient was prepared for hernia repair with semitendinous muscle transposition and orchiectomy. Case 2. Internal obturator muscle transposition: A 9-year-old intact male mixed breed dog (18kg) presenting a two-week long unilateral (right-side) perineral hernia. Ultrasound exam revealed a cystic prostate and adipose tissue as the hernia content. After clinical and image examination the patient was submitted to surgical repair using the internal obturator muscle transposition technique and orchiectomy. Case 3. Internal obturator muscle transposition associated to correction of rectal sacculation: A 12-year-old intact male mixed breed presenting swelling on the right side of the perianal region. The owner reported a 4-day long aquesia, emesis and increased volume in perineum for 6 months. During the rectal palpation, resected fecal content was present and rectal sacculation was suspected...(AU)

Trans-endoscopic ventriculocordectomy in horses using monopolar electrocautery / Ventriculocordectomia trans-endoscópica em equinos, com uso de eletrocautério monopolar

Laryngeal hemiplegia is one of the most common upper airway affections in horses. Laringoplasty is indicated in high-performance animals, and when the only complaint is noisy breathing, ventriculectomy and cordectomy can be performed. This study aimed to establish a minimally invasive surgical approach to ventriculocordectomy in horses, through a videoendoscopic procedure. The technique was developed in two stages, the first one was a cadaveric study and the second one was in vivo, both using two flexible endoscopes. A bilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in two cadavers, totaling the removal of four vocal cords. In the second stage, a left unilateral ventriculocordectomy was performed in three animals with laryngeal hemiplegia. The vocal cords were pulled by one of the endoscopes with 3.2mm grasping forceps, while the second equipment was used for the resection of vocal cords with a flexible electrode adapted for monopolar electrosurgery (electrocautery). The average time for removal of the vocal cords was 23±5 minutes. In the postoperative care, moderate inflammation around the surgical wound was observed, with complete healing in 21 days in one horse and 28 days in the other two. One animal presented exuberant granulation tissue on the surgical site. Other complications due to the tested technique were not noticed; therefore, it could be a less invasive option for ventriculocordectomy in horses. The developed technique proved to be effective for ventriculocordectomy execution in horses. The main advantages of this approach were reduced surgical time, shorter healing average time, no need for daily dressings and return to normal activities in a shorter period when compared to other surgical approaches. The limitation of the technique consists of the need for two endoscopes for its accomplishment. Further studies, with more animals, are needed to improve the technique.(AU)

Hemiplegia de laringe representa uma das afecções mais frequentes em vias aéreas anteriores de cavalos. Em animais de alto desempenho esportivo a laringoplastia é indicada, e nos casos em que a única queixa é o ruído respiratório recomenda-se realizar a ventriculectomia e a cordectomia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer uma abordagem cirúrgica minimamente invasiva, através de videocirurgia, para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. A técnica cirúrgica foi desenvolvida em duas etapas, sendo a primeira cadavérica e a segunda in vivo, ambas utilizando videoendoscópios flexíveis. A primeira consistiu na realização de ventriculocordectomia bilateral em dois cadáveres, para padronização da técnica, totalizando quatro cordas vocais removidas. Na segunda, procedeu-se a ventriculocordectomia unilateral esquerda em três animais naturalmente afetados pela hemiplegia de laringe. As cordas vocais foram tracionadas utilizando uma pinça de preensão de 3,2mm, através do canal de trabalho de endoscópio flexível, e com o segundo equipamento similar, realizou-se a ressecção da corda vocal com eletrodo flexível monopolar adaptado para eletrocirurgia (eletrocautério), também através do canal de trabalho. O tempo médio dos procedimentos foi de 23±5 minutos. No período pós-operatório observou-se moderada inflamação ao redor da incisão, sendo o tempo de cicatrização total de 21 dias em um cavalo e 28 dias nos outros dois. Um dos animais apresentou tecido de granulaçãoexuberante no local de excisão da corda vocal, que foi tratado com infiltração de corticosteróide. Nãoforam observadas outras intercorrências inerentes à técnica proposta, sendo esta uma opção poucoinvasiva, que dispensa a realização da laringotomia. A técnica desenvolvida no presente trabalhomostrou-se promissora para realização da ventriculocordectomia em cavalos. As principais vantagensdesta abordagem foram: tempo trans cirúrgico reduzido, tempo médio de cicatrização menor...(AU)

Evaluation of electrosurgery and titanium clips for ovarian pedicle haemostasis in video-assisted ovariohysterectomy with two portals in bitches / Eletrocirurgia bipolar e clipes de titânio para hemostasia em pedículos ovarianos durante ovariohisterectomia videoassistida com dois portais em cadelas

This study evaluated the use of bipolar electrosurgery and laparoscopic clipping, and their effects on blood loss and the inflammatory response, during a two portal video-assisted ovariohysterectomy technique (two groups with 10 animals each). Surgical time and blood loss volume were significantly lower in the electrosurgery group. There were no significant changes in haematocrit between groups; however, haematocrit did differ between evaluated times, and decreased 10% from the initial measurement to four hours after the procedure. The inflammatory response was significantly higher throughout the post-surgical period, but without any different clinical signs between the two groups. Both techniques had good application for the two portal video-assisted procedure; however, the bipolar electrosurgery allowed for shorter surgical times, reduced blood loss and a minimal learning curve for the surgeon. (AU)

Este estudo avaliou a utilização da eletrocirurgia bipolar e do clipador laparoscópico em relação à perda sanguínea e resposta inflamatória durante a ovariohisterectomia videoassistida com dois portais (dois grupos com 10 animais). O tempo cirúrgico, assim como o volume de sangue perdido foram significativamente menores no Grupo Bipolar. Não houve mudanças significativas no hematócrito entre os grupos, mas entre os tempos avaliados houve redução de 10% do valor inicial até quatro horas após o procedimento. A resposta inflamatória foi significativamente maior durante todo o período de avaliação após a cirurgia, mas sem manifestações clínicas diferentes daquelas apresentadas pelo Grupo Clipador. Ambas as técnicas têm boa execução pelo procedimento videoassistido, contudo, o uso da eletrocirurgia bipolar permite tempos cirúrgicos menores, perda de sangue mínima e menor curva de aprendizado para o cirurgião. (AU)

Evaluation of electrosurgery and titanium clips for ovarian pedicle haemostasis in video-assisted ovariohysterectomy with two portals in bitches

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the use of bipolar electrosurgery and laparoscopic clipping, and their effects on blood loss and the inflammatory response, during a two portal video-assisted ovariohysterectomy technique (two groups with 10 animals each). Surgical time and blood loss volume were significantly lower in the electrosurgery group. There were no significant changes in haematocrit between groups; however, haematocrit did differ between evaluated times, and decreased 10% from the initial measurement to four hours after the procedure. The inflammatory response was significantly higher throughout the post-surgical period, but without any different clinical signs between the two groups. Both techniques had good application for the two portal video-assisted procedure; however, the bipolar electrosurgery allowed for shorter surgical times, reduced blood loss and a minimal learning curve for the surgeon.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a utilização da eletrocirurgia bipolar e do clipador laparoscópico em relação à perda sanguínea e resposta inflamatória durante a ovariohisterectomia videoassistida com dois portais (dois grupos com 10 animais). O tempo cirúrgico, assim como o volume de sangue perdido foram significativamente menores no Grupo Bipolar. Não houve mudanças significativas no hematócrito entre os grupos, mas entre os tempos avaliados houve redução de 10% do valor inicial até quatro horas após o procedimento. A resposta inflamatória foi significativamente maior durante todo o período de avaliação após a cirurgia, mas sem manifestações clínicas diferentes daquelas apresentadas pelo Grupo Clipador. Ambas as técnicas têm boa execução pelo procedimento videoassistido, contudo, o uso da eletrocirurgia bipolar permite tempos cirúrgicos menores, perda de sangue mínima e menor curva de aprendizado para o cirurgião.

Use of clinical form for recognition of cognitive disturbance in elderly dogs / Utilização de formulário clínico para reconhecimento de distúrbio cognitivo em cães idosos

The canine cognitive disorders (DCC) is a neurobehavioral syndrome that affects elderly animals, characterized by deficiencies in learning, memory and space perception, as well as changes in social interactions and sleep pattern. In spite of its common occurrence, it is not diagnosed and treated, since the neu­rocognitive behavioral changes are commonly considered as part of the normal aging process by the owners. This study evaluated the cognitive function in 30 dogs over than 8 years old, through a behavioral form, it was observed that 93% of the animals showed alteration in more than one category. The categories most affected were Category B (relationships and social behavior) with 78,6% (n= 22) of the total of cases and Category C (activity level) also in 78,6% of cases. No differences were observed between gender nor between the age and the pre­sence of signs of DCC.

O distúrbio cognitivo canino (DCC) é uma síndrome neurocomportamental que acomete animais idosos, caracterizado por deficiências na aprendizagem, memória e percepção espacial, bem como alterações em interações sociais e padrão de sono. Apesar de ocorrência comum é pouco diagnosticado e tratado, uma vez que as mudanças comportamentais neuro cognitivas são comumente considerados como parte do processo normal de envelhecimento pelos proprietários. Este estudo avaliou a função cognitiva de 30 cães com mais de oito anos de idade, através de um formulário comportamental, observou-se que 93% dos animais apresentaram alteração em mais de uma categoria. As categorias mais acometidas foram Categoria B (relacionamentos e comportamento social) com 78,6% (n=22) dos casos e Categoria C (nível de atividade) também com 78,6% dos casos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre gênero ou na correção entre idade e presença de sinais de DCC.

Use of clinical form for recognition of cognitive disturbance in elderly dogs / Utilização de formulário clínico para reconhecimento de distúrbio cognitivo em cães idosos

The canine cognitive disorders (DCC) is a neurobehavioral syndrome that affects elderly animals, characterized by deficiencies in learning, memory and space perception, as well as changes in social interactions and sleep pattern. In spite of its common occurrence, it is not diagnosed and treated, since the neu­rocognitive behavioral changes are commonly considered as part of the normal aging process by the owners. This study evaluated the cognitive function in 30 dogs over than 8 years old, through a behavioral form, it was observed that 93% of the animals showed alteration in more than one category. The categories most affected were Category B (relationships and social behavior) with 78,6% (n= 22) of the total of cases and Category C (activity level) also in 78,6% of cases. No differences were observed between gender nor between the age and the pre­sence of signs of DCC.(AU)

O distúrbio cognitivo canino (DCC) é uma síndrome neurocomportamental que acomete animais idosos, caracterizado por deficiências na aprendizagem, memória e percepção espacial, bem como alterações em interações sociais e padrão de sono. Apesar de ocorrência comum é pouco diagnosticado e tratado, uma vez que as mudanças comportamentais neuro cognitivas são comumente considerados como parte do processo normal de envelhecimento pelos proprietários. Este estudo avaliou a função cognitiva de 30 cães com mais de oito anos de idade, através de um formulário comportamental, observou-se que 93% dos animais apresentaram alteração em mais de uma categoria. As categorias mais acometidas foram Categoria B (relacionamentos e comportamento social) com 78,6% (n=22) dos casos e Categoria C (nível de atividade) também com 78,6% dos casos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre gênero ou na correção entre idade e presença de sinais de DCC.(AU)

Síndrome do cachorro nadador - Relato de caso / Swimmer dog syndrome - Case report

A sindrome do cachorro nadador é uma rara má-formação, diagnostica- da na 2° e 3° semana de vida, caracterizada pelas deformidades nos membros pélvicos, como hiperextensão das articulações tíbio-femoro-patelar e tíbio-tá- rsica e da hiperflexão bilateral da articulação coxofemoral. Apesar das raças braquicefálicas serem mais acometidas, a sua etiologia é desconhecida e fatores genéticos e ambientais foram implicados em sua causa. Este trabalho relata o caso de uma cadela, da raça Shih Tzu, com 29 dias, foi a única a desenvolver a Síndrome do Cão Nadador (SCN) de uma ninhada de 3 cachorros. Na consulta médica, o paciente permanecia em decúbito esternal e tentativa de locomoção com movimentos “em remada”, a retroflexão bilateral dos membros posteriores, sem acometimento de membros torácicos ou presença de genu recurvatum ou pectus excavatum. O tratamento consistiu da mudança do piso liso para áspero ou forração na área dos animais e imobilização através da bandagem através da técnica de algemas. Inicialmente, optou-se em colocar os membros posteriores em direção cranial, com uma bandagem de esparadrapo em torno do animal, evitando o persistente posicionamento caudal dos membros. Após dez dias, foi liberado o esparadrapo e mantido somente com bandagem em algemas, entre os membros posteriores. O animal já conseguia locomover-se sozinho, porém late- ralizava os membros posteriores durante o pisar. Essa segunda etapa foi mantida durante 15 dias, a partir daí a bandagem era mantida apenas metade do dia, a outra metade o animal ficava sem as bandagens nos membros pélvicos. Iniciou- -se fisioterapia através de exercícios controlados para ampliação de movimentos articulares. Após 30 dias, foi retirado qualquer tipo de bandagem e encerrada a fisioterapia, dado que o animal já demonstrava uma locomoção correta para os padrões da espécie e ainda apresenta perfeitas condições fisiológicas. Apesar de uma raça braquicefálica, a raça Shih Tzu não está incluída nas raças mais acometidas, ela pode ser acometida por SCN. A eutanásia muitas vezes é reco- mendada diante de malformação em neonatos e a importância de relatar a SCN para a rápida implantação de tratamento, uma vez que um tratamento clinico com bandagem pode melhorar a locomoção do animal, evitando procedimentos cirúrgicos.

Encephalic meningioma in dogs / Meningioma encefálico em cães

Background: Meningioma is the most common brain tumor in dogs. These extra-axial tumors originate in one of the meninges, and arachnoid is the most common. Several retrospective studies of brain tumors are found in the international literature. However there are few researches in the national literature. The purpose of this study is to report twelve dogs with brain meningioma. The breed, gender, age, neurological signs, the brain location, the clinical evolution, the tumor classification and diagnostics tests were investigated. Cases: Twelve dogs were attended at Veterinary Hospital of Santa Maria University: six mixed-breeds; four Boxer; a Dachshund; and a Poodle. The age ranged from eight to 14 years, with average of ten years and nine months old. The clinical signs observed were generalized seizures (9/12); behavioral changes (6/12); walk in circle (5/12); swallowing difficulty (2/12 [16%]); hypermetria (2/12); central vestibular syndrome (1/12); and amaurosis (1/12). The presumptive diagnosis was brain neoplasm in all dogs. Six dogs were underwent symptomatic treatment with corticosteroids and anticonvulsants; two dogs were underwent corticosteroids; and four were euthanized without performing treatment. After starting treatment, four dogs (50%) showed clinical improvement in the first week, however, the clinical signs worsened after two weeks. The thalamus-cortex region [...]

Encephalic meningioma in dogs / Meningioma encefálico em cães

Background: Meningioma is the most common brain tumor in dogs. These extra-axial tumors originate in one of the meninges, and arachnoid is the most common. Several retrospective studies of brain tumors are found in the international literature. However there are few researches in the national literature. The purpose of this study is to report twelve dogs with brain meningioma. The breed, gender, age, neurological signs, the brain location, the clinical evolution, the tumor classification and diagnostics tests were investigated. Cases: Twelve dogs were attended at Veterinary Hospital of Santa Maria University: six mixed-breeds; four Boxer; a Dachshund; and a Poodle. The age ranged from eight to 14 years, with average of ten years and nine months old. The clinical signs observed were generalized seizures (9/12); behavioral changes (6/12); walk in circle (5/12); swallowing difficulty (2/12 [16%]); hypermetria (2/12); central vestibular syndrome (1/12); and amaurosis (1/12). The presumptive diagnosis was brain neoplasm in all dogs. Six dogs were underwent symptomatic treatment with corticosteroids and anticonvulsants; two dogs were underwent corticosteroids; and four were euthanized without performing treatment. After starting treatment, four dogs (50%) showed clinical improvement in the first week, however, the clinical signs worsened after two weeks. The thalamus-cortex region [...](AU)

Right laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a bitch

Background: The medical procedure of Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is common in human medicine; however, this is not true in veterinary medicine, where it isperformed rarely. The current treatment of choice for adrenal neoplasms is total adrenalectomy, unless there is a pre-operativediagnosis of metastasis that precludes surgery. The laparoscopic approach option becomes an interesting alternative because, through this technique,it has shown good results. In this report, we demonstrate the experience of a case in which we performed unilateral laparoscopic right adrenalectomy, without caudal vena cava invasion, in a dogsuffering from hyperadrenocorticism caused by adrenocortical carcinoma. Case: A 9-year-old beagle bitch, 12 kg in weight, showedpolyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, pendular abdomen, thin and dark skin, lumbar alopecic areas and lethargy. The team carried out Complete Blood Count (CBC), blood chemistry (liver and renal functions) and urine sampling by cystocentesis for urinalysis and bacterial culture. All exams had normal results, except for ALP, which reached levels higher than 150 UIL-1. On abdominal radiographic examination, we noted mild adrenal enlargement, and by ultrasonography, it was possible to identify adrenal asymmetry and right adrenal enlargement (2.8x2x2.15 cm) in relation to the left gland (2x1x1.5 cm). As a treatment for adrenal neoplasm-dependent HAC [...]

Right laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a bitch

Background: The medical procedure of Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is common in human medicine; however, this is not true in veterinary medicine, where it isperformed rarely. The current treatment of choice for adrenal neoplasms is total adrenalectomy, unless there is a pre-operativediagnosis of metastasis that precludes surgery. The laparoscopic approach option becomes an interesting alternative because, through this technique,it has shown good results. In this report, we demonstrate the experience of a case in which we performed unilateral laparoscopic right adrenalectomy, without caudal vena cava invasion, in a dogsuffering from hyperadrenocorticism caused by adrenocortical carcinoma. Case: A 9-year-old beagle bitch, 12 kg in weight, showedpolyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, pendular abdomen, thin and dark skin, lumbar alopecic areas and lethargy. The team carried out Complete Blood Count (CBC), blood chemistry (liver and renal functions) and urine sampling by cystocentesis for urinalysis and bacterial culture. All exams had normal results, except for ALP, which reached levels higher than 150 UIL-1. On abdominal radiographic examination, we noted mild adrenal enlargement, and by ultrasonography, it was possible to identify adrenal asymmetry and right adrenal enlargement (2.8x2x2.15 cm) in relation to the left gland (2x1x1.5 cm). As a treatment for adrenal neoplasm-dependent HAC [...](AU)

Laparoscopic inguinoiliac lymphadenectomy following staining using different lymphatic markers in healthy dogs / Linfadenectomia inguinoilíaca laparoscópica, após impregnação linfática com diferentes marcadores em cadelas hígidas

The lymphatic mammary system in healthy and neoplastic animals has been poorly studied. There is sparse information regarding the communication pattern along the mammary lymphatic chain and abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes in healthy animals or in those bearing mammary neoplasms. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of such intra-abdominal lymphatic communications, as well as the feasibility of laparoscopic assessment of the inguinoiliac lymphatic chain. Animals were randomly divided into three groups: dogs that underwent lymphatic staining with sterile methylene blue solution (G1); lymphatic staining with indocyanine green dye (G2); placebo subjects were submitted to the same injection technique, but using sterile normal saline (G3). In all groups, intradermal administration of dye or saline around the right inguinal mammary gland was performed 12 hours or 30 minutes before skin incision. Afterwards, two areas containing adipose tissue were sampled laparoscopically, lateral to the external and internal iliac arteries, and the number of lymph nodes retrieved was assessed. Animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the same laparoscopic approach, following adipose tissue/lymph node excision. Other assessments included operative time, intra and postoperative complications and technical difficulties. The proposed technique for intra-abdominal iliac lymphadenectomy was not successful in recovering lymph nodes. The lymphatic staining technique using either methylene blue or indocyanine green provided no intraoperative staining. Regarding the complications and technical difficulties, all animals presented mild hypersensitivity reactions regardless of the dye used. Laparoscopy for inguinoiliac lymph node exploration presented no other technical difficulties or postoperative complications.(AU)

O sistema linfático mamário de animais saudáveis e neoplásicos é pouco estudado. Inexistem respostas detalhadas quanto ao padrão de comunicação entre as cadeias linfáticas mamárias com as abdominais e pélvicas em animais sadios ou com neoplasmas na referida glândula. Por essa razão, pretendeu-se avaliar a ocorrência dessa comunicação linfática intrabdominal, verificando também se a cadeia linfática inguinoilíaca poderia ser adequadamente abordada via cirurgia laparoscópica. Para tanto, os animais foram distribuídos, de forma randômica, em três grupos cirúrgicos: pacientes submetidos à técnica de coloração linfática com o corante azul de metileno estéril (G1); animais submetidos à técnica de impregnação linfática com o corante verde de indocianina (G2); animais submetidos à técnica demarcação linfática, utilizando solução fisiológica de NaCl a 0,9% (G3). Em todos os grupos, foi realizada a aplicação intradérmica, do corante ou solução fisiológica, ao redor da mama inguinal direita, em tempos distintos de 12h ou 30min, antes da incisão de pele. Após, foram coletadas, por videolaparoscopia, duas regiões contendo tecido adiposo, laterais às artérias ilíacas interna e externas, buscando avaliar a presença e o número de linfonodos extirpardos. Por último, realizou-se a ovário-histerectomia eletiva pelos mesmos portais de acesso. Foram considerados ainda, o tempo de cirurgia e as complicações e dificuldades técnicas trans e pós-operatórias. A técnica proposta de linfadenectomia inginoilíaca intrabdominal não obteve êxito na coleta de linfonodos. As técnicas de marcação linfática realizadas, utilizando tanto o azul de metileno a 1%, como o verde de indocianina a 1%, não evidenciaram nenhuma marcação transoperatória nos tempos estudados. Em relação às complicações e dificuldades técnicas trans e pós-operatórias, observou-se, em todos os animais, reações de hipersensibilidade cutânea ao uso dos corantes. As técnicas propostas não apresentaram maiores dificuldades de execução ou complicações transoperatórias.(AU)

Rigid endoscopy to aid the treatment of cervical mucocele in a dog

Background: Sialocele or salivary mucocele is the accumulation of saliva in the glandular connective tissue due to a leakage from damaged salivary duct, which is surrounded by granulation tissue. The mucocele can be classified according to its location (cervical, pharyngeal or sublingual, the latter being known as ranula). The treatment consists of salivary gland and duct excision. However, in some cases, the definition of which side is affected is a challenge for surgeons. Keeping this in view, the aim of the present study was to describe the use of rigid endoscopy to determine the affected gland in a dog with cervical mucocele.Case: A five-year-old Dachshund, weighting 8.2 kg, was presenting progressive swelling in the ventral cervical area. The animal presented apathy, appetite loss and saliva drooling. A fluctuant, non-painful, fluid filled mass was noted on physical examination. Sialocele was diagnosed and surgery was undertaken to excise the involved gland and mass. The patient was positioned in dorsal recumbence. A skin incision was performed in the cranial-ventral aspect of the mass as it was not possible to precise the affected side. Following drainage of the content, the inner aspect of the sialocele capsule was digitally palpated using the surgeons index finger. However, it was still not possible to determinate the affected side...(AU)

Rigid endoscopy to aid the treatment of cervical mucocele in a dog

Background: Sialocele or salivary mucocele is the accumulation of saliva in the glandular connective tissue due to a leakage from damaged salivary duct, which is surrounded by granulation tissue. The mucocele can be classified according to its location (cervical, pharyngeal or sublingual, the latter being known as ranula). The treatment consists of salivary gland and duct excision. However, in some cases, the definition of which side is affected is a challenge for surgeons. Keeping this in view, the aim of the present study was to describe the use of rigid endoscopy to determine the affected gland in a dog with cervical mucocele.Case: A five-year-old Dachshund, weighting 8.2 kg, was presenting progressive swelling in the ventral cervical area. The animal presented apathy, appetite loss and saliva drooling. A fluctuant, non-painful, fluid filled mass was noted on physical examination. Sialocele was diagnosed and surgery was undertaken to excise the involved gland and mass. The patient was positioned in dorsal recumbence. A skin incision was performed in the cranial-ventral aspect of the mass as it was not possible to precise the affected side. Following drainage of the content, the inner aspect of the sialocele capsule was digitally palpated using the surgeons index finger. However, it was still not possible to determinate the affected side...

Associated laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy and ovariohisterectomy in a Great Dane bitch / Associação de gastropexia e ovariohisterectomia vídeo assistida em cadela Dogue Alemão

Gastropexy techniques are performed aiming to adhere permanently the stomach to the abdomen, being this one of the most common indications for prevention and treatment of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). The only accepted method for the prevention of GDV is the prophylactic gastropexy, and the laparoscopic-assisted procedure is quick and easy to perform. It is aimed to report the association of laparoscopic-assisted prophylactic gastropexyand elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in a two years old Great dane bitch using the two-portals access, when it was observed rapid and complete recovery. It is concluded that the two portals laparoscopic-assisted prophylactic gastropexy is feasible and safe in dogs, when combined with elective OVH. It makes the technique a suitable option for prevention of GDV in predisposed breeds.(AU)

As técnicas de gastropexia são realizadas objetivando aderir o estômago permanentemente ao abdômen, sendo comumente indicadas na prevenção e tratamento da dilatação vólvulo-gástrico (DVG). O único método aceito para a prevenção da GDV é a gastropexia profilática, a qual pode ser realizada pelo acesso videoassistido de forma rápida e fácil. Objetiva-se relatar a associação de gastropexia profilática videoassistida e ovariohisterectomia (OVH) eletiva em uma cadela Dogue alemão, com dois anos de idade, pela técnica de dois portais, na qual se observou rápida e completa recuperação da paciente. Conclui-se que a gastropexiavideoassistida profilática associada à OVH videoassistida com dois portais, durante única intervenção, é factível e segura para cães, tornando-se uma opção adequada na prevenção da DVG em raças predispostas.(AU)

Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery na realização de criptorquidectomia laparoscópica em um gato / Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery in performing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in a cat

A afecção congênita mais comum nos animais domésticos é denominada de criptorquidismo, sendo caracterizada pela não migração de um ou ambos os testículos até o escroto. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a técnica de criptorquidectomia videoassistida, através de um único acesso (LESS) sem dispositivos específicos, em um gato siamês com dois anos de idade e 3,9kg de massa corporal. Utilizou-se um único portal de 5 mm, inserido na linha média ventral na região pré-púbica. Por esse portal, a cavidade foi insuflada com CO2 medicinal, permitindo a obtenção do pneumoperitônio (8mmHg) a uma velocidade de 1 l/min. Após o inventário da cavidade abdominal, com o auxílio de um endoscópio de 5mm e 25o, identificou-se o testículo ectópico. Com a utilização de uma pinça de apreensão para mini laparoscopia (3mm), introduzida ao lado do trocarte (pelo mesmo acesso), o testículo foi fixado e tracionado para o exterior da cavidade abdominal para realização de hemostasia, não sendo necessária a ampliação da ferida cirúrgica. Após a secção dos vasos testiculares, o testículo foi totalmente liberado e o coto vascular devolvido à cavidade abdominal. O presente relato demonstra que a cirurgia laparoscópica por um único acesso (LESS) pode ser utilizada com sucesso no diagnóstico e tratamento de casos de criptorquidismo em gatos, com as possíveis vantagens que o acesso apresenta em relação à cirurgia convencional.(AU)

The most common congenital disease in domestic animals is cryptorchidism, which is characterized by the failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum. The objective of this paper is to describe a video-assisted cryptorchidectomy through a single access (LESS), without specific portal multifunctional, in a two-year-old siamese cat weighing 3.9kg. To perform the cryptorchidectomy, it was inserted a single portal (5mm) in the ventral midline in the pre-pubic region. The cavity was insufflated with medicinal CO2 at a rate of 1l/minute in order to obtain a pneumoperitoneum (8mmHg). After the inspection of the abdominal cavity with an endoscope (5mm/25º) the ectopic testicle was identified. With a minilaparoscopy, forceps (3mm) was introduced in the side of the first portal (same access), the testicle was grasped and pulled outside to realize hemostasis, without need to extend surgical wound. After sectioning the testicular vessels, the testicle was fully released and the vascular stump was returned to the abdominal cavity. The present report demonstrates that laparoscopic surgery by a single access (LESS) may be successful in the diagnosis and treatment of cryptorchidism in cats, considering the potential benefits that this procedure brings in relation to conventional surgery.(AU)

Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in pigs: experimental study / Ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica em suínos: estudo experimental

This study aimed to evaluated laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy as treatment of experimental ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction in pigs. Ten male Large White pigs weighting approximately 28.4 (±1.43) kg were used in the current study. The UPJ obstruction was created laparoscopically by double-clipping of the left ureter. After 14 days the animals underwent laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy f The animals were sacrificed for subsequent retrograde pyelography in order to assess the anastomotic patency on the 28th day. The laparoscopic procedure for experimental obstruction of UPJ was successfully performed in all animals, as well as the laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy. There was intestinal iatrogenic injury in one animal. Satisfactory UPJ patency was noted in 75% of the animals. There was no stenosis of the proximal anastomosis between the ureter and the lower pole of the kidney in 37.5%, mild stenosis in 37.5% and severe stenosis in 25% of the animals. The laparoscopic approach for reestablishment he urinary flow by ureterocalicostomy was feasible in the porcine model. The ascending pyelography revealed satisfactory results of the laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica no tratamento de obstrução da junção ureteropiélica (JUP) em modelo experimental suíno. Foram selecionados 10 suínos machos da raça Large White com peso médio de 28,4(±1,43) kg. A obstrução da JUP foi criada por técnica laparoscópica transperitoneal, com aplicação de dois clipes de titânio no ureter esquerdo. Passados 14 dias, os animais foram submetidos à ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica. No 28º dia após a ureterocalicostomia, foram sacrificados para a remoção dos rins e posterior pielografia retrógrada para avaliação da permeabilidade anastomótica. A obstrução da JUP foi obtida com sucesso em todos os animais, assim como a ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica, apesar de ter havido lesão intestinal em um dos animais. Boa permeabilidade foi observada em 75% dos casos, posteriormente à anastomose entre o ureter proximal e o cálice maior caudal do rim, onde 37,5% dos animais não apresentaram estenose, 37,5% apresentaram estenose leve, enquanto 25% apresentaram estenose severa. Foi possível restabelecer o fluxo urinário por ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica e os resultados anatômicos obtidos por meio das pielografias ascendentes foram considerados satisfatórios.(AU)

Videolaparoscopic splenectomy with bipolar electrosurgery in dog with splenic mass / Esplenectomia videolaparoscópica com eletrocirurgia bipolar em cão com massa esplênica

Background: The main indications to splenectomy in dogs are splenic neoplasms and torsions as well as serious injuries and hemolytic diseases refractory to medical therapy. Animal laparoscopic splenectomy is basically described in experimental studies, while in humans the technique has been established as a standard surgical treatment of splenic disorders. Due to the shortage of reports showing the applicability of this technique in veterinary routine, this study aimed to report a case of laparoscopic splenectomy using bipolar hemostasis and transparietal sutures in a dog that presented splenic mass.Case: A 12-years-old dachshund male was referred for splenectomy due to suspected of splenic neoplasm, after observation of splenic nodules during an ultrasound examination. The splenectomy was performed by videosurgery, with three portal accesses after clinical and laboratory evaluation. The first portal was positioned laterally to the fourth right mammary gland, and the second one in the umbilicus scar; the third one was introduced by paramedian access, laterally to the penis (on the left position). After establishment of CO2 pneumoperitoneum was visualized the splenic mass and performed the first temporary transparietal suture using nylon 0; the spleen was elevated in order to exposure the branches of the splenic vessels. It was realized bipolar cauterization and splenic ablation...(AU)

Os neoplasmas e as torções esplênicas, assim como os traumatismos graves e doenças hemolíticas refratárias a tratamento clínico, estão entre as principais indicações para esplenectomia total em cães [10].As hiperplasias nodulares, principal alteração não neoplásica em caninos [3], tem grande importância diferencial para os neoplasmas, principalmente para os linfomas, já que estes podem se apresentar de forma nodular [9,12].A videocirurgia teve início na Medicina Veterinária como técnica diagnóstica e, cada vez mais, vem sendo utilizada com diferentes fins terapêuticos. A esplenectomia laparoscópica em pequenos animais é basicamente descrita em estudos experimentais [11,13], enquanto, em humanos essa técnica já foi consagrada como tratamento padrão das afecções cirúrgicas do baço [13].Em estudo no qual foi comparado o acesso laparoscópico com o convencional para esplenectomia em cães constatou-se a viabilidade da técnica que, apesar de estar associada à maior tempo cirúrgico, possibilitou redução na lesão de acesso, menor perda sanguínea e menor pontuação na escala de dor [11].Em virtude da escassez de relatos da aplicabilidade dessa técnica na rotina veterinária, esse trabalho objetiva relatar um caso de esplenectomia videolaparoscópica com auxílio de hemostasia bipolar e suturas transparietais em cão com massa esplênica...(AU)