Retrospective evaluation of canine anal sac carcinoma (260 cases) in Brazil: late detection and failures in lymph node evaluation / Avaliação retrospectiva do carcinoma de saco anal canino (260 casos) no Brasil: detecção tardia e falhas na avaliação dos linfonodos

Anal sac neoplasms are common in companion animals, and the epidemiological profile has been extensively described in international studies; however, national data are still lacking. Data on the Brazilian reality of anal sac carcinoma cases' diagnosis and treatment are also scarce. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate cases of canine anal sac carcinoma and assess the profile of involvement, tumor size, and lymphatic invasion at the time of diagnosis. Information was obtained from Vetpat laboratory database, from 260 cases spanning a 12-year period (2010-2021). In histopathological evaluation at the time of diagnosis, data on sex, age, and race were described, as well as tumor size and lymphatic invasion. The presence of metastasis was also assessed in cases where lymph nodes were sampled. Simple descriptive statistical analysis was used to evaluate the data. Adult and elderly, female, and mixed-breed animals were more involved, indicating differences from international studies that can be attributed to sociocultural factors. In terms of tumor size, it was observed that 93% of the cases had the largest diameter above 2.5cm. Only 7% of the cases had the largest diameter below 2.5cm, demonstrating the often late diagnosis and the importance of rectal palpation examination during the general physical assessment of canine patients, particularly at an advanced age. Regarding lymphatic invasion and affected lymph nodes, 50% of the cases had lymphatic invasion described in the histopathological examination. However, only 5% of the lymph nodes were sent along with the primary tumor, indicating the disease's aggressive behavior but with possible metastases underdiagnosed.

As neoplasias de saco anal possuem incidência importante nos animais de companhia, tendo o seu perfil epidemiológico de acometimento amplamente descrito em estudos internacionais, entretanto dados nacionais ainda são escassos. De modo semelhante, dados acerca da realidade brasileira, associados ao diagnóstico e conduta desses casos, são inexistentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, de forma retrospectiva, os casos de carcinoma de saco anal canino, avaliando o perfil de acometimento, o tamanho tumoral e a invasão linfática no momento do diagnóstico. Foi obtido informações de 260 casos, respectivo a um período de 12 anos (2010-2021), proveniente do banco de dados do laboratório Vetpat. Foram descritos os dados acerca do sexo, idade e raça, bem como o tamanho tumoral e presença de invasão linfática em avaliação histopatológica no momento do diagnóstico. Os casos que cursavam com envio dos linfonodos também foram avaliados quanto a presença de metástase. Os dados foram avaliados mediante análise estatística descritiva simples. Foi encontrado um maior acometimento em animais adultos a idosos, do sexo feminino e sem raça definida, evidenciando diferenças em relação a estudos internacionais, que podem ser atribuídas a fatores socioculturais. Em relação ao tamanho tumoral, observou-se que 93% dos casos apresentavam o maior diâmetro acima de 2,5cm e apenas 7% dos casos apresentavam o maior diâmetro abaixo de 2,5cm, evidenciando o diagnostico frequentemente tardio, bem como a importância do exame de palpação retal durante a avaliação física geral de pacientes caninos, principalmente em idade avançada. Quanto a avaliação da invasão linfática e linfonodos acometidos, 50% dos casos cursavam com invasão linfática descrita em exame histopatológico, entretanto em apenas 5% dos casos os linfonodos foram enviados junto ao tumor primário, evidenciando o comportamento agressivo da doença, porém com metástases possivelmente subdiagnosticadas.

Consensus Regarding the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors 2019

The aim of this paper is to discuss and update criteria that can guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary neoplasms. It was elaborated during the IV Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine and Feline Mammary Neoplasia, held on April 29th and 30th, 2019 in Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.(AU)

Consensus Regarding the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors – 2019

The aim of this paper is to discuss and update criteria that can guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary neoplasms. It was elaborated during the IV Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine and Feline Mammary Neoplasia, held on April 29th and 30th, 2019 in Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.

Histopathological and immunophenotypical assessment of canine primary splenic lymphoma according to the World Health Organization / Avaliação histopatológica e imunofenotípica segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde do linfoma esplênico primário em cães

Although there are several studies addressing multicentric lymphoma in dogs, data regarding splenic lymphoma remains scarce. The diagnosis of splenic lymphoma using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system can aid prognostic characterization of splenic lymphoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common histological types of splenic lymphoma in dogs from Brazil according to the WHO classification. We assessed 33 cases of splenic lymphoma diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis submitted to VETPAT- Pathology Laboratory, Campinas-SP, Brazil. IHC was performed using antibodies against CD3 for T-cell and CD79α for B-cell identification . Mean age of patients with splenic lymphoma was 9.8 years. The most affected breeds were mixed breed dogs (33%) followed by Pit bulls and Yorkshires (9.0%). The most prevalent histological type was marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (60.7%) followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (12.1%) and lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma (12.1%). Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of splenic lymphoma is important due to the high prevalence of indolent lymphomas such as marginal zone, which may be less aggressive and thus have different prognostic and distinct forms of treatment when compared to high-grade lymphomas.(AU)

Embora existam diversos estudos a respeito do linfoma multicêntrico em cães, os dados sobre linfoma esplênico primário são escassos. O diagnóstico do linfoma esplênico utilizando a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) pode melhorar a caracterização da doença. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os principais tipos de linfoma esplênico primário em cães no Brasil de acordo com a classificação da OMS. Foram avaliados 33 casos de linfoma esplênico diagnosticados por histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica submetidos ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (VETPAT, Campinas/SP). A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada utilizando os anticorpos CD3 para linfomas T, CD79α para linfomas B. A média de idade dos pacientes com linfoma esplênico foi de 9,8 anos. Os animais sem raça definida (SRD) foram os mais acometidos (33%) seguidos de PitBulls e Yorkshire (9,0%). O tipo histológico mais comum foi o linfoma de zona marginal representando 60,7% dos casos seguido do linfoma difuso de grandes células B (12,1%) e linfoma linfoblástico T (12,1%). A caracterização histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica do linfoma esplênico é importante devido à alta prevalência de linfomas indolentes como o linfoma de zona marginal, que devido ao seu comportamento indolente apresenta prognóstico e tratamento distintos quando comparado aos linfomas de alto grau.(AU)

Post mortem evaluation of spinal cord and protruded intervertebral discs in dogs without neurological abnormalities / Avaliação post mortem da medula espinhal e de discos intervertebrais protrusos em cães sem alterações neurológicas

The aim of this study was to verify the presence of protrusion of the intervertebral disc (IVD) causing compression of the spinal cord and/or roots of cauda equina in 30 dogs above seven years of age with no evidence of previous neurological abnormalities. After the occurrence of death or euthanasia, a laminectomy was performed from C2 to the sacral vertebra to verify the presence of IVD protrusions. The protruded IVD were macroscopically graded according to the Thompson scale, and the corresponding spinal cord segment was histologically analyzed for nervous tissue compression. Of the 30 dogs, twelve (40%) presented disc protrusion, and of these 12 dogs, seven (58%) presented more than one protruded disc. Disc protrusion was observed in 3.2% (25/780) of all IVD evaluated. Of the six chondrodystrophic dogs, five (83%) presented disc protrusion. Of the 24 nonchondrodystrophic dogs, seven (29%) presented IVD protrusion. The site that showed the highest frequency of protrusion was L4-L5 (6/25) followed by the L6-L7 region (3/25) and C6-C7 (3/25). Only two of the medullary segments evaluated showed histological changes, with presence of focal lymphocytic infiltration and multifocal mild hemorrhage in the gray matter. Under the conditions of this study, 40% of dogs older than seven years old showed IVD protrusions without showing neurological signs, with no abnormality of the nervous tissue in 92% of the evaluated segments. Thus, the protrusion of the IVD in some dogs, can only be a finding of no clinical relevance.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a presença de protrusão do disco intervertebral (DIV) causando compressão da medula espinhal e/ou raízes da cauda equina em cadáveres de cães, sem histórico de alterações neurológicas. Para isso, após a ocorrência de óbito ou realização de eutanásia em 30 cães com mais de sete anos de idade, sem histórico de alterações neurológicas, foi realizada a laminectomia entre C2 até a vértebra sacral para verificar a presença de protrusões do DIV. Os DIV protrusos foram graduados macroscopicamente quanto à degeneração segundo a escala de Thompson, e o segmentos medular correspondente à localização da compressão foi analisado microscopicamente em busca de lesões compressivas ao tecido nervoso. Quarenta por cento dos cães (12/30) apresentaram protrusão do DIV, e destes, 58% (7/12) apresentavam mais de um DIV protruso. A protrusão estava presente em 3,2% (25/780) de todos os DIV avaliados. Cães de raças condrodistróficas apresentaram protrusões em 83% dos casos (5/6) e raças não condrodistróficas em 29% (7/24). O local que apresentou maior frequência de protrusão foi L4-L5 (6/25), seguido da região L6-L7 (3/25) e C6-C7 (3/25). Apenas dois segmentos medulares avaliados na histopatologia apresentaram alterações, com presença de infiltrado linfoplasmocitário focal e hemorragia discreta multifocal na substância cinzenta. Nas condições do presente estudo, 40% dos cães com mais de sete anos de idade apresentaram protrusões do DIV sem que houvesse sinais neurológicos, com normalidade do tecido nervoso em 92% dos segmentos avaliados. Assim, a protrusão do DIV, em alguns cães, pode ser apenas um achado sem relevância clínica.(AU)

Histopathological and immunophenotypical assessment of canine primary splenic lymphoma according to the World Health Organization / Avaliação histopatológica e imunofenotípica segundo a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde do linfoma esplênico primário em cães

Although there are several studies addressing multicentric lymphoma in dogs, data regarding splenic lymphoma remains scarce. The diagnosis of splenic lymphoma using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system can aid prognostic characterization of splenic lymphoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common histological types of splenic lymphoma in dogs from Brazil according to the WHO classification. We assessed 33 cases of splenic lymphoma diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis submitted to VETPAT- Pathology Laboratory, Campinas-SP, Brazil. IHC was performed using antibodies against CD3 for T-cell and CD79α for B-cell identification . Mean age of patients with splenic lymphoma was 9.8 years. The most affected breeds were mixed breed dogs (33%) followed by Pit bulls and Yorkshires (9.0%). The most prevalent histological type was marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (60.7%) followed by diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (12.1%) and lymphoblastic T-cell lymphoma (12.1%). Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of splenic lymphoma is important due to the high prevalence of indolent lymphomas such as marginal zone, which may be less aggressive and thus have different prognostic and distinct forms of treatment when compared to high-grade lymphomas.(AU)

Embora existam diversos estudos a respeito do linfoma multicêntrico em cães, os dados sobre linfoma esplênico primário são escassos. O diagnóstico do linfoma esplênico utilizando a classificação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) pode melhorar a caracterização da doença. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os principais tipos de linfoma esplênico primário em cães no Brasil de acordo com a classificação da OMS. Foram avaliados 33 casos de linfoma esplênico diagnosticados por histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica submetidos ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (VETPAT, Campinas/SP). A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada utilizando os anticorpos CD3 para linfomas T, CD79α para linfomas B. A média de idade dos pacientes com linfoma esplênico foi de 9,8 anos. Os animais sem raça definida (SRD) foram os mais acometidos (33%) seguidos de PitBulls e Yorkshire (9,0%). O tipo histológico mais comum foi o linfoma de zona marginal representando 60,7% dos casos seguido do linfoma difuso de grandes células B (12,1%) e linfoma linfoblástico T (12,1%). A caracterização histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica do linfoma esplênico é importante devido à alta prevalência de linfomas indolentes como o linfoma de zona marginal, que devido ao seu comportamento indolente apresenta prognóstico e tratamento distintos quando comparado aos linfomas de alto grau.(AU)

Post mortem evaluation of spinal cord and protruded intervertebral discs in dogs without neurological abnormalities / Avaliação post mortem da medula espinhal e de discos intervertebrais protrusos em cães sem alterações neurológicas

The aim of this study was to verify the presence of protrusion of the intervertebral disc (IVD) causing compression of the spinal cord and/or roots of cauda equina in 30 dogs above seven years of age with no evidence of previous neurological abnormalities. After the occurrence of death or euthanasia, a laminectomy was performed from C2 to the sacral vertebra to verify the presence of IVD protrusions. The protruded IVD were macroscopically graded according to the Thompson scale, and the corresponding spinal cord segment was histologically analyzed for nervous tissue compression. Of the 30 dogs, twelve (40%) presented disc protrusion, and of these 12 dogs, seven (58%) presented more than one protruded disc. Disc protrusion was observed in 3.2% (25/780) of all IVD evaluated. Of the six chondrodystrophic dogs, five (83%) presented disc protrusion. Of the 24 nonchondrodystrophic dogs, seven (29%) presented IVD protrusion. The site that showed the highest frequency of protrusion was L4-L5 (6/25) followed by the L6-L7 region (3/25) and C6-C7 (3/25). Only two of the medullary segments evaluated showed histological changes, with presence of focal lymphocytic infiltration and multifocal mild hemorrhage in the gray matter. Under the conditions of this study, 40% of dogs older than seven years old showed IVD protrusions without showing neurological signs, with no abnormality of the nervous tissue in 92% of the evaluated segments. Thus, the protrusion of the IVD in some dogs, can only be a finding of no clinical relevance.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a presença de protrusão do disco intervertebral (DIV) causando compressão da medula espinhal e/ou raízes da cauda equina em cadáveres de cães, sem histórico de alterações neurológicas. Para isso, após a ocorrência de óbito ou realização de eutanásia em 30 cães com mais de sete anos de idade, sem histórico de alterações neurológicas, foi realizada a laminectomia entre C2 até a vértebra sacral para verificar a presença de protrusões do DIV. Os DIV protrusos foram graduados macroscopicamente quanto à degeneração segundo a escala de Thompson, e o segmentos medular correspondente à localização da compressão foi analisado microscopicamente em busca de lesões compressivas ao tecido nervoso. Quarenta por cento dos cães (12/30) apresentaram protrusão do DIV, e destes, 58% (7/12) apresentavam mais de um DIV protruso. A protrusão estava presente em 3,2% (25/780) de todos os DIV avaliados. Cães de raças condrodistróficas apresentaram protrusões em 83% dos casos (5/6) e raças não condrodistróficas em 29% (7/24). O local que apresentou maior frequência de protrusão foi L4-L5 (6/25), seguido da região L6-L7 (3/25) e C6-C7 (3/25). Apenas dois segmentos medulares avaliados na histopatologia apresentaram alterações, com presença de infiltrado linfoplasmocitário focal e hemorragia discreta multifocal na substância cinzenta. Nas condições do presente estudo, 40% dos cães com mais de sete anos de idade apresentaram protrusões do DIV sem que houvesse sinais neurológicos, com normalidade do tecido nervoso em 92% dos segmentos avaliados. Assim, a protrusão do DIV, em alguns cães, pode ser apenas um achado sem relevância clínica.(AU)

Consensus for the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Mammary Tumors 2013

The purpose of this paper is to establish criteria that could guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of caninemammary neoplasias. It was elaborated during the Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment ofthe Canine Mammary Neoplasia, held on November 6th and 7th, 2010 in Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil. Academics fromseveral regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work. After three years, a new discussion was foundnecessary in order to address important questions: 1 - Have Brazilian DVMs applied the consensus? 2 - What were the maindifficulties in applying the consensus? 3 - What were the obtained results? 4 - What were the main differences among thevarious oncology services/groups? 5 - How could the criteria be improved and uniformed? A spreadsheet that allowed datacollection and an abstract was submitted by each oncology service/group from various parts of the country. Based on theabstracts we identified the main differences in diagnosis and therapeutic conducts among the groups. These differences haveguided the discussions of the II Mammary Pathology Meeting and the publication of a second consensus that has beenrevised and updated. The II Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine mamaryNeoplasia, was held on December 9th, 10thand 11th, 2013 in Belo Horizonte – MG, sponsored by the Laboratory ofComparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Associationof Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from severalregions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.

Consensus for the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Canine Mammary Tumors 2013

The purpose of this paper is to establish criteria that could guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of caninemammary neoplasias. It was elaborated during the Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment ofthe Canine Mammary Neoplasia, held on November 6th and 7th, 2010 in Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil. Academics fromseveral regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work. After three years, a new discussion was foundnecessary in order to address important questions: 1 - Have Brazilian DVMs applied the consensus? 2 - What were the maindifficulties in applying the consensus? 3 - What were the obtained results? 4 - What were the main differences among thevarious oncology services/groups? 5 - How could the criteria be improved and uniformed? A spreadsheet that allowed datacollection and an abstract was submitted by each oncology service/group from various parts of the country. Based on theabstracts we identified the main differences in diagnosis and therapeutic conducts among the groups. These differences haveguided the discussions of the II Mammary Pathology Meeting and the publication of a second consensus that has beenrevised and updated. The II Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine mamaryNeoplasia, was held on December 9th, 10thand 11th, 2013 in Belo Horizonte MG, sponsored by the Laboratory ofComparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Associationof Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from severalregions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.(AU)

T-cell lymphoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

A 12 years old ferret was attended with clinical history of prostration and anorexia. The animal died a few hours after consultation. After necropsy, a histopathological exam of a liver tumor was carried out. The morphologic diagnosis was consistent with multicentric lymphoma. Immunohistochemical exam of the neoplastic cells was made additionally, and confirmed the diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma.

T-cell lymphoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo)

A 12 years old ferret was attended with clinical history of prostration and anorexia. The animal died a few hours after consultation. After necropsy, a histopathological exam of a liver tumor was carried out. The morphologic diagnosis was consistent with multicentric lymphoma. Immunohistochemical exam of the neoplastic cells was made additionally, and confirmed the diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma.(AU)