Effects of oxygen supplementation in ewes subjected to laparoscopic ovum pick-up under total intravenous anesthesia / Efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas à aspiração de folículos por laparoscopia sob anestesia intravenosa total

Laparoscopy procedures are useful tools to perform some assisted reproductive biotechnologies in ewes, it requi-res general anesthesia and manoeuvres that might result in alteration of the cardiopulmonary function. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oxygen supplementation as a therapeutic measure to mitigate these alterations in ewes submitted to laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Twenty-four healthy adult ewes were submitted to two LOPUs with a 21 days interval, under ketamine-midazolam anesthesia, and receiving each of the two experimental in random order, oxygen treatment (OT) 50 mL/kg/min of oxygen via endotracheal tube and control treatment (CT) not receive any inhalation treatment. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (RT), end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2) and recovery anesthesia time were evaluated during LOPU, arterial blood gases and electrolytes were evaluated after induction of anesthesia and at the end of the LOPU. Variables were compared between groups and moments using ANOVA. MAP, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 and pH were higher in OT, while EtCO2, PaCO2, temperature loss and recovery time were lower. These results allow to conclude that oxy-gen supplementation in ewes submitted to LOPU under TIVA provides benefits in order to mitigate physiological alterations.(AU)

Os procedimentos de laparoscopia são ferramentas úteis para realizar algumas biotecnologias de reprodução assistida em ovelhas, requer anestesia geral e manobras que podem resultar em alteração da função cardiopulmonar. Por esse motivo, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio como medida terapêutica para atenuar as alterações em ovelhas submetidas à Aspiração Folicular guiada por Laparoscopia (LOPU) sob anestesia venosa total (TIVA). Vinte e quatro ovelhas adultas saudáveis foram submetidas a duas LOPUs com intervalo de 21 dias, sob anestesia com cetamina-midazolam, recebendo cada um dos dois experimentos em ordem aleatória, tratamento com oxigênio (OT) 50 mL/kg/min de oxigênio via tubo endotraqueal e tratamento de controle (CT) não recebem nenhum tratamento por inalação. Frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (TR), concentração expirada de CO2 (EtCO2) e tempo de recuperação da anestesia foram avaliados durante LOPU, arterial gasometria e eletrólitos foram avaliados após a indução da anestesia e ao final da COL. As variáveis foram comparadas entre grupos e momentos por meio de ANOVA. PAM, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 e pH foram maiores no TO, enquanto EtCO2, PaCO2, perda de temperatura e tempo de recuperação foram menores. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas a LOPU sob TIVA proporciona benefícios no sentido de atenuar as alterações fisiológicas.(AU)

Gastroesophageal foreign bodies in dogs - endoscopy and surgical removal

Background: Gastroesophageal foreign bodies (GFD) are commonly diagnosed in dogs and are considered an endoscopic emergency that, although not resulting in serious clinical sequelae or mortality, can compromise the health and well-being of the patient. The use of the digestive endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of GFD can be a valuable and viable alternative. There are cases of GFD in dogs for which the indicated treatment is surgery, which can be performed using minimally invasive or conventional techniques, associated or not with flexible endoscopy. The objective of this work is to describe 16 cases of GFD removal in dogs demonstrating the efficiency of upper digestive endoscopy. Cases: Of the 16 GFD cases, 63% (10/16) were male and 37% (6/16) female. Most aged under 1 year (63%), puppies (5/16) and juveniles (5/16). The patient with the lowest body weight was a miniature pinscher weighing 0.8 kg (Case 14) and the heaviest was an American Pit Bull Terrier weighing 28 kg (Case 11), the mean body weight of patients diagnosed with GFD was 10.2 ± 6.7 kg. Small and medium breeds were more affected, 44.7% (7/16) and 44.7% (7/16), respectively, and large breeds (Golden Retrievier and Bull Terrier), from cases 1 and 4, the least affected, 12.6% (2/16) of the cases. The 16 patients underwent a 12 h food fast and a 4 h water fast, as gastrointestinal emptying in these cases of GFD can be influenced by these foreign bodies. All underwent general inhalation anesthesia with monitoring of physiological parameters (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) before, during and after EGD, being positioned in left lateral decubitus. The 16 canine patients with suspected GFD underwent EGD for diagnostic confirmation and removal of foreign bodies. Five esophageal FB were diagnosed, 31% (5/16), and 11 gastric FB, 69% (11/16). The most frequently diagnosed foreign bodies were bone and tissue, 37.5% (6/16) and 31% (5/16). Other foreign bodies were materials such as plastics, metals, rubber, foam and stone. Of the 16 cases of GFD, EGD efficiently treated 88% (14/16) without the need for hospitalization, with only supportive treatment for the remission of complications caused by the presence of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. The main complications related to the presence of GFD were esophagitis in 25% (4/16) of cases, gastritis in 38% (6/16) and both alterations in 13% (2/16). Discussion: In this work, we can observe that more than a third of the clinical cases of treated dogs were diagnosed with GFD, demonstrating that these cases are common in the veterinary clinic. Most of these animals were males less than 1 year old. The improvement of learning in this category can lead these animals to exacerbated oral exploration of new objects. Most FBs were found in the stomach because they were of adequate size, consistency and shape for their passage through the esophagus, whereas esophageal FBs were all bone fragments of rigid consistency with diameters and sizes larger than the esophageal lumen. The interval between the ingestion of the object and the veterinary care can be decisive for the removal of the FB in the esophagus or stomach. Most gastric FBs removed were fabrics and plastics, flexible objects that can pass through the esophageal lumen more easily. Removal of GFD by endoscopy was performed with a high success rate, with only 2 cases being resolved by esophagostomy and gastrotomy. Flexible endoscopy proved to be an efficient technique for removing treated GFD, which can help remove FB during esophagotomy and be associated with rigid endoscopy. Patients recovered quickly and without complications, but it is important to emphasize that inadequate maneuvers and conducts can determine other outcomes. The use of endoscopy for GFD removal needs to be more popularized, as it can ensure better results for dogs treated with GFD.

Thoracoscopy pulmonary biopsy by two portals with a novel pre-tied loop ligature device in rabbits: an experimental study / Biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia por dois portais com uma nova ligadura de alça pré-amarrada em coelhos: um estudo experimental

ABSTRACT: Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

RESUMO: A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

Thoracoscopy pulmonary biopsy by two portals with a novel pre-tied loop ligature device in rabbits: an experimental study / Biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia por dois portais com uma nova ligadura de alça pré-amarrada em coelhos: um estudo experimental

Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

Characterization of uterine involution using B-mode ultrasonography, color Doppler and elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) for assessing postpartum in Santa Inês ewes

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.(AU)

Clinical and surgical approach to umbilical disorders in calves: literature review / Abordagem clínica e cirúrgica das afecções umbilicais em bezerros: revisão de literatura

Umbilical disorders, which frequently occur in calves, are among the major causes of economic losses in herds. Antibiotic therapy alone is effective for some infectious cases, but surgical intervention is often indicated. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical and surgical perspectives of the principal umbilical disorders in calves. The umbilicus may be affected by infectious or non-infectious conditions, including hernia, persistent urachus, omphalitis, urachitis, omphalophlebitis, and omphaloarteritis. Infectious varieties can culminate in sepsis and sometimes even involve other organs. Under these conditions, the chief complaint of calves tends to be apathy and visible swelling in the umbilical region. When surgery is indicated, the veterinary surgeon needs to have a thorough understanding of umbilical disorders, which coupled with careful clinical examination, will enable the formulation of an effective surgical plan. Surgical principles linked to pre-, trans-, and post-operative care must be considered, as recovery depends upon the surgery performed, pathological factors, and the patient's individual response. Some of the most common surgeries performed include herniorrhaphy, urachus, and umbilical vein resection. Several technological resources, such as ultrasonography and laparoscopy, are new tools that can help improve the performance of these procedures.

As afecções umbilicais são frequentes em bezerros e causam prejuízos econômicos e produtivos nos rebanhos. Apesar da antibioticoterapia ser eficaz em muitos casos infecciosos, o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser indicado. Pela incipiência de revisão relacionada a temática, objetivou-se produzir uma revisão sobre a abordagem clínica e cirúrgica das principais afecções umbilicais de bezerros. O umbigo pode apresentar infecções, como onfalite, uraquite, onfaloflebite, onfaloarterite, paratopias cirúrgicas e persistência de úraco. As infecções podem progredir para quadros septicêmicos com acometimentos de outros órgãos. A queixa principal dessas afecções consiste na protrusão da região umbilical e apatia dos bezerros. Quando a indicação terapêutica for cirúrgica, uma adequada compreensão das afecções umbilicais aliada a um bom exame clínico possibilitará ao cirurgião veterinário estabelecer um bom plano cirúrgico. Princípios cirúrgicos relacionados ao pré, trans e pós-operatório devem ser levados em consideração, pois a recuperação do paciente está diretamente relacionada à tratamento cirúrgico executada, fatores patológicos e resposta individual do paciente. Dentre as cirurgias mais comuns realizadas estão as herniorrafias, cirurgias de úraco e de veias umbilicais. Vários recursos tecnológicos trazem novidades nesses procedimentos, como a ultrassonografia, com destaque para videocirurgia.

Hydronephrosis in a bitch with ovarian remnant syndrome - postsurgical complications

Background: Elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) is minimally invasive, but when performed incorrectly, it can lead to postsurgical complications, such as stump pyometra, ovarian remnant syndrome and foci of adhesion generated by tissue reactions to threads and materials used in vessel hemostasis. The formation of adhesions and successive surgeries predisposes patients to other diseases, such as ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis. Thus, we reported a case of hydronephrosis in a bitch submitted to conventional OH, followed by ovariectomy (OV) due to ovarian remnant syndrome and consequent intraperitoneal adhesions caused by successive surgical interventions. Case: A 11-year-old mixed breed medium size bitch with a history of stump pyometra and ovarian remnant syndrome (SOR) was treated at the Veterinary Hospital-HV of UFPA after 2 previous surgeries. It had been spayed using conventional OH and underwent ovariectomy OV approximately 4 years ago, as it showed signs of estrus after the first surgery, characterizing SOR. On physical examination, its abdomen was distended especially in the left hemiabdomen, with no palpable pain. Ultrasonography showed a cavity in the topographic area of the left kidney, with anechoic content, thin walls, and defined contour. There were nonvascularized tubular structures, suggesting hydroureter and severe hydronephrosis. Exploratory celiotomy was performed, showing the intense presence of abdominal adhesions, followed by an incision in the abdominal midline from the xiphoid process in a caudal direction to the pubis, thereby showing the left kidney. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, atrophy of the renal parenchyma and preservation of the renal capsule only was considered, resulting in its complete resection, followed by the synthesis of the abdominal wall. In the postoperative period, the patient was properly monitored and obtained a satisfactory outcome manifested by a complete recovery. After vesical drainage of 900 mL of renal filtrate, renal parenchymal atrophy and preservation of the renal capsule only was adopted. Discussion: The choice of the conventional OH technique, followed by the failure to perform, favored the formation of adhesions only diagnosed late. Less invasive alternatives achieved less long-term damage. Excessive intracavitary manipulation and reaction to the nylon suture thread favored the development of these adhesions, and consequently, unilateral obstruction of the left ureter, hydroureter, hypertrophy, and destruction of the renal parenchyma, led the patient to undergo a third surgery, namely, unilateral nephrectomy. In this case, no changes were observed in serum levels, leaving only a subtle abdominal enlargement with hydronephrosis installed silently. There was no possibility of carrying out initial surgical planning, as the affected kidney, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function with no clinical or laboratory changes because the affected kidney was not functional, making unilateral nephrectomy necessary. Currently, the patient has normal renal function in the contralateral organ, with no clinical or laboratory changes.

Endosurgery approach in a dog with thoracoabdominal injury

Background: Chest trauma is one of the main thoracic injuries in dogs and cats, reaching a high morbidity and mortality. The tissue damage, in thoracic trauma, can be underappreciated by visual exam and traditional radiography. The thoracoscopy can provide information for a precise definitive diagnosis, by this technique bleeding or air leakage can be identified and corrected immediately and the diaphragm can be completely evaluated. The aim of this work was to describe the thoracoscopic approach in a case of diaphragmatic perforation caused by penetrating trauma in a dog. Case: A 6-year-old male dog mixed-breed dog, weighing 14 kg with thorax perforation was presented to the Veterinary Hospital. Clinical examination of the animal revealed the following: pale mucous membranes, moderate dyspnea, open pneumothorax, abdominal distension, heart rate of 108 beats per minute and respiratory rate of 64 breaths per minute. Physical examination confirmed a 3 cm perforation hemorrhagic lesion in the left ninth intercostal space. As an emergency treatment, oxygen therapy, tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® 2%, 4 mg/kg, i.v, TID], tranexamic acid [Transamin® 25 mg/kg, i.v, TID], ceftriaxone [Rocefin® 50 mg/kg, i.v, BID] and fluid therapy with lactated Ringer's solution were administered. The hair was removed, and then, wound cleaning and obliteration of the wall injury with sterile gauze was performed. After the emergency stabilization, the animal was anesthetized, followed by preventive thoracocentesis by an approach close to thoracic perforation and thoracoscopy without pneumoperitonea through this thoracic perforation with 0-degree rigid endoscope. About 100 mL of blood and air was drained and diagnosed perforation in the diaphragm and pulmonary atelectasis in the caudal and left cranial lobes. the edges of the incisional wound were debrided, and the closure of thoracic incision was performed usual way. After that, the air was removed by a catheter and syringe system. A flexible plastic tube was inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space for drainage every 2 h for 24 h. There were no intercurrences during the first 24 h after the surgical procedure. The patient was discharged 48 h after the surgery. Cephalexin [75 mg, 30 mg/kg, v.o, TID, during 5 days), Ketoprofen [20 mg, 2 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 5 days], Tramadol Hydrochloride [50 mg, 4 mg/kg, v.o, SID, during 2 days] and Rifamycin spray at the wound site was prescribed. Ten days after surgery, the patient returned to the hospital for suture removal and reassessment. Discussion: The prognosis of chest perforation depends on the severity and number of internal and external thoracic lesions, as well as cardiovascular status at the time of initial patient care. In cases of penetrating chest trauma, it is essential to thoroughly examine the thoracic cavity for bleeding, tissue tears, and diaphragm perforation. The use of the endoscope allowed for a more detailed exploration of the chest without the need to increase the incision. When the diaphragm lesion was found, it was also possible to perform the abdominal examination by videoendoscopy, through this perforation. Laparotomy and thoracotomy cause postoperative pain and discomfort, in addition to increasing recovery time, however, even with trauma, not performing a larger incision favored the recovery of this patient, without any intercurrence in the first 24 h after the procedure. In conclusion, the endoscopic approach was efficient for diagnosis, avoiding greater trauma and contributing to a better clinical recovery of the patient.

Rib fracture in buffalo with ruminal cannula

Background: Buffalos are very rustic animals that are adapted to adverse conditions, but the lack of adequate managementcan increase the susceptibility of these animals to several diseases. Rib fracture in this species is usually related to mineraldeficiency and complications resulting from unappropriated management. Rib fractures in ruminants are rarely diagnosedand usually present conservative treatment; however, cases with presence of contaminated wounds require extra attention.The objective of this work was to report an atypical case of open fracture of the last rib in a buffalo with ruminal cannula,describing the case from diagnosis to surgical treatment.Case: An adult female water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) that was well fed and receiving minerals, with implantation ofa ruminal cannula, presented a lesion around the ruminal cannula, with increasing volume, exudation, and myiasis. Thegeneral parameters and behavior of the animal were apparently normal. The animal presented normal appetite and respiration and good physical condition and nutritional state, with pain reaction to the touch in the region of the lesion andtheir adjacencies; it presented no claudication and reluctance to remain in left lateral decubitus, and no discomfort. Theclinical inspection of the cutaneous lesion showed an oblique-type fracture in the body of the last left rib, with exposedbone in the lumbar region and extremity exposed to the ruminal cannula, already presenting necrosis. The region wascleaned, removing larvae (myiasis) for better exposition of the fracture; in the following day...

The feasibility and effectiveness of thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for lung biopsy in rabbits: a randomized study

Purpose To assess the feasibility of thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for biopsy of all lung lobes and to determine the optimal intercostal space (ICS) for biopsy of each lung lobe. Methods Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopy lung biopsy was made combined transdiaphragmatic approach and right ICS approaches. A camera port was made in the transdiaphragmatic approach and the instrument port was made of ICS 7 and ICS 9. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to performed a caudal lung lobe biopsy and to simulate biopsies of the others lung lobes. Results Biopsy of the cranial aspect of the right caudal lung lobe was performed at ICS 9. Simulated biopsy of the accessory lung lobe was performed at ICS 9. Simulated lung biopsy of the right cranial and middle lung lobes was performed at ICS 7. The caudal and dorsal aspect of the right caudal lung lobe was not visualized by telescope at transdiaphragmatic approach, and biopsy was not performed. Conclusions Thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for lung lobes biopsies was a feasible technique, except for the caudal aspect of the right caudal lung lobe. An ideal intercostal port for biopsy of each right lung lobe was determined.(AU)

Rib fracture in buffalo with ruminal cannula

Background: Buffalos are very rustic animals that are adapted to adverse conditions, but the lack of adequate managementcan increase the susceptibility of these animals to several diseases. Rib fracture in this species is usually related to mineraldeficiency and complications resulting from unappropriated management. Rib fractures in ruminants are rarely diagnosedand usually present conservative treatment; however, cases with presence of contaminated wounds require extra attention.The objective of this work was to report an atypical case of open fracture of the last rib in a buffalo with ruminal cannula,describing the case from diagnosis to surgical treatment.Case: An adult female water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) that was well fed and receiving minerals, with implantation ofa ruminal cannula, presented a lesion around the ruminal cannula, with increasing volume, exudation, and myiasis. Thegeneral parameters and behavior of the animal were apparently normal. The animal presented normal appetite and respiration and good physical condition and nutritional state, with pain reaction to the touch in the region of the lesion andtheir adjacencies; it presented no claudication and reluctance to remain in left lateral decubitus, and no discomfort. Theclinical inspection of the cutaneous lesion showed an oblique-type fracture in the body of the last left rib, with exposedbone in the lumbar region and extremity exposed to the ruminal cannula, already presenting necrosis. The region wascleaned, removing larvae (myiasis) for better exposition of the fracture; in the following day...(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica no pós-parto de ovelhas: revisão de literatura / Postpartum ultrasound assessment in sheep: Literature Review

Puerpério é o período após a finalização do parto e acontece em escala logarítmica decrescente, especialmente durante a primeira semana após o parto, quando o útero passa por marcado remodelamento durante sua involução. No entanto, não estão totalmente elucidados os mecanismos hormonais, celulares e moleculares que regulam esse processo. Considerando a necessidade de estabelecer métodos diagnósticos precoces para a avaliação das mudanças no puerpério em ovelhas e a escassez no número de estudos sobre involução uterina, o monitoramento desse período é essencial para evitar declínio na eficiência reprodutiva, sendo que o intervalo de partos está diretamente relacionado à velocidade da involução uterina e ao retorno à atividade reprodutiva das fêmeas. Para isso, o entendimento do processo de recuperação do trato reprodutivo no pós-parto dessa espécie é de grande importância para o sucesso do sistema de produção em ovinos. Neste trabalho, revisamos o período puerperal, os mecanismos subjacentes à reprodução normal dos ovinos e a ultrassonografia para avaliar esse período na ovelha como modelo experimental ou para aplicação em Medicina Veterinária.(AU)

Puerperium is the period after the completion of delivery and occurs on a decreasing logarithmic scale, especially during the first week after delivery, when uterus undergoes marked remodeling. However, hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are not fully understood. Considering the need to establish early diagnostic methods to evaluate changes during sheeps puerperium and the scarce number of studies on uterine involution, monitoring this period is essential to avoid declining in reproductive efficiency, as calving interval is directly related to the speed of uterine involution and the return to female reproductive activity. Therefore, understanding the postpartum reproductive tract recovery process of this species is of great importance for the success of sheep production systems. We review the puerperal period, the mechanisms underlying the normal reproduction of sheep and ultrasonography to evaluate this period as an experimental model or for application in Veterinary Medicine.(AU)

Avaliação ultrassonográfica no pós-parto de ovelhas: revisão de literatura / Postpartum ultrasound assessment in sheep: Literature Review

Puerpério é o período após a finalização do parto e acontece em escala logarítmica decrescente, especialmente durante a primeira semana após o parto, quando o útero passa por marcado remodelamento durante sua involução. No entanto, não estão totalmente elucidados os mecanismos hormonais, celulares e moleculares que regulam esse processo. Considerando a necessidade de estabelecer métodos diagnósticos precoces para a avaliação das mudanças no puerpério em ovelhas e a escassez no número de estudos sobre involução uterina, o monitoramento desse período é essencial para evitar declínio na eficiência reprodutiva, sendo que o intervalo de partos está diretamente relacionado à velocidade da involução uterina e ao retorno à atividade reprodutiva das fêmeas. Para isso, o entendimento do processo de recuperação do trato reprodutivo no pós-parto dessa espécie é de grande importância para o sucesso do sistema de produção em ovinos. Neste trabalho, revisamos o período puerperal, os mecanismos subjacentes à reprodução normal dos ovinos e a ultrassonografia para avaliar esse período na ovelha como modelo experimental ou para aplicação em Medicina Veterinária.

Puerperium is the period after the completion of delivery and occurs on a decreasing logarithmic scale, especially during the first week after delivery, when uterus undergoes marked remodeling. However, hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are not fully understood. Considering the need to establish early diagnostic methods to evaluate changes during sheep’s puerperium and the scarce number of studies on uterine involution, monitoring this period is essential to avoid declining in reproductive efficiency, as calving interval is directly related to the speed of uterine involution and the return to female reproductive activity. Therefore, understanding the postpartum reproductive tract recovery process of this species is of great importance for the success of sheep production systems. We review the puerperal period, the mechanisms underlying the normal reproduction of sheep and ultrasonography to evaluate this period as an experimental model or for application in Veterinary Medicine.

Percutaneous endoscopic retrieval of gizzard foreign body in a goose using an operative telescope

Background: Foreign bodies are most commonly diagnosed in stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) of galliformes birds and waterfowl. Endoscopyis routinely used to assess birds respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Endosurgeryis also used for sex determination and intra-coelomaticorgan biopsy. Benefits of endoscopic approaches are widely reported in birds. Conventional surgical approaches are far more invasive and risky for those patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe a successful case of gizzard foreign body removal in a greylag goose (Anseranser), using a rigid endoscopic approach through a minimally invasive percutaneous access.Case: A 2-year-old female greylag goose, weighting 3,116 g, was referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital presenting apathy and anorexia for at least 24 h. The results on hematologic assessment were within normal range for the species. Radiographic examination indicated presence of radiopaque content, resembling gizzard sediment. Thus, the patient undergone to endoscopy for examination and aspiration of the content. The goose was fasted for 6 h. Anesthesia was induced by face mask and maintained by endotracheal tube, using isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen. The patient was positioned in the lateral recumbence. The patients neck was longer than the working length of the rigid endoscope. Thus, the telescope was [...]

Videodiagnosis of external urinary meatus obstruction and persistent urachus in heifer

Background: Persistent urachus conditions in calves are related to umbilical pathologies and might lead to uroperitoneum abnormalities, especially persistent urachus itself and bladder rupture. Videosurgery could be an interesting option for diagnoses of the genitourinary tract, given the relevance of genitourinary affections in calves. The aim of this report is to describe videosurgery resolution and performance in a case of external urinary meatus obstruction and persistent urachus in a heifer.Case: An eight-month-old Girolando heifer was admitted in the UNIFRAN Veterinary Hospital with the suspicion of persistent urachus. The owner reported that the animal was not urinating, and after a few days, it was noticed the presence of urine leaking from the umbilical site. It was also informed that another veterinarian had previously performed pure iodine infusion in probable urachus area for 5 days in a row in an attempt to obliterate the canal. Significant higher levels of urea, creatinine and fibrinogen were noticed in the exams executed, also leukocytosis and signs of pain when performed abdominal palpation. When urethral sounding was implemented, it showed difficulties and resistance in the introduction of the sound. In the vaginourethrocystoscopy, it was noticed a thin membrane in the external urinary meatus causing complete obstruction, which was easily perforated by the cystoscope sheath, allowing the attainment of urethra and part of cranial bladder inspection. In order to evaluate the flow of the urine, it was applied methylene blue by the cystoscope working channel in the interior of the urethra and the bladder, which was collected by sounding the urachus, confirming presence of persistent urachus. When realized a contrasted x-ray of the bladder, it was noticed extravasation of the contrast into the peritoneum, indicating that a surgical approach should be performed; however the owner did not authorize the realization of any surgical intervention...

Percutaneous endoscopic retrieval of gizzard foreign body in a goose using an operative telescope

Background: Foreign bodies are most commonly diagnosed in stomach (proventriculus and gizzard) of galliformes birds and waterfowl. Endoscopyis routinely used to assess birds respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Endosurgeryis also used for sex determination and intra-coelomaticorgan biopsy. Benefits of endoscopic approaches are widely reported in birds. Conventional surgical approaches are far more invasive and risky for those patients. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe a successful case of gizzard foreign body removal in a greylag goose (Anseranser), using a rigid endoscopic approach through a minimally invasive percutaneous access.Case: A 2-year-old female greylag goose, weighting 3,116 g, was referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital presenting apathy and anorexia for at least 24 h. The results on hematologic assessment were within normal range for the species. Radiographic examination indicated presence of radiopaque content, resembling gizzard sediment. Thus, the patient undergone to endoscopy for examination and aspiration of the content. The goose was fasted for 6 h. Anesthesia was induced by face mask and maintained by endotracheal tube, using isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen. The patient was positioned in the lateral recumbence. The patients neck was longer than the working length of the rigid endoscope. Thus, the telescope was [...](AU)

Videodiagnosis of external urinary meatus obstruction and persistent urachus in heifer

Background: Persistent urachus conditions in calves are related to umbilical pathologies and might lead to uroperitoneum abnormalities, especially persistent urachus itself and bladder rupture. Videosurgery could be an interesting option for diagnoses of the genitourinary tract, given the relevance of genitourinary affections in calves. The aim of this report is to describe videosurgery resolution and performance in a case of external urinary meatus obstruction and persistent urachus in a heifer.Case: An eight-month-old Girolando heifer was admitted in the UNIFRAN Veterinary Hospital with the suspicion of persistent urachus. The owner reported that the animal was not urinating, and after a few days, it was noticed the presence of urine leaking from the umbilical site. It was also informed that another veterinarian had previously performed pure iodine infusion in probable urachus area for 5 days in a row in an attempt to obliterate the canal. Significant higher levels of urea, creatinine and fibrinogen were noticed in the exams executed, also leukocytosis and signs of pain when performed abdominal palpation. When urethral sounding was implemented, it showed difficulties and resistance in the introduction of the sound. In the vaginourethrocystoscopy, it was noticed a thin membrane in the external urinary meatus causing complete obstruction, which was easily perforated by the cystoscope sheath, allowing the attainment of urethra and part of cranial bladder inspection. In order to evaluate the flow of the urine, it was applied methylene blue by the cystoscope working channel in the interior of the urethra and the bladder, which was collected by sounding the urachus, confirming presence of persistent urachus. When realized a contrasted x-ray of the bladder, it was noticed extravasation of the contrast into the peritoneum, indicating that a surgical approach should be performed; however the owner did not authorize the realization of any surgical intervention...(AU)

Description and executability of a novel pre-tied mini ligature (miniloop) in laparocopic ovariectomy in cats

Background: Ovariectomy(OVE) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) are the most performed surgical procedures in Veterinary Medicine. In videosurgery, both in stray animals at sterilization campaigns and in the increasing demand of tutors to perform the technique. Laparoscopy results in reduced tissue damage, due to minimal organ manipulation and surgical access hemostasis can be performed by several methods, such as electro-coagulation, clips, and intra and extracorporeal ligatures. A pre-tied ligature system, or endoloop, is a haemostatic technique comprised of a slipknot and knot pusher, which is inserted into the abdominal cavity through one of the laparoscopic ports. The aim of this study was to describe a novel OVE technique in cats, in which haemostasis was performed using miniloop, aimed at reducing the number of ports needed for knot tying.Material, Methods & Results: Ten healthy not spayed female cats, aged 6 months to 5 years, were selected for this study. They were submitted to an OVE using miniloop as haemostasis method. Access to the peritoneal cavity was through two 5 mm ports on the midline of the ventral abdomen, 5 cm apart, with one immediately caudal to the umbilical scar and the other in between the last pair of teats. The first trocar was inserted at the caudal incision using the Hasson technique and a 5 mm zero-degree optics attached to a camera was introduced through it. The placement of the second access port was video assisted. For ovary exposure, the patients were positioned in lateral recumbency on the contralateral side to the ovary being removed. The miniloop was composed of a 2 mm diameter minitrocar, a 1.8 mm knot pusher, and a pre-tied slipknot. It was introduced percutaneously at the lateral abdominal wall. It was inserted attached to a pre-tied loop ligature.[...]

Description and executability of a novel pre-tied mini ligature (miniloop) in laparocopic ovariectomy in cats

Background: Ovariectomy(OVE) and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) are the most performed surgical procedures in Veterinary Medicine. In videosurgery, both in stray animals at sterilization campaigns and in the increasing demand of tutors to perform the technique. Laparoscopy results in reduced tissue damage, due to minimal organ manipulation and surgical access hemostasis can be performed by several methods, such as electro-coagulation, clips, and intra and extracorporeal ligatures. A pre-tied ligature system, or endoloop, is a haemostatic technique comprised of a slipknot and knot pusher, which is inserted into the abdominal cavity through one of the laparoscopic ports. The aim of this study was to describe a novel OVE technique in cats, in which haemostasis was performed using miniloop, aimed at reducing the number of ports needed for knot tying.Material, Methods & Results: Ten healthy not spayed female cats, aged 6 months to 5 years, were selected for this study. They were submitted to an OVE using miniloop as haemostasis method. Access to the peritoneal cavity was through two 5 mm ports on the midline of the ventral abdomen, 5 cm apart, with one immediately caudal to the umbilical scar and the other in between the last pair of teats. The first trocar was inserted at the caudal incision using the Hasson technique and a 5 mm zero-degree optics attached to a camera was introduced through it. The placement of the second access port was video assisted. For ovary exposure, the patients were positioned in lateral recumbency on the contralateral side to the ovary being removed. The miniloop was composed of a 2 mm diameter minitrocar, a 1.8 mm knot pusher, and a pre-tied slipknot. It was introduced percutaneously at the lateral abdominal wall. It was inserted attached to a pre-tied loop ligature.[...](AU)

LESS ovariohysterectomy in cats using a new homemade multiport / Ovário-histerectomia por LESS em gatas com um novo multiportal artesanal

The purpose of this study was to assess the use of a homemade multiport for LESS (laparoendoscopic single-site surgery) ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in cats. Intra and postoperative variables of the surgery steps, technical challenges, complications and evolution of surgical time by a surgeon in training were evaluated. Twenty queens were selected for LESS OVH. The multiport device was manufactured of a conical-shaped ethylene polytereftalate (PET) bottle, urethral catheter no. 8, latex balloon no. 11, a 3.5mm and a 6mm laparoscopic trocars. Hemostasis was carried out using bipolar diathermy. Mean total surgical time was 14.54±5.12 minutes. Approach to right and left ovarian pedicles and abdominal access for insertion of the multiport device were the most time consuming surgical steps. LESS ovariohysterectomy using a new homemade multiport device is feasible and safe. Thus, the proposed technique may be considered as a minimally invasive alternative to ovariohysterectomy in the feline specie.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o emprego do novo dispositivo multiportal artesanal para realização de ovariohisterectomia por LESS (cirurgia laparoendoscópica por único acesso) em gatas, analisando variáveis intraoperatórias de tempo cirúrgico das diferentes etapas que compõem o procedimento, suas possíveis dificuldades técnicas de execução e complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Avaliou-se ainda a curva de aprendizado deste procedimento, realizado por um cirurgião não proficiente na técnica. Vinte gatas foram submetidas à laparoscopia. Para a confecção do multiportal foi utilizado um recipiente de politereftalato de etileno (PET), uma sonda uretral nº8, um balão de látex nº11, um portal de videocirurgia de 3,5mm, e um de 6mm. O sistema de coagulação foi o bipolar. O tempo cirúrgico médio foi de 14,54±5,12 minutos. A abordagem aos pedículos ovarianos direito e esquerdo e o acesso para introdução do portal foram as etapas que apresentaram maior tempo de execução. A OVH videoassistida empregando o novo dispositivo multiportal é factível, não demonstrando complicações. Acredita-se, portanto, que a técnica proposta torna-se uma alternativa para realização minimamente invasiva de ovariohisterectomia em felinos.(AU)