Fratura exposta do fêmur em preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - tratamento e reabilitação / Open fracture of the femur in a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - treatment and rehabilitation

Background: The Choloepus didactylus is characterized by having 2 fingers on the forelimbs and 3 on the hind limbs, being found more frequently in northern South America, in countries such as Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. In Brazil, deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has threatened the survival of C. didactylus. In addition, these animals can be affected by several diseases, being those of the musculoskeletal system with limited reports. Thus, the present report aimed to describe the treatment and evolution of an open fracture of the femur in a free-living Choloepus didactylus, which after rehabilitation was released back to the wild. Case: A free-living female two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), weighing 7.0 kg, was found in Manaus city and referred to the Wild Animal Treatment Center (CETAS - IBAMA-AM) located in Amazonas, Brazil, after initial treatment and osteosynthesis in a private clinic (CVMinasPet). According to history, the animal had suffered electrocution 30 days ago and, as a result, had an extensive wound that resulted in the exposure of the knee joint, distal fracture of the femur, and areas of necrosis in the right pelvic limb. After cleansing of the area and removal of necrotic tissues, the fracture was stabilized with the cross-pinning technique (2 Steinmann pins). Then, the stifle joint was stabilized with external skeletal fixation (Type 1b, unilateral biplanar). The external fixator and cross-pins were removed 2 months after the surgical procedure, being observed bone healing. Next, the animal underwent physical rehabilitation for 30 days. After the rehabilitation period, a microchip and a radio collar were applied, and the sloth was released back to the wild. Discussion: Electrocution has been one of the causes of wildlife rescue, with consequences varying depending on the degree of the burn. Generally, the burn is most severe at the entry and exit sites. Since suspensory quadrupedal locomotion requires that sloths have specialized hands and feet to connect with the supports, probably the animal of the current report touched the right pelvic limb on a high-tension pole. The cross-pinning technique combined with the external fixator was used because the animal had an exposed Salter-Harris type I fracture with soft tissue loss. The younger the animal presents physeal fractures, the greater is the chance of developing growth abnormalities due to growth plate closure caused by fracture type or immobilization method. Since the sloth was a free-living animal, the age was unknown. However, pelvic limb length discrepancy was not observed after removing the implants. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were not done and may be considered a limitation of this report. However, the application of ceftriaxone was adequate to control the infection, since the animal did not show signs of infection or draining sinus tracts. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation antibiotic that can be used in chronic osteomyelitis. In addition, the animal in the present report showed good adaptation to captive conditions that contributed to the clinical management. The longevity of the sloth in captivity can reach more than 30 years, but the goal is always to return the animal to nature after the treatment. Surgical treatment of the fracture and physical therapy after implant removal allowed this action in the current report, confirmed by monitoring with the radio collar.

Dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam followed by inhalant anesthesia in spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus)

Background: The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only bear species inhabiting South America and is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Among the few publications on the use of general anesthesia and advanced monitoring of ursids in veterinary hospital settings, little is described regarding chemical restraint, general anesthesia and monitoring of spectacled bears. This case series describes the use of a dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam chemical restraint combination and its effects on cardiorespiratory variables and arterial blood gases observed in two spectacled bears undergoing isoflurane anesthesia for imaging and/or surgical procedures. Cases: Two female, one adult and one senile, all-term captive spectacled bears were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Botucatu campus, both with a presumable history of recent trauma. After immobilization with an intramuscular (IM) administration of tiletamine-zolazepam (3.8 - 4.3 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (6.4 - 7.6 µg/kg), induction of anesthesia was achieved by means of intravenous (IV) propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation animals underwent isoflurane anesthesia under mechanical ventilation through the remainder of the procedures. Initial settings of inspiratory flow rate were adjusted to obtain peak airway pressure (Ppeak ) of 10 cmH2 O and tidal volumes (Vt) of 10 mL/kg, as well as respiratory rates (ƒR) and inspiration-to-expiration (I:E) ratio of 10 breaths/min and 1:2, respectively, and were then adjusted throughout anesthesia to maintain normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations between 35 and 45 mmHg). One of the individuals was chemically restrained (6.4 mg/kg of tiletaminezolazepam and 7.7 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine) on a second anesthetic event for imaging...

Anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in wild mammals in the municipality of Monte Mor, São Paulo State, Brazil / Anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em mamíferos silvestres do município de Monte Mor, estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonosis caused by Leptospira bacteria. Some animal host species are adapted to specific serovars being potential carriers and environmental dispersers. From 2009 to 2011, 45 wild mammals (39 opossums Didelphis albiventris, four porcupines Sphiggurus villosus, one coypu Myocastor coypus and one capybara Hidrochoerus hidrochaeris) found by citizens in anthropic areas of Monte Mor municipality were captured, restrained and had sera samples collected for Leptospira antibody detection. The samples were titrated by the microagglutination technique (MAT) for different serogroups. A total of 35.56% (16/45) animals were reactive for Leptospira antibodies for 11 different serogroups. The most frequent serovar, among the 12 identified, was Icterohaemorrhagiae (6/16), followed by Gryppotyphosa (4/16) and Pyrogenes (2/16). Didelphis albiventris, the most abundant species in the study, had a prevalence of 35.9% (14/39) for Leptospira antibodies, while S. villosus had 0% (0/4), M. coypus (1/1) and H. hydrochaeris (1/1) 100%. Among the seropositive D. albiventris, 35.71% (5/14) and 28.57% (4/14) seroreacted for Leptospira interrogans species, serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Gryppotyphosa respectively, indicating environmental contamination by these bacteria and the possibility of exposure and infection of humans and domestic animals in the studied area.

A leptospirose é uma zoonose potencialmente fatal causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. Espécies animais hospedeiras adaptadas a sorovares específicos podem ser portadoras e dispersoras ambientais da bactéria. De 2009 a 2011, 45 mamíferos silvestres (39 gambás Didelphis albiventris, quatro ouriços Sphiggurus villosus, um ratão-do-banhado Myocastor coypus e uma capivara Hidrochoerus hidrochaeris) encontrados por munícipes em áreas antrópicas de Monte Mor, SP, foram capturados, contidos e tiveram amostras de soro coletadas para detecção de anticorpos para Leptospira. As amostras foram tituladas pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT) para diferentes sorogrupos. Um total de 35,56% (16/45) animais foram reagentes para presença de anticorpos para um total de 11 sorogrupos diferentes. O sorovar dominante mais frequente, dentre os 12 identificados, foi o Icterohaemorrhagiae (6/16), seguido de Gryppotyphosa (4/16) e Pyrogenes (2/16). Didelphis albiventris, espécie mais abundante no estudo, apresentou uma prevalência de 35,9% (14/39) de anticorpos anti-Leptospira, enquanto S. villosus teve 0% (0/4) e ambos M. coypus (1/1) e H. hidrochaeris (1/1) 100%. Dentre os Didelphis albiventris avaliados, houve maior frequência de reatividade sorológica à Leptospira interrogans, sorogrupos Icterohaemorrhagiae, com 35,71% (5/14) e Gryppotyphosa com 28,57% (4/14), indicando contaminação ambiental por tais leptospiras e a possibilidade de exposição e infecção de humanos e animais domésticos para tais bactérias na área estudada.

Anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in wild mammals in the municipality of Monte Mor, São Paulo State, Brazil / Anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em mamíferos silvestres do município de Monte Mor, estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Leptospirosis is a potentially fatal zoonosis caused by Leptospira bacteria. Some animal host species are adapted to specific serovars being potential carriers and environmental dispersers. From 2009 to 2011, 45 wild mammals (39 opossums Didelphis albiventris, four porcupines Sphiggurus villosus, one coypu Myocastor coypus and one capybara Hidrochoerus hidrochaeris) found by citizens in anthropic areas of Monte Mor municipality were captured, restrained and had sera samples collected for Leptospira antibody detection. The samples were titrated by the microagglutination technique (MAT) for different serogroups. A total of 35.56% (16/45) animals were reactive for Leptospira antibodies for 11 different serogroups. The most frequent serovar, among the 12 identified, was Icterohaemorrhagiae (6/16), followed by Gryppotyphosa (4/16) and Pyrogenes (2/16). Didelphis albiventris, the most abundant species in the study, had a prevalence of 35.9% (14/39) for Leptospira antibodies, while S. villosus had 0% (0/4), M. coypus (1/1) and H. hydrochaeris (1/1) 100%. Among the seropositive D. albiventris, 35.71% (5/14) and 28.57% (4/14) seroreacted for Leptospira interrogans species, serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Gryppotyphosa respectively, indicating environmental contamination by these bacteria and the possibility of exposure and infection of humans and domestic animals in the studied area.(AU)

A leptospirose é uma zoonose potencialmente fatal causada por bactérias do gênero Leptospira. Espécies animais hospedeiras adaptadas a sorovares específicos podem ser portadoras e dispersoras ambientais da bactéria. De 2009 a 2011, 45 mamíferos silvestres (39 gambás Didelphis albiventris, quatro ouriços Sphiggurus villosus, um ratão-do-banhado Myocastor coypus e uma capivara Hidrochoerus hidrochaeris) encontrados por munícipes em áreas antrópicas de Monte Mor, SP, foram capturados, contidos e tiveram amostras de soro coletadas para detecção de anticorpos para Leptospira. As amostras foram tituladas pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT) para diferentes sorogrupos. Um total de 35,56% (16/45) animais foram reagentes para presença de anticorpos para um total de 11 sorogrupos diferentes. O sorovar dominante mais frequente, dentre os 12 identificados, foi o Icterohaemorrhagiae (6/16), seguido de Gryppotyphosa (4/16) e Pyrogenes (2/16). Didelphis albiventris, espécie mais abundante no estudo, apresentou uma prevalência de 35,9% (14/39) de anticorpos anti-Leptospira, enquanto S. villosus teve 0% (0/4) e ambos M. coypus (1/1) e H. hidrochaeris (1/1) 100%. Dentre os Didelphis albiventris avaliados, houve maior frequência de reatividade sorológica à Leptospira interrogans, sorogrupos Icterohaemorrhagiae, com 35,71% (5/14) e Gryppotyphosa com 28,57% (4/14), indicando contaminação ambiental por tais leptospiras e a possibilidade de exposição e infecção de humanos e animais domésticos para tais bactérias na área estudada.(AU)

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals’ energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...(AU)

Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a free-living maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Chrysocyon brachyurus is a South American wild canid considered a species near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is classified as vulnerable in the National List of Endangered Species. With the increase of the contact between domestic animals, human population and wild animals, there was a greater exposure of the maned wolf to pathogens. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a maned wolf.Case: A free-living female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), approximately 60 days old, was rescued with presence of alopecia, non-pruritic lesions, one of circular shape located in the nasal plane and the other with signs of scaling and crusts in the region of the left pina. The animal was active, in good general condition and without other significant changes to clinical examination. Skin scraping was performed for mycological culture of both lesions. Fungal growth on Sabouraud’s agar identified Microsporum canis. Topical therapy with ketoconazole ointment and cleaning of lesions with 0.2% chlorhexidine was instituted. After 20 days of treatment, remission of clinical signs and repilation of affected areas were observed. New mycological cultures of both areas were carried out, which were negative for Microsporum canis.Discussion: Although Microsporum canis is described as causing dermatophytosis in several animal species, it has apparently not yet been reported in maned wolves. Microsporum canis is one of the most isolated zoophilic dermatophytes in domestic cats and is also cited in reports of symptomatic wild felids, such as tigers, in which it has been identified as either the only agent of infection or in association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[...]

Dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a free-living maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: Chrysocyon brachyurus is a South American wild canid considered a species near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and is classified as vulnerable in the National List of Endangered Species. With the increase of the contact between domestic animals, human population and wild animals, there was a greater exposure of the maned wolf to pathogens. Due to the importance of its conservation, the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases that affect this species becomes essential. This report aims to describe the first diagnosed case of dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis in a maned wolf.Case: A free-living female maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), approximately 60 days old, was rescued with presence of alopecia, non-pruritic lesions, one of circular shape located in the nasal plane and the other with signs of scaling and crusts in the region of the left pina. The animal was active, in good general condition and without other significant changes to clinical examination. Skin scraping was performed for mycological culture of both lesions. Fungal growth on Sabourauds agar identified Microsporum canis. Topical therapy with ketoconazole ointment and cleaning of lesions with 0.2% chlorhexidine was instituted. After 20 days of treatment, remission of clinical signs and repilation of affected areas were observed. New mycological cultures of both areas were carried out, which were negative for Microsporum canis.Discussion: Although Microsporum canis is described as causing dermatophytosis in several animal species, it has apparently not yet been reported in maned wolves. Microsporum canis is one of the most isolated zoophilic dermatophytes in domestic cats and is also cited in reports of symptomatic wild felids, such as tigers, in which it has been identified as either the only agent of infection or in association with Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[...](AU)

Acute effect of whole-body vibration in a female dog with metritis

Background: Whole-body vibration is a modality of exercise used in humans for therapeutic purposes or to increase physical performance. In veterinary medicine there are only a few reports on the use of this technology. The Whole-body vibration derivate from vibrating rhythmic movements caused by vibrating platforms. Vibrating platforms are used over 30 years in the treatment and prevention of injuries and other debilitating conditions in humans. This paper aims to describe the first report of a possible spontaneous opening of the cervix in a female dog with purulent metritis by Whole-body vibration using a platform vibration.Case: A sexually intact female American Pit Bull Terrier dog showed an acute effect after a single session of Wholebody vibration training. Physical examination and physiological parameters were within normal. Slight edema of the vulva was observed without signs of discharge. Complete blood cell count, serum chemistry and urinalysis yielded no significant abnormal findings. An enlarged uterus with content was observed during a transabdominal ultrasound. Despite this, a vibrating-platform session was performed during 15 min. A purulent vulvar discharge was observed 6 min. after Whole-body vibration exercise and remained continuous through session. After the Whole-body vibration exercise, the dog was treated with cephalexin for 15 days. Escherichia coli were [...]

Acute effect of whole-body vibration in a female dog with metritis

Background: Whole-body vibration is a modality of exercise used in humans for therapeutic purposes or to increase physical performance. In veterinary medicine there are only a few reports on the use of this technology. The Whole-body vibration derivate from vibrating rhythmic movements caused by vibrating platforms. Vibrating platforms are used over 30 years in the treatment and prevention of injuries and other debilitating conditions in humans. This paper aims to describe the first report of a possible spontaneous opening of the cervix in a female dog with purulent metritis by Whole-body vibration using a platform vibration.Case: A sexually intact female American Pit Bull Terrier dog showed an acute effect after a single session of Wholebody vibration training. Physical examination and physiological parameters were within normal. Slight edema of the vulva was observed without signs of discharge. Complete blood cell count, serum chemistry and urinalysis yielded no significant abnormal findings. An enlarged uterus with content was observed during a transabdominal ultrasound. Despite this, a vibrating-platform session was performed during 15 min. A purulent vulvar discharge was observed 6 min. after Whole-body vibration exercise and remained continuous through session. After the Whole-body vibration exercise, the dog was treated with cephalexin for 15 days. Escherichia coli were [...](AU)

Tratamento de um papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) com síndrome do arrancamento de penas usando a técnica de vínculo social e a correção nutricional – relato de caso / Treatment of a blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva) with feather damaging behavior using the technique of social bond and nutritional correction – case report / Tratamiento de un loro de frente azul (Amazona aestiva) con síndrome de arrancamiento de plumas a través de la técnica de vinculación social y corrección nutricional – relato de caso

Resumo: O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) pertence à ordem Psittaciformes, família Psittacidae, e é amplamente criado como animal de estimação, devido a suas características peculiares. Contudo, é comum que os proprietários relatem problemas comportamentais. A ausência de estímulos ambientais adequados, gerada pelo confinamento e pela falta de engajamento social, pode predispor esses animais a quadros característicos de estresse, que podem se manifestar com a síndrome do arrancamento de penas. O presente trabalho relata um quadro persistente de arrancamento de penas em um papagaio-verdadeiro durante mais de dois anos. A doença psicossomática foi contida à medida que o animal criou vínculo afetivo com um ser humano. Esse achado reforça a característica social da espécie e levanta questões sobre o bem-estar em cativeiro de aves dessa ordem.

The blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva) belongs to the order Psittaciformes and family Pscittacidae. It is widely held as a pet because of its peculiar characteristics. The owners of such animals, however, frequently report behavioral problems. The absence of proper environmental stimuli generated by confinement and lack of social engagement can predispose these animals to characteristic behaviors related to stress, which can be manifested as a feather plucking syndrome. The present study reports the case of a blue-fronted Amazon parrot with a two-year history of feather plucking. The psychosomatic disease was halted once the animal created an emotional bond with a human being. This finding reinforces the social nature of this species and raises questions about the welfare of captive birds of this order.

El loro de frente azul (Amazona aestiva) pertenece al orden Psittaciformes, familia Psittacidae, que debido a sus características particulares es comúnmente criado como animal de estimación. No obstante, es común que los propietarios relaten problemas de comportamiento. La ausencia de estímulos ambientales adecuados en virtud del confinamiento y la falta de inclusión social pueden predisponer a estos animales a cuadros característicos de estrés, que se pueden manifestar a través del arrancamiento de plumas. El presente trabajo describe un cuadro persistente de arrancamiento de plumas en un loro de frente azul de más de dos años de evolución. La enfermedad psicosomática fue controlada cuando el animal generó un vínculo afectivo con un ser humano. Esta situación refuerza la característica social de esta especie y plantea cuestiones relacionadas con el bienestar de las aves de este orden que están en cautiverio.

Tratamento de um papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) com síndrome do arrancamento de penas usando a técnica de vínculo social e a correção nutricional relato de caso / Treatment of a blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva) with feather damaging behavior using the technique of social bond and nutritional correction case report / Tratamiento de un loro de frente azul (Amazona aestiva) con síndrome de arrancamiento de plumas a través de la técnica de vinculación social y corrección nutricional relato de caso

Resumo: O papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) pertence à ordem Psittaciformes, família Psittacidae, e é amplamente criado como animal de estimação, devido a suas características peculiares. Contudo, é comum que os proprietários relatem problemas comportamentais. A ausência de estímulos ambientais adequados, gerada pelo confinamento e pela falta de engajamento social, pode predispor esses animais a quadros característicos de estresse, que podem se manifestar com a síndrome do arrancamento de penas. O presente trabalho relata um quadro persistente de arrancamento de penas em um papagaio-verdadeiro durante mais de dois anos. A doença psicossomática foi contida à medida que o animal criou vínculo afetivo com um ser humano. Esse achado reforça a característica social da espécie e levanta questões sobre o bem-estar em cativeiro de aves dessa ordem.(AU)

The blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva) belongs to the order Psittaciformes and family Pscittacidae. It is widely held as a pet because of its peculiar characteristics. The owners of such animals, however, frequently report behavioral problems. The absence of proper environmental stimuli generated by confinement and lack of social engagement can predispose these animals to characteristic behaviors related to stress, which can be manifested as a feather plucking syndrome. The present study reports the case of a blue-fronted Amazon parrot with a two-year history of feather plucking. The psychosomatic disease was halted once the animal created an emotional bond with a human being. This finding reinforces the social nature of this species and raises questions about the welfare of captive birds of this order.(AU)

El loro de frente azul (Amazona aestiva) pertenece al orden Psittaciformes, familia Psittacidae, que debido a sus características particulares es comúnmente criado como animal de estimación. No obstante, es común que los propietarios relaten problemas de comportamiento. La ausencia de estímulos ambientales adecuados en virtud del confinamiento y la falta de inclusión social pueden predisponer a estos animales a cuadros característicos de estrés, que se pueden manifestar a través del arrancamiento de plumas. El presente trabajo describe un cuadro persistente de arrancamiento de plumas en un loro de frente azul de más de dos años de evolución. La enfermedad psicosomática fue controlada cuando el animal generó un vínculo afectivo con un ser humano. Esta situación refuerza la característica social de esta especie y plantea cuestiones relacionadas con el bienestar de las aves de este orden que están en cautiverio.(AU)

Goniometria dos membros pélvicos de pacas (Cuniculus paca) criadas em cativeiro / Goniometry of the hind limbs of pacas (Cuniculus paca) raised in captivity

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar por meio de estudos goniométricos os membros pélvicos de pacas criadas em cativeiro. Foram utilizadas oito pacas (Cuniculus paca), sendo três fêmeas e cinco machos, com peso entre 6,0 kg e 8,2 kg, nos quais foi aferido o movimento de extensão e flexão das articulações coxofemoral, joelho e tarsocrural utilizando-se um goniômetro de plástico. Foram realizadas duas aferições para cada membro pelo mesmo avaliador, com intervalo de uma semana entre cada aferição, com os animais sob anestesia dissociativa. Não houve diferença estatística nas aferições dos ângulos entres os momentos. As variações entre as medidas de flexão e extensão, efetuadas em cada momento pelo mesmo avaliador, foi entre 1º e 5º para cada membro. Os valores goniométricos médios foram: flexão de 43,96º±7,62 e extensão de 118,31º±9,79 para a articulação coxofemoral; flexão de 54,25º±10,24 e extensão 131,53º±7,89 para o joelho; flexão de 45,94º±7,16 e extensão de 145,03º±5,06 para a articulação tarsocrural. Sendo assim, observou-se que a amplitude de movimento das pacas é maior na articulação tarsocrural, seguida respectivamente do joelho e da articulação coxofemoral.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate by goniometry the hind limbs of pacas raised in captivity. Eight mature pacas (Cuniculus paca), three females and five males, weighing 6.0-8.2 kg, were used. The quantity of joint flexion and extension motion of the hip joint, stifle joint and tarsocrural joint was measured using a plastic standard goniometer. Under dissociative anesthesia, two measures were made for each member in each animal by the same observer at an interval of one week. There were no statistical differences of the quantity of joint motion between the moments. The flexion and extension angles varied from 1º to 5º in each moment for the same observer. The mean values of the angles of flexion and extension were, respectively, 43.96º±7.62 and 118.31º±9.79 for hip joint, 54.25º±10.24 and 131.53º±7.89 for stifle joint, and 45.94º±7.16 and 145.03º±5.06 for tarsocrural joint. Thus, it was observed that the range of motion of the pacas is greater in the tarsocrural joint, followed respectively by stifle and hip joints.(AU)

Defeitos ósseos sementares induzidos em tíbia de ovinos, tratados com placa metálica associada a um Cage preenchido com enxerto de biomateriais ou osso cortical autólogo

O trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar por meio de exames clínicos, radiográficos e histológicos, defeitos ósseos segmentares induzidos em tíbia de ovinos, tratados com placa metálica associada a um Cage, que foi preenchido com enxerto cortical autólogo ou biomateriais. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos hígidos, com idade entre quatro e cinco meses, divididos em dois grupos, G1 (n=6) e G2 (n= 6). Removeu-se um segmento da porção média da diáfise tibial direita de 3,5 cm de extensão e, em ambos os grupos, o defeito segmentar foi tratado pela colocação de uma placa combinada a um Cage de titânio. O Cage foi preenchido no G1 com fragmentos de osso cortical autólogo obtidos do segmento ósseo tibial excisado, e no G2 com enxerto ósseo liofilizado composto, contendo osso bovino inorgânico, matriz bovina orgânica, aglutinante natural de colágeno e “pool” de BMPs de origem bovina adsorvidas à hidroxiapatita sintética absorvível ultrafina, misturado com 1 ml de sangue do próprio animal. Com exceção de um animal do G1, todos os outros apresentaram função normal do membro após 60 dias da cirurgia. O exame radiográfico mostrou, aos 15 dias de pósoperatório, o entortamento da placa (3º-9º) na transição entre placa e Cage em quatro animais do G1 e um do G2. Nenhuma modificação da placa foi detectada nos outros momentos de observação. Aos 15 dias de pósoperatório já era visibilizado em todos os ovinos a formação do calo periosteal, que se localizava nas extremidades osteotomizadas e sobre a placa e Cage. Aos 30 dias de pós-operatório, a produção de calo estava mais acentuada, cobrindo quase totalmente o Cage. Aos 60 e 90 dias de pós-operatório notava-se a organização do processo. Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia aos 90 dias de pós-operatório e as tíbias foramcolhidas para avaliação histológico. O exame histológico revelou neoformação óssea nas falhas segmentares de ambos os grupos, porém comparativamente o tecido ósseo neoformado em G1 mostrou-se mais imaturo em relação à G2. Neste último as partículas de osso inorgânico eram ainda visíveis. Foi possível concluir que clínica e radiograficamente os grupos apresentaram a mesma eficiência em virtude do método de osteossíntese e ação periosteal, porém histologicamente a neoformação óssea estava em estágio mais avançado nos defeitos tratados com biomateriais em relação ao que receberam enxerto cortical autólogo

Estudo comparativo de técnicas cirúrgicas para uretrotomia pré-púbica em cães

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