Feasibility of pre-scrotal castration approach in boars: 30 cases / Viabilidade da castração de cachaços por abordagem pré-escrotal: 30 casos

ABSTRACT: Since the first reports of boar castration, the anesthesia, surgery, and especially the restraint for surgical wound management of large and strong boars may be challenging. Most frequent complications include hemorrhage, excessive edema, infection, abscess, scirrhous cord, inguinal hernia, seroma, hematoma, and death. In order to diminish those complications, we hypothesized that the pre-scrotal approach would be a successful method for orchiectomy in boars and that the complication rate would be low, facilitating post-surgical handling on the commercial swine breeding farms by the owners or handlers. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe our experience performing castration in boars using a pre-scrotal approach on farm-setting. Thirty commercial-breed male boars (weighing 255-410kg) were submitted to dissociative anesthesia protocol and local anesthesia. An 8-10cm skin incision was made cranially to the hemiscrotum, and subcutaneous tissue was bluntly dissected, reaching the tunica dartos, fascia, and vaginal tunica. Mesorchium was bluntly dissected to separate, and a double size-0 transfixion ligature was placed around the spermatic cord that was sharply transected. The procedure was repeated on the contralateral testis using the same skin incision. Short-term complication was restricted to mild scrotal edema in 12 (40%) boars. No wound exudate, surgical site infection or death related to the surgery was recorded. On the long-term follow-up (≥4 months' post-surgery), all owners stated that the boar was subsequently used as intended (slaughter after the proper boar taint withdrawal time) and their satisfaction with the low degree of difficulty in handling the post-operative care. Herein, the overall complication rate was considered low, the mortality rate was zero, and the pre-scrotal castration approach was successfully performed in all boars. These features confirm the technique as a safe procedure for orchiectomy in boars. Additionally, abolishing the daily dressing of surgical wounds required in open castration techniques, especially when surgical site infection occurs, may provide better welfare for the boars.

RESUMO: Desde os primeiros relatos de castração de cachaços, a anestesia, a cirurgia, e, principalmente, a contenção para manejo de feridas cirúrgicas de cachaços grandes e fortes podem ser desafiadoras. As complicações mais frequentes incluem hemorragia, edema excessivo, infecção, abscesso, funiculite, hérnia inguinal, seroma, hematoma e morte. A fim de diminuir tais complicações, levantamos a hipótese de que a abordagem pré-escrotal seria um método bem-sucedido para orquiectomia em cachaços e que a taxa de complicações seria baixa, facilitando o manejo pós-cirúrgico pelos proprietários ou tratadores. Portanto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever nossa experiência na castração de cachaços por abordagem pré-escrotal nas granjas comerciais de suínos. Trinta cachaços machos de raças comerciais (variação de peso de 255-410kg) foram submetidos ao protocolo de anestesia dissociativa e anestesia local. Uma incisão cutânea de 8 a 10cm foi feita cranialmente ao hemiscroto, e o tecido subcutâneo divulsionado de forma romba atingindo a túnica dartos, fáscia e túnica vaginal. O mesórquio foi separado por divulsão, e, uma ligadura de transfixação dupla com fio 0 realizada ao redor do cordão espermático, que foi seccionado. O procedimento foi repetido no testículo contralateral usando a mesma incisão na pele. A complicação de curto prazo foi restrita a leve edema escrotal em 12 (40%) cachaços. Nenhuma infecção incisional, exsudato ou morte relacionada à cirurgia foi registrada. No acompanhamento a longo prazo (≥4 meses pós-cirúrgico), todos os proprietários afirmaram que o cachaço foi posteriormente utilizado como pretendido (abate após o tempo adequado de retirada do odor de macho inteiro), e sua satisfação com o baixo grau de dificuldade nos cuidados pós-operatórios. Aqui, a taxa geral de complicações foi considerada baixa, a taxa de mortalidade foi zero e a castração por abordagem pré-escrotal foi realizada com sucesso em todos os cachaços. Essas características confirmam a técnica como um procedimento seguro para orquiectomia em cachaços. Além disso, a abolição do curativo diário das feridas cirúrgicas exigido nas técnicas de castração aberta, principalmente quando ocorre infecção, pode proporcionar melhor bem-estar aos cachaços.

Trichlorfon for treatment of cutaneous habronemosis - evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion in the distal equine limbs

Background: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis is common in the distal regions of the limbs. Organophosphates, appliedsystemically, one previously used treatment, which is highly effective, but currently in disuse, due to the risks of intoxication. Regional perfusion is a potential technique for distal limb wounds, since, in addition to being used in low doses, itprevents systemic circulation of the drug and possible intoxication, and has a lower treatment cost. The current work aimedto perform clinical, laboratory, and venography evaluations of the use of trichlorfon in regional intravenous perfusion, asa possible form of treatment for cutaneous habronemosis in the distal region of equine limbs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve equines were used, divided into 2 groups, with the left thoracic limb (LTL) beingthe test limb, and the right thoracic limb (RTL) the control limb. At moment zero (M0), distal radiography and venographywere performed. The tourniquet was then loosened and after 5 min, at moment one (M1), the tourniquet was repositionedfor 1.25 mg/kg (G1) and 5.5 mg/kg (G2) trichlorfon injections into the left thoracic limb, diluted in 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution, and 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution was applied to the right thoracic limb. The tourniquet was maintainedfor 30 min after infusion in both groups. At moment 2 (M2), 4 days later, blood tests, radiography, and venography wererepeated. Every day between M0 and M2, physical examinations were performed, including measurement of the pastern,fetlock, and coronet band, and a lameness examination. There were no significant alterations in clinical parameters, behavior, and appetite. In the blood cell count, there was an increase in leukocytes on D4 in G2, although remaining withinthe reference values for the species. The biochemical tests showed no alterations. There were no changes in the circumferences evaluated and 4 equines from G2 presented lameness in the LTL and...

Malignant edema in horse by Clostridium perfringens type A

Background: Malignant edema is one of the terms used to designate severe necrotizing syndromes in soft tissues by Clostridium spp. which are potentially fatal in farm animals. These species are responsible for myonecrosis, belonging to the group of histotoxic clostridia, and may also culminate in toxemia with the worsening of the lesions. These clostridia and their spores require a gateway such as wounds on mucous membranes or skin, which may occur due to shear, tail cut, injuries during delivery, castration or injections by contaminated needles. This report aims to describe the clinicalpathological findings of a case of malignant edema caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in an equine. Case: A female equine, undefined breed, used as traction animal, had a history of abdominal pain. According to the requisitioning veterinary, the tutor reused needles for medication. On palpation, a compact mass was noticed in the pelvic f lexure, as well as edema on the region of head and neck with crackling areas. After surgical intervention for compactation correction, the animal did not show anesthetic recovery and was submited to euthanasia. Tissue samples were collected, f ixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gram stain. Samples of serous-sanguineous edema fluid and fragments of the abdominal muscles and neck were collected. The samples were kept under refrigeration and sent for microbiological culture. Necropsy showed the subcutaneous region of the pectoral was markedly gelatinous and yellowish (edema) and subcutaneous emphysema characterized by accumulation of serous-sanguineous fluid and gas bubbles. In microscopy, we verified fibrous-haemorrhagic...

Malignant edema in horse by Clostridium perfringens type A

Background: Malignant edema is one of the terms used to designate severe necrotizing syndromes in soft tissues by Clostridium spp. which are potentially fatal in farm animals. These species are responsible for myonecrosis, belonging to the group of histotoxic clostridia, and may also culminate in toxemia with the worsening of the lesions. These clostridia and their spores require a gateway such as wounds on mucous membranes or skin, which may occur due to shear, tail cut, injuries during delivery, castration or injections by contaminated needles. This report aims to describe the clinicalpathological findings of a case of malignant edema caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in an equine. Case: A female equine, undefined breed, used as traction animal, had a history of abdominal pain. According to the requisitioning veterinary, the tutor reused needles for medication. On palpation, a compact mass was noticed in the pelvic f lexure, as well as edema on the region of head and neck with crackling areas. After surgical intervention for compactation correction, the animal did not show anesthetic recovery and was submited to euthanasia. Tissue samples were collected, f ixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gram stain. Samples of serous-sanguineous edema fluid and fragments of the abdominal muscles and neck were collected. The samples were kept under refrigeration and sent for microbiological culture. Necropsy showed the subcutaneous region of the pectoral was markedly gelatinous and yellowish (edema) and subcutaneous emphysema characterized by accumulation of serous-sanguineous fluid and gas bubbles. In microscopy, we verified fibrous-haemorrhagic...(AU)

Saúde e alterações comportamentais de animais de equoterapia / Health and behavioral alterations of hippoterapy horses / Salud y cambios de comportamiento de animales de equinoterapia

O bem-estar dos animais tornou-se uma grande preocupação social e identificar os fatores que o afetam é de suma importância. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os aspectos de manejo, sanidade e comportamentais de animais utilizados em equoterapia. Para tanto foi elaborado um questionário e distribuído para diferentes centros de equoterapia no Brasil (n=127), filiados à instituição regulamentadora da atividade, a Associação Nacional de Equoterapia (ANDE-BRASIL), dos quais 27 foram respondidos. Dentre os aspectos abordados foi considerado a incidência de doenças, assistência veterinária, controle sanitário (vermifugação e vacinação), controle de entrada dos animais, incidência de cólica e aspectos comportamentais. Com isso verificou-se baixa incidência de doenças visto que 14,28% adoeceram uma vez por trimestre. Em 40,74% dos centros de equoterapia o médico veterinário realizava visitas mensais, refletindo em baixa casuística de doenças (14,81%). Notou-se um controle sanitário eficiente, visto que 85,18% dos animais eram vacinados anualmente e 70,27% vermifugados em intervalos adequados. Alguns locais funcionavam como centros equestres e a equoterapia foi uma atividade paralela. Sendo assim, é importante realizar o controle de doenças de notificação obrigatória na entrada dos animais nas propriedades por meio de exames laboratoriais. Verificou-se que em 40,74% dos centros de equoterapia realizavam o controle de doenças através de exames laboratoriais e também exigiam atestados de vacinação. Constatou-se que havia acompanhamento da saúde bucal dos animais em 74,07% dos centros de equoterapia, o que favorecia a digestão dos alimentos e fez com que os casos de cólica fossem esporádicos (59,26%). Os cascos também eram limpos e o casqueamento ocorria em intervalos adequados. Em relação ao comportamento...

The animal welfare has become a huge social concern and it is a must to identify the factors that might display some influence on it. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the aspects related to handling, sanity, and behavior of animals destined to equine-assisted therapy. A questionnaire was fashioned and distributed to various equine-assisted therapy centers (n=127), which were affiliates of ANDE-BRASIL (the institution that rules such activity, throughout Brazil). Only 27 of them answered it. Within the studied factors that were taken into consideration, we must mention the incidence of diseases, veterinary assistance, sanitary control (vermifuge and vaccines), control of animal entrance, incidence of colic and behavioural issues. Then, it was observed that there was a low incidence of disorders since 14.28% got sick once every three months. In 40.74% of the equine-assisted therapy centers, the veterinarian would pay a monthly-visit resulting in low incidence of diseases (14.81%). It was observed and efficient sanitary control, since 85.18% of animals were annually vaccined and 70.27% were vermifuged within proper intervals. Some premises worked as equestrian centers and the equine-assisted therapy was a parallel activity. It is therefore important to have control of animal entrance through obligatory notification trials. A good number of equine-assisted therapy centers presented this control by requiring examinations and vaccinations (40.74%). It was checked the oral health (74.07%) aiding the digestion of feed and reducing the cases of colic (59.26%). Hooves were cleaned and hoofing occured into proper intervals. As for behavior analysis...

El bienestar de los animales se ha convertido en una gran preocupación social y es una necesidad identificar los factores que pueden mostrar alguna influencia sobre él. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar los aspectos relacionados con el manejo, la cordura y el comportamiento de los animales destinados a la terapia asistida por caballos. Se elaboró un cuestionario y se distribuyó a varios centros de terapia asistida por caballos (n = 127), que eran afiliados de ANDE-BRASIL (la institución que gobierna dicha actividad en todo Brasil). Solo 27 de ellos lo respondieron. Dentro de los factores estudiados que se tomaron en consideración, debemos mencionar la incidencia de enfermedades, asistencia veterinaria, control sanitario (vermífugo y vacunas), control de entrada de animales, incidencia de cólicos y problemas de comportamiento. Luego, se observó que había una baja incidencia de trastornos ya que el 14.28% se enfermó una vez cada tres meses. En el 40.74% de los centros de terapia asistida por caballos, el veterinario realizaba visitas mensuales reflejando en una baja incidencia de enfermedades (14.81%). Se observó un control sanitario eficiente, ya que el 85.18% de los animales fueron vacunados anualmente y 70.27% fueron vermifugados a intervalos adecuados. Algunas instalaciones funcionaban como centros ecuestres y la terapia asistida por caballos era una actividad paralela. Por lo tanto, es importante tener el control de la entrada de los animales a través de exámenes de notificación obligatorios. Un buen número de centros de terapia asistida por caballos presentaron este control al requerir exámenes y vacunas (40.74%). Se verificó la salud bucal (74.07%) ayudando a la digestión de los alimentos y reduciendo los casos de cólicos (59.26%).Se limpiaron las pezuñas y se practicaron las pezuñas en intervalos apropiados. En cuanto al análisis del comportamiento...

Saúde e alterações comportamentais de animais de equoterapia / Health and behavioral alterations of hippoterapy horses / Salud y cambios de comportamiento de animales de equinoterapia

O bem-estar dos animais tornou-se uma grande preocupação social e identificar os fatores que o afetam é de suma importância. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os aspectos de manejo, sanidade e comportamentais de animais utilizados em equoterapia. Para tanto foi elaborado um questionário e distribuído para diferentes centros de equoterapia no Brasil (n=127), filiados à instituição regulamentadora da atividade, a Associação Nacional de Equoterapia (ANDE-BRASIL), dos quais 27 foram respondidos. Dentre os aspectos abordados foi considerado a incidência de doenças, assistência veterinária, controle sanitário (vermifugação e vacinação), controle de entrada dos animais, incidência de cólica e aspectos comportamentais. Com isso verificou-se baixa incidência de doenças visto que 14,28% adoeceram uma vez por trimestre. Em 40,74% dos centros de equoterapia o médico veterinário realizava visitas mensais, refletindo em baixa casuística de doenças (14,81%). Notou-se um controle sanitário eficiente, visto que 85,18% dos animais eram vacinados anualmente e 70,27% vermifugados em intervalos adequados. Alguns locais funcionavam como centros equestres e a equoterapia foi uma atividade paralela. Sendo assim, é importante realizar o controle de doenças de notificação obrigatória na entrada dos animais nas propriedades por meio de exames laboratoriais. Verificou-se que em 40,74% dos centros de equoterapia realizavam o controle de doenças através de exames laboratoriais e também exigiam atestados de vacinação. Constatou-se que havia acompanhamento da saúde bucal dos animais em 74,07% dos centros de equoterapia, o que favorecia a digestão dos alimentos e fez com que os casos de cólica fossem esporádicos (59,26%). Os cascos também eram limpos e o casqueamento ocorria em intervalos adequados. Em relação ao comportamento...(AU)

The animal welfare has become a huge social concern and it is a must to identify the factors that might display some influence on it. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the aspects related to handling, sanity, and behavior of animals destined to equine-assisted therapy. A questionnaire was fashioned and distributed to various equine-assisted therapy centers (n=127), which were affiliates of ANDE-BRASIL (the institution that rules such activity, throughout Brazil). Only 27 of them answered it. Within the studied factors that were taken into consideration, we must mention the incidence of diseases, veterinary assistance, sanitary control (vermifuge and vaccines), control of animal entrance, incidence of colic and behavioural issues. Then, it was observed that there was a low incidence of disorders since 14.28% got sick once every three months. In 40.74% of the equine-assisted therapy centers, the veterinarian would pay a monthly-visit resulting in low incidence of diseases (14.81%). It was observed and efficient sanitary control, since 85.18% of animals were annually vaccined and 70.27% were vermifuged within proper intervals. Some premises worked as equestrian centers and the equine-assisted therapy was a parallel activity. It is therefore important to have control of animal entrance through obligatory notification trials. A good number of equine-assisted therapy centers presented this control by requiring examinations and vaccinations (40.74%). It was checked the oral health (74.07%) aiding the digestion of feed and reducing the cases of colic (59.26%). Hooves were cleaned and hoofing occured into proper intervals. As for behavior analysis...(AU)

El bienestar de los animales se ha convertido en una gran preocupación social y es una necesidad identificar los factores que pueden mostrar alguna influencia sobre él. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar los aspectos relacionados con el manejo, la cordura y el comportamiento de los animales destinados a la terapia asistida por caballos. Se elaboró un cuestionario y se distribuyó a varios centros de terapia asistida por caballos (n = 127), que eran afiliados de ANDE-BRASIL (la institución que gobierna dicha actividad en todo Brasil). Solo 27 de ellos lo respondieron. Dentro de los factores estudiados que se tomaron en consideración, debemos mencionar la incidencia de enfermedades, asistencia veterinaria, control sanitario (vermífugo y vacunas), control de entrada de animales, incidencia de cólicos y problemas de comportamiento. Luego, se observó que había una baja incidencia de trastornos ya que el 14.28% se enfermó una vez cada tres meses. En el 40.74% de los centros de terapia asistida por caballos, el veterinario realizaba visitas mensuales reflejando en una baja incidencia de enfermedades (14.81%). Se observó un control sanitario eficiente, ya que el 85.18% de los animales fueron vacunados anualmente y 70.27% fueron vermifugados a intervalos adecuados. Algunas instalaciones funcionaban como centros ecuestres y la terapia asistida por caballos era una actividad paralela. Por lo tanto, es importante tener el control de la entrada de los animales a través de exámenes de notificación obligatorios. Un buen número de centros de terapia asistida por caballos presentaron este control al requerir exámenes y vacunas (40.74%). Se verificó la salud bucal (74.07%) ayudando a la digestión de los alimentos y reduciendo los casos de cólicos (59.26%).Se limpiaron las pezuñas y se practicaron las pezuñas en intervalos apropiados. En cuanto al análisis del comportamiento...(AU)

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos / Concurrent ionophore poisoning and leukoencephalomalacia by consumption of contaminated commercial ration in horses

Background: Equidae nutritional change increased the frequency of diseases due to inappropriate administration and storage of rations. Although there are reports of ionophore poisoning (IP) and leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in equidae from Brazil, the concurrent occurrence of both diseases by the same contaminated commercial ration is unprecedented. Therefore, the present paper aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of concurrent IP and LEM outbreaks in horses.Cases: Eleven farmers from seven different locations in Distrito Federal, Midwestern Brazil, reported sudden clinical signs in 27 horses after the ingestion of commercial pelleted ration. During the farm visits, it was found that the ration brand and batches were identical, and macroscopic evaluation revealed no abnormalities. Eight horses were clinically evaluated and presented hyporexia, apathy, hypermetria, ataxia, dehydration, dyspnea, tongue hypotonia, muscle tremors, tachycardia, facial hypoalgesia, dysphagia, and sporadic or permanent recumbence. Laboratorial changes were restricted to creatine phosphokinase (mean: 1,573.4 ± 16.9 IU/L) and gammaglutamyl transferase (mean: 34.85 ± 29.14 IU/L) serum increases. Pathological evaluation has performed in eight horses presenting pallor and whitish striations in the gluteal, longissimus dorsi, femoral quadriceps muscles and myocardium, varying from mild to moderate. One horse also showed a soft and yellowish focal area on the right temporal lobe white matter. Microscopically, alterations in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues included striated muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes segmental necrosis, characterized by sarcoplasmic fragmentation with clusters of eosinophilic debris, cellular retraction and hypereosinophilia. Histological alterations in the central nervous system of one horse were characteristic of LEM.[...]

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos / Concurrent ionophore poisoning and leukoencephalomalacia by consumption of contaminated commercial ration in horses

Background: Equidae nutritional change increased the frequency of diseases due to inappropriate administration and storage of rations. Although there are reports of ionophore poisoning (IP) and leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in equidae from Brazil, the concurrent occurrence of both diseases by the same contaminated commercial ration is unprecedented. Therefore, the present paper aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of concurrent IP and LEM outbreaks in horses.Cases: Eleven farmers from seven different locations in Distrito Federal, Midwestern Brazil, reported sudden clinical signs in 27 horses after the ingestion of commercial pelleted ration. During the farm visits, it was found that the ration brand and batches were identical, and macroscopic evaluation revealed no abnormalities. Eight horses were clinically evaluated and presented hyporexia, apathy, hypermetria, ataxia, dehydration, dyspnea, tongue hypotonia, muscle tremors, tachycardia, facial hypoalgesia, dysphagia, and sporadic or permanent recumbence. Laboratorial changes were restricted to creatine phosphokinase (mean: 1,573.4 ± 16.9 IU/L) and gammaglutamyl transferase (mean: 34.85 ± 29.14 IU/L) serum increases. Pathological evaluation has performed in eight horses presenting pallor and whitish striations in the gluteal, longissimus dorsi, femoral quadriceps muscles and myocardium, varying from mild to moderate. One horse also showed a soft and yellowish focal area on the right temporal lobe white matter. Microscopically, alterations in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues included striated muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes segmental necrosis, characterized by sarcoplasmic fragmentation with clusters of eosinophilic debris, cellular retraction and hypereosinophilia. Histological alterations in the central nervous system of one horse were characteristic of LEM.[...](AU)

Postoperative care and long-term follow-up after a rostral mandibulectomy to treat an ossifying fibroma in a horse / Cuidados pós-operatórios e acompanhamento a longo prazo após mandibulectomia rostral no tratamento de fibroma ossificante em um equino

Ossifying fibroma is a disfiguring benign neoplasia of the jaw that affects young animals of several species, including horses. The present report described the postoperative care and long-term follow-up after a rostral mandibulectomy (RM) that was performed to treat an ossifying fibroma in a horse. A 3-year-old crossbred horse presented a hard, well-defined, 14.5×10.0×9.5cm ulcerated mass attached to the rostral mandible. Radiographic findings were compatible with a nonaggressive mandibular bone deformity (benign neoplasia). Histological features confirmed the diagnosis of the ossifying fibroma. After the RM, the horse slowly adapted to the new feeding conditions and was discharged when it fully recovered and was capable of feeding on the paddock and drinking water on its own on day 60. This slow adaptation was crucial for post-surgical recovery and required hard labor to manage the feeding and hydration by nasogastric tube during the hospital stay.(AU)

Fibroma ossificante é uma neoplasia benigna desfigurante da mandíbula, que afeta animais jovens de várias espécies, incluindo equinos. O presente relato descreve os cuidados pós-operatórios e o acompanhamento a longo prazo após mandibulectomia rostral (MR) no tratamento de um fibroma ossificante em um equino. Um cavalo mestiço de três anos de idade apresentou massa ulcerada, dura, bem definida, medindo 14,5x10x9,5cm, contígua à mandíbula rostral. Os achados radiográficos foram compatíveis com uma deformidade óssea mandibular não agressiva (neoplasia benigna). As características histológicas confirmaram o diagnóstico de fibroma ossificante. Após a MR, o equino adaptou-se lentamente às novas condições de alimentação e recebeu alta clínica totalmente recuperado, sendo capaz de se alimentar em piquetes e beber água por conta própria, no 60o dia. Esta lenta adaptação foi crucial para recuperação pós-cirúrgica e exigiu trabalho árduo no manejo da alimentação e hidratação por meio de sonda nasogástrica durante o período de internação hospitalar.(AU)

Clinical-pathological and laboratorial findings in a horse with Schiff-Sherrington syndrome / Achados clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais em um equino com síndrome de Schiff-Sherrington

Background: Schiff-Sherrington syndrome is characterized by extensor hypertonicity of the forelimbs and flaccid hindlimbs as a result from the interruption of the ascending inhibitory effect on motor neurons of forelimbs. The main cause is trauma to the spinal cord in thoracolumbar segment and is considered a common condition in companion animals, but rarely reported in large animals. The present study aimed to report the clinical-pathological and laboratorial findings of a horse with Schiff-Sherington syndrome. Case: A 9-year-old mare weighing 330 kg was referred for clinical evaluation after a 36 h evolution of an acute onset of inability to stand. During physical examination the horse was on lateral recumbency and presented normal mental status, spasticity of the forelimbs, flaccid paralysis of the hind limbs, and superficial sensitivity decreased from the 13th thoracic vertebra, reaching the perianal region and hindlimbs. Hematological and biochemical abnormalities included mild neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed yellowish coloration (xanthochromia), turbidity (+1), increased density, hypoproteinemia and erythrophagocytosis. Microbiological culture of CSF was negative. Necropsy revealed muscle hematomas and complete fracture of the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae with [...]

Clinical-pathological and laboratorial findings in a horse with Schiff-Sherrington syndrome / Achados clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais em um equino com síndrome de Schiff-Sherrington

Background: Schiff-Sherrington syndrome is characterized by extensor hypertonicity of the forelimbs and flaccid hindlimbs as a result from the interruption of the ascending inhibitory effect on motor neurons of forelimbs. The main cause is trauma to the spinal cord in thoracolumbar segment and is considered a common condition in companion animals, but rarely reported in large animals. The present study aimed to report the clinical-pathological and laboratorial findings of a horse with Schiff-Sherington syndrome. Case: A 9-year-old mare weighing 330 kg was referred for clinical evaluation after a 36 h evolution of an acute onset of inability to stand. During physical examination the horse was on lateral recumbency and presented normal mental status, spasticity of the forelimbs, flaccid paralysis of the hind limbs, and superficial sensitivity decreased from the 13th thoracic vertebra, reaching the perianal region and hindlimbs. Hematological and biochemical abnormalities included mild neutrophilic leukocytosis, hypoalbuminemia and increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed yellowish coloration (xanthochromia), turbidity (+1), increased density, hypoproteinemia and erythrophagocytosis. Microbiological culture of CSF was negative. Necropsy revealed muscle hematomas and complete fracture of the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae with [...](AU)

Experimental infection of horses with Vaccinia virus / Infecção experimental de equinos com o vírus Vaccínia

Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the etiologic agent of bovine vaccinia, an emerging zoonotic disease with potential health issues for dairy herds and humans. VACV may occasionally infect other species, including horses. In this sense, an outbreak of VACV disease in horses was described in Pelotas, RS, in 2008, where a co-infection with two VACV strains (named Pelotas Virus 1 [P1V] and Pelotas Virus 2 [P2V]) was detected. Considering the rare occurrence of VACV infection in horses, the objective of this study was to investigate the susceptibility and pathogenesis of VACV infection in this species. Six adult horses were inoculated with VACV P1V or P2V (106.3TCID50/ml) through scarification of the nasolabial surface and monitored for virological and clinical aspects during 28 days. Four inoculated horses (4/6) developed mild lesions in the site of inoculation. Ulcers and scabs restricted to inoculated areas were observed between days 2 and 8 post-inoculation (pi). Microscopically there were acanthosis, ballooning degeneration of the stratum spinosum, necrosis and loss of the epidermis. Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes were observed in the dermis. Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions were infrequently observed in degenerate keratinocytes from adjacent necrotic areas. Virus shedding was detected between days 4 and 8 pi by PCR and virus isolation (infectious virus) from the lesions of one horse inoculated with P2V. No neutralizing antibodies were detected in inoculated animals at day 28 pi. In summary, inoculation of horses with VACV P1V and P2V isolates resulted in a low level of replication and at low frequency, with mild cutaneous lesions, when compared with the course of infection of other susceptible species to VACV. Therefore, horses possibly have a low potential for viral maintenance and transmission to other species, albeit being susceptible to VACV infection.(AU)

O vírus Vaccinia (VACV) é o agente etiológico da vaccínia bovina, uma doença zoonótica re-emergente e de importância sanitária e econômica para rebanhos leiteiros. O VACV também pode ocasionalmente infectar outras espécies, incluindo equinos. Nesse sentido, um surto de VACV em equinos foi descrito em Pelotas, RS, em 2008, no qual uma coinfecção com dois isolados de VACV (denominados Pelotas 1 [P1V] e Pelotas 2 [P2V]) foi detectada. Considerando a rara ocorrência da infecção pelo VACV em equinos, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a susceptibilidade e a patogenia experimental da infecção pelo VACV nessa espécie. Para isso, seis equinos adultos foram inoculados com P1V ou P2V (106,3DICC50/ml) após escarificação na superfície nasolabial e monitorados para os aspectos virológicos, clínicos e patológicos por 28 dias. Quatro animais inoculados (4/6) desenvolveram lesões macroscópicas leves nos locais da inoculação, consistentes com aquelas causadas por VACV, caracterizadas por úlceras e crostas focais restritas à área inoculada, entre os dias 2 e 8 pós-inoculação (pi). Microscopicamente, havia acantose, degeneração hidrópica do estrato espinhoso e necrose da epiderme, com bactérias intralesionais. Infiltração moderada de neutrófilos, macrófagos e linfócitos foi observada na derme superficial. Inclusões intracitoplasmáticas eosinofílicas foram infrequentemente observadas nos queratinócitos degenerados adjacentes às áreas necróticas. Excreção viral foi detectada por PCR e isolamento viral das lesões de um equino inoculado com o P2V, entre os dias 4 e 8pi. Não foi detectada produção de anticorpos específicos para o VACV em nenhum animal inoculado. Em resumo, a inoculação de cavalos com os isolados P1V e P2V resultou em um baixo nível de replicação viral e em baixa frequência, resultando em lesões cutâneas mais discretas em comparação com outras espécies susceptíveis ao VACV. Apesar dos equinos serem susceptíveis à infecção pelo VACV, possivelmente apresentam baixo potencial de manutenção e de transmissão do vírus para outras espécies.(AU)

Tramadol effects on clinical variables and the mechanical nociceptive threshold in horses / Efeitos do tramadol sobre variáveis clínicas e limiar nociceptivo mecânico em equinos

This study assessed the clinical effects and the mechanical antinociceptive potential of intravenous (IV) tramadol in horses.A blinded and randomized study was designed with 7 horses treated with 1 (Tr1), 2 (Tr2) or 3 (Tr3) mg kg-1 of tramadol IV. The heart rate, respiratory rate (fR), arterial pressure, degree of sedation, gastrointestinal motility (GI), behavior changes and the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) were evaluated. The MNT was determined with von Frey device method.Tr3 had a significant increase in their fR and more pronounced behavioral changes than other treatments.The Tr1 showed a significant increase in arterial pressure. The GI reduced significantly, mainly in Tr2. The tramadol did not change the MNT of the horses.The clinical alterations observed with the different treatments were considered mild and transitory, being most evident in Tr2. However the tramadol did not have any analgesic effect with any of the doses evaluated.(AU)

Avaliaram-se os efeitos clínicos e o potencial antinociceptivo mecânico de diferentes doses de tramadol administradas por via intravenosa (IV) em equinos. Sete animais foram tratados com 1 (Tr1), 2 (Tr2) ou 3 (Tr3) mg kg-1de tramadol IV em um estudo cruzado do tipo cego e randomizado. Foram avaliados frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura retal, pressão arterial, nível de sedação, motilidade gastrointestinal, alterações comportamentais e limiar antinociceptivo mecânico (Von Frey). As principais alterações evidenciadas pela administração do tramadol concentram-se no aumento na frequência respiratória em Tr3, aumento significativo da pressão arterial em Tr1 e redução da motilidade gastrointestinal, mais pronunciada em Tr2. O tramadol não promoveu alteração significativa no limiar nociceptivo mecânico. As alterações clínicas observadas nos diferentes tratamentos foram consideradas leves e transitórias. Diante dos resultados, pode-se concluir que o tramadol não apresentou efeito antinociceptivo passível de ser avaliado pelo método empregado no presente estudo, em nenhum dos tratamentos.(AU)

Determinação da frequência cardíaca como auxiliar na avaliação do bem-estar de cavalos destinados a equoterapia / Determination of heart rate as anadjunct in the evaluation of wellfare ofhorses destined to equine therapy / Determinación de la frecuenciacardíaca como auxiliar em laevaluación del bienestar de caballosdestinados a la equinoterapia

O presente trabalho foi realizado em 15 Centros de Equoterapia da América do Sul, totalizando 46 animais, entre machos e fêmeas, com idade variando entre 4 e 25 anos. Teve como objetivo determinar a frequência cardíaca de cavalos durante a atividade de equoterapia como auxiliar na avaliação do estresse a que o animal era submetido. A FC foi aferida em repouso, na baia (TO), após encilhamento (T1), ao final de cada sessão de equoterapia (T2 a T6) e após a última sessão (Tf). Cada sessão de equoterapia teve a duração média de 30 minutos. Também foram colhidas informações sobre o manejo, alimentação, descanso, temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa do ar por meio de questionárioelaborado para esse fim.As médias (± desvio padrão) dos valores da FC em TOvariaram de 36,3±4,69; em T1 37,4±4,38; em T2 39,3±6,31; em T3 38,9±6,49; em T4 39,1 ±5; em T5 38,9±5,86; em T6 39,7±6,62 e em Tf 39,5±5,62. Com base nos resultados obtidos podemos inferir que o trabalho de equoterapia realizado pelos cavalos pode ser classificado como leve pois mesmo ocorrendo variação (10%) entre os tempos aferidos, os valores permaneceram dentro dos padrões de referência (repouso) para espécie.

The present work was carried out in 15 Equine Therapy Centers of South America, totalizing 46 animais, between males and females, with ages varying between 4 and 25 years. The objective of this study was to determine the heart rate of horses during equine therapy as an aid in evaluating the stress to which the animal is subjected. The HR was measured at rest, in the bay (TO), after enciliation (T1), at the end of each session of equine therapy (T2 to T6) and after the last session (Tf). Each session of equine therapy had an average duration of 30 minutes. Information on management, feeding, rest, ambient temperature and relative humidity was also collected through a questionnaire developed for this purpose. The means (± standard deviation) of HR values at TO ranged from 36.3 ± 4.69; in T1 37.4 ± 4.38; in T2 39.3 ± 6.31; in T3 38.9 ± 6.49; in T4 39.1 ± 5; in T5 38.9 ± 5.86; in T6 39.7 ± 6.62 and in Tf 39.5 ± 5.62. Based on the results obtained, we can infer that the equine work performed by the horses can be classified as light because even though variation (10%) occurs between the times measured, the values remained within the reference standards (rest) for the species.

El trabajo fue realizado en 15 centros de equinoterapia de América del Sur, con un total de 46 animales, entre machos y hembras, con edad entre 4 y 25 anos. El objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia cardiáca(FC) de caballos mientras ejecutaban la actividad de equinoterapia como auxiliar en la evaluación del estrés al qual el animal es sumetido. La frecuencia cardiáca fue evaluada de tal manera en reposo, en el establo (TO), Después de la flexión (T1), Al final de cadasesión de equinoterapia (T2 a T6), Después de la última sesión (TF). Cada sesión de equinoterapia tuvo la duración média de 30 minutos. También se recogieron informaciones referentes al manejo, alimentación, descanso, temperatura ambiente y humedad del aire, por medio de uncuestionário elaborado para esa finalidad. Los valores medios de la FC (±desviación estándar) variaron, en TO de 36,3 ±4,69; T1 de 37,4 ± 4,38; T2 de 39,3±6,31; T3 de 38,9 ± 6,49; T4 de 39,1 ± 5,00; T5 de 38,9 ± 5,86; T6 de 39,7 ± 6,62; TF de 39,5 ± 5,62. Con base en los resultados obtenidos concluimos que el trabajo de equinoterapia realizado por los caballos pueden ser clasificados como sueves, pues, incluso sufriendo variaciones de unos 10% entre los tiempos evaluados, los valores permanecieron dientro de los patrones de referencia (reposo) para la especie.

Determinação da frequência cardíaca como auxiliar na avaliação do bem-estar de cavalos destinados a equoterapia / Determination of heart rate as anadjunct in the evaluation of wellfare ofhorses destined to equine therapy / Determinación de la frecuenciacardíaca como auxiliar em laevaluación del bienestar de caballosdestinados a la equinoterapia

O presente trabalho foi realizado em 15 Centros de Equoterapia da América do Sul, totalizando 46 animais, entre machos e fêmeas, com idade variando entre 4 e 25 anos. Teve como objetivo determinar a frequência cardíaca de cavalos durante a atividade de equoterapia como auxiliar na avaliação do estresse a que o animal era submetido. A FC foi aferida em repouso, na baia (TO), após encilhamento (T1), ao final de cada sessão de equoterapia (T2 a T6) e após a última sessão (Tf). Cada sessão de equoterapia teve a duração média de 30 minutos. Também foram colhidas informações sobre o manejo, alimentação, descanso, temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa do ar por meio de questionárioelaborado para esse fim.As médias (± desvio padrão) dos valores da FC em TOvariaram de 36,3±4,69; em T1 37,4±4,38; em T2 39,3±6,31; em T3 38,9±6,49; em T4 39,1 ±5; em T5 38,9±5,86; em T6 39,7±6,62 e em Tf 39,5±5,62. Com base nos resultados obtidos podemos inferir que o trabalho de equoterapia realizado pelos cavalos pode ser classificado como leve pois mesmo ocorrendo variação (10%) entre os tempos aferidos, os valores permaneceram dentro dos padrões de referência (repouso) para espécie.(AU)

The present work was carried out in 15 Equine Therapy Centers of South America, totalizing 46 animais, between males and females, with ages varying between 4 and 25 years. The objective of this study was to determine the heart rate of horses during equine therapy as an aid in evaluating the stress to which the animal is subjected. The HR was measured at rest, in the bay (TO), after enciliation (T1), at the end of each session of equine therapy (T2 to T6) and after the last session (Tf). Each session of equine therapy had an average duration of 30 minutes. Information on management, feeding, rest, ambient temperature and relative humidity was also collected through a questionnaire developed for this purpose. The means (± standard deviation) of HR values at TO ranged from 36.3 ± 4.69; in T1 37.4 ± 4.38; in T2 39.3 ± 6.31; in T3 38.9 ± 6.49; in T4 39.1 ± 5; in T5 38.9 ± 5.86; in T6 39.7 ± 6.62 and in Tf 39.5 ± 5.62. Based on the results obtained, we can infer that the equine work performed by the horses can be classified as light because even though variation (10%) occurs between the times measured, the values remained within the reference standards (rest) for the species.(AU)

El trabajo fue realizado en 15 centros de equinoterapia de América del Sur, con un total de 46 animales, entre machos y hembras, con edad entre 4 y 25 anos. El objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia cardiáca(FC) de caballos mientras ejecutaban la actividad de equinoterapia como auxiliar en la evaluación del estrés al qual el animal es sumetido. La frecuencia cardiáca fue evaluada de tal manera en reposo, en el establo (TO), Después de la flexión (T1), Al final de cadasesión de equinoterapia (T2 a T6), Después de la última sesión (TF). Cada sesión de equinoterapia tuvo la duración média de 30 minutos. También se recogieron informaciones referentes al manejo, alimentación, descanso, temperatura ambiente y humedad del aire, por medio de uncuestionário elaborado para esa finalidad. Los valores medios de la FC (±desviación estándar) variaron, en TO de 36,3 ±4,69; T1 de 37,4 ± 4,38; T2 de 39,3±6,31; T3 de 38,9 ± 6,49; T4 de 39,1 ± 5,00; T5 de 38,9 ± 5,86; T6 de 39,7 ± 6,62; TF de 39,5 ± 5,62. Con base en los resultados obtenidos concluimos que el trabajo de equinoterapia realizado por los caballos pueden ser clasificados como sueves, pues, incluso sufriendo variaciones de unos 10% entre los tiempos evaluados, los valores permanecieron dientro de los patrones de referencia (reposo) para la especie.(AU)

Avaliação de quatro protocolos terapêuticos para a sinusite pós-descorna plástica em bovinos / Evaluation of four treatment protocols to sinusitis after plastic dehornig in cattle

A descorna plástica em bovinos adultos pode resultar em diversas complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Uma das possíveis sequelas deste procedimento é a sinusite, um processo inflamatório que acomete os seios paranasais, como consequência da exposição do seio frontal. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a eficácia de protocolos terapêuticos contendo hipoclorito de sódio, policresuleno, iodopovidona e solução isotônica de cloreto de sódio no tratamento da sinusite pósdescorna em 60 bovinos, distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais de 15 animais, GI, GII, GIII e GIV. Durante o acesso ao seio frontal para proceder ao tratamento local, atentou-se para a presença de corpos estranhos, sendo observadas esquírolas ósseas, hastes de capim, fios de sutura e farpas de madeira. O escoamento da secreção mucopurulenta e a remoção do excesso de soluções empregadas no local infectado foi facilitada, girando a cabeça do animal e posicionando a abertura do seio frontal o mais ventralmente possível. Empregando o teste do Qui-quadrado, observou-se diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. O hipoclorito de sódio e a iodopovidona foram os tratamentos mais eficazes, podendo ser recomendados no tratamento desta enfermidade.

Plastic dehornig in adult cattle can result in several trans and postoperative complications. Sinusitis is an important sequela, resulting from an inflammatory process affecting the exposed frontal sinuses. In the present study, treatment protocols efficacy was evaluated in 60 bovines. Therapeutic protocols included sodium hypochlorite, policresulen, povidone-iodine and isotonic sodium chloride solution, which were divided into four experimental groups of 15 animals, GI, GII, GIII and GIV. During frontal sinus access to institute local treatment, attempts to identify foreign bodies, bone fragments, grass stems, suture material and wood splints were made. Mucous-purulent liquid drainage and excess solutions removal were facilitated by laterally rotating the animal’s head and placing the frontal sinus gap as ventral as possible. Using chi-square test, there was significant difference between treatments. Sodium hypochlorite and povidone-iodine were the most effective treatments, being recommended as part of sinusitis therapeutic protocol.

Avaliação de quatro protocolos terapêuticos para a sinusite pós-descorna plástica em bovinos / Evaluation of four treatment protocols to sinusitis after plastic dehornig in cattle

A descorna plástica em bovinos adultos pode resultar em diversas complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Uma das possíveis sequelas deste procedimento é a sinusite, um processo inflamatório que acomete os seios paranasais, como consequência da exposição do seio frontal. No presente estudo, avaliou-se a eficácia de protocolos terapêuticos contendo hipoclorito de sódio, policresuleno, iodopovidona e solução isotônica de cloreto de sódio no tratamento da sinusite pósdescorna em 60 bovinos, distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais de 15 animais, GI, GII, GIII e GIV. Durante o acesso ao seio frontal para proceder ao tratamento local, atentou-se para a presença de corpos estranhos, sendo observadas esquírolas ósseas, hastes de capim, fios de sutura e farpas de madeira. O escoamento da secreção mucopurulenta e a remoção do excesso de soluções empregadas no local infectado foi facilitada, girando a cabeça do animal e posicionando a abertura do seio frontal o mais ventralmente possível. Empregando o teste do Qui-quadrado, observou-se diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. O hipoclorito de sódio e a iodopovidona foram os tratamentos mais eficazes, podendo ser recomendados no tratamento desta enfermidade.(AU)

Plastic dehornig in adult cattle can result in several trans and postoperative complications. Sinusitis is an important sequela, resulting from an inflammatory process affecting the exposed frontal sinuses. In the present study, treatment protocols efficacy was evaluated in 60 bovines. Therapeutic protocols included sodium hypochlorite, policresulen, povidone-iodine and isotonic sodium chloride solution, which were divided into four experimental groups of 15 animals, GI, GII, GIII and GIV. During frontal sinus access to institute local treatment, attempts to identify foreign bodies, bone fragments, grass stems, suture material and wood splints were made. Mucous-purulent liquid drainage and excess solutions removal were facilitated by laterally rotating the animals head and placing the frontal sinus gap as ventral as possible. Using chi-square test, there was significant difference between treatments. Sodium hypochlorite and povidone-iodine were the most effective treatments, being recommended as part of sinusitis therapeutic protocol.(AU)

Alterações hematológicas e cardíacas em cavalos Árabes submetidos ao teste de esforço crescente em esteira rolante / Hematological and cardiac alterations in Arabian horses submitted to incremental effort test in treadmill

Estudaram-se alterações na freqüência cardíaca e variáveis hematológicas de eqüinos Puro Sangue Árabe (PSA), submetidos a exercício intenso em esteira rolante sob condições tropicais. Para tanto, 24 eqüinos, treinados, realizaram exercício teste de intensidade crescente e amostras de sangue foram obtidas durante as etapas de esforço 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 e10 m.s-1, com 10% de inclinação. As colheitas de sangue foram realizadas 15 segundos antes do término de cada etapa. A freqüência cardíaca foi obtida em cada etapa do exercício teste. Com as amostras de sangue foram obtidos, hematócrito, hemácias, hemoglobina e leucócitos totais. Foram calculados índices hematimétricos absolutos, volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média(HCM) e a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM).Os resultados mostram que houve variação significativa (p≤ 0,05), a partir do repouso, entre os valores médios da freqüência cardíaca e das variáveis hematimétricas. Destaque para o VCM e HCM que aumentaram significativamente (p≤ 0,05) na etapa de esforço máximo(10m/s) demonstrando haver anisocitose durante o exercício intenso. Desta forma, o grau das alterações destas variáveis fisiológicas está relacionado com a intensidade e duração do exercício teste.(AU)

Alterations in heart rate and hematological variables of Arabian horses submitted to intense exercise in treadmill under tropical conditions were studied. Twenty four trained horses were adapted to exercise ona high performance treadmill and then submitted to an incremental(4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9 and 10 m.s-1) exercise test. Heart rate was verified andblood samples were taken 15 seconds before the end of each exercise step to determine the hematocrit, concentration of leucocytes, erythrocytes and hemoglobin. From these data the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated.The results show that there were significant variations in heart rateand hematimetric variables from the rest when compared to the values after the exercise. The hematological indexes MCV and MCH had also increased significantly in the stage of maximum effort (10m/s)demonstrating the occurrence of anisocytosis during the intense exercise. In such a way, the degree of the alterations of these physiological variables is related with the intensity and duration of the effort.(AU)