Chronic alcoholism associated with diabetes induced apoptosis in the corpus cavernosum of rats

Purpose To evaluate the effects of alcohol exposure and diabetes on apoptotic process in the corpus cavernosum. Methods Forty eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, diabetic, alcoholic and diabetic-alcoholic. Samples of the corpus cavernosum were prepared to study protein expression of apoptotic genes (Caspases-3 and 9) by immunohistochemistry and Real-Time PCR. Results The immunoreactivity of Caspases-3 and -9 was diffuse and higher in the treated groups though there was no significant difference between the experimental groups, only when compared with the control group. An increase was observed in the gene expression of Caspases-9 in the diabetic and ethanol-diabetic groups when compared with control and ethanol groups. Conclusions The association of these factors (ethanol and diabetes) probably can affect the apoptosis mechanism in lesions of the cavernous tissue in the rat penis. Both gene and protein expression of Caspase-9 in diabetic and ethanol-diabetic groups suggest the involvement of the apoptosis cascade from this study model.(AU)

Morphological and molecular analysis of apoptosis in the corpus cavernosum of rats submitted to a chronic alcoholism model

Purpose To evaluate the effect of chronic alcoholism on morphometry and apoptosis mechanism and correlate with miRNA-21 expression in the corpus cavernosum of rats. Methods Twenty-four rats were divided into two experimental groups: Control (C) and Alcoholic group (A). After two weeks of an adaptive phase, rats from group A received only ethanol solution (20%) during 7 weeks. The morphometric and caspase-3 immunohistochemistry analysis were performed in the corpus cavernosum. The miRNA-21 expression was analyzed in blood and cavernous tissue. Results Chronic ethanol consumption decreased cavernosal smooth muscle area of alcoholic rats. The protein expression of caspase 3 in the corpus cavernosum was higher in A compared to the C group. There was no difference in the expression of miRNA-21 in serum and cavernous tissue between the groups. Conclusion Chronic ethanol consumption reduced smooth muscle area and increased caspase 3 in the corpus cavernosum of rats, without altered serum and cavernosal miR-21 gene expression.(AU)

Expression profiles of eNOS, iNOS and microRNA-27b in the corpus cavernosum of rats submitted to chronic alcoholism and Diabetes mellitus

Purpose: To evaluate the expression of endothelial and inducible NOS in addition to the miRNA-27b in the corpus cavernosum and peripheral blood of healthy rats, diabetic rats, alcoholic rats and rats with both pathologies. Methods: Forty eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), alcoholic (A), diabetic (D) and alcoholic-diabetic (AD). Samples of the corpus cavernosum were prepared to study protein expressions of eNOS and iNOS by immunohistochemistry and expression of miRNA-27b in the corpus cavernosum and peripheral blood. Results: Immunohistochemistry for eNOS and iNOS showed an increase in cavernosal smooth muscle cells in the alcoholic, diabetic and alcoholic-diabetic groups when compared with the control group. Similarly, the mRNA levels for eNOS were increased in cavernosal smooth muscle (CSM) in the alcoholic, diabetic and alcoholic-diabetic groups and miRNA-27b were decreased in CSM in the alcoholic, diabetic and alcoholic-diabetic groups. Conclusion: The major new finding of our study was an impairment of relaxation of cavernosal smooth muscle in alcoholic, diabetic, and alcoholic-diabetic rats that involved a decrease in the nitric oxide pathway by endothelium-dependent mechanisms accompanied by a change in the corpus cavernosum contractile sensitivity.(AU)

Complications after bladder augmentation in children

PURPOSE : Bladder augmentation is an effective surgical procedure for increasing bladder capacity and reducing pressure on the urinary system. It is indicated for patients with anomalies such as spina bifida, myelomeningocele, urethral valve and bladder exstrophy, who progress with low tolerance of medication. CASES : This was a retrospective study conducted on pediatric patients submitted to bladder augmentation from 2000 to 2011. RESULTS : 34 patients aged 4 to 17 years were submitted to bladder augmentation, 30 of them with an ileal loop and 4 with a ureter.A continent urinary shunt was performed in 16 patients, the Mitrofanoff conduit was associated in 15, and the Macedo technique was used in one. Mean follow-up was 34.35 months (1 to 122 months). Mean creatinine was 1.5 ng/ml (0.4 to 7.5 ng/ml) preoperatively and 1.78 ng/ml postoperatively. Three patients required a renal transplant during follow-up. There was improvement or resolution of vesicoureteral reflux in 83.5% of the kidneys on the right and in 75% on the left. Bladder capacity increased, on average, from 152.5 ml to 410 ml. The main complications were vesical lithiasis in 3 patients and conduit perforation in one. CONCLUSION : Bladder augmentation showed good results in this series, preserving renal function in most of the patients.(AU)

Postnatal evaluation of intrauterine hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction / Avaliação pós-natal de hidronefrose intra-uterina por estenose da junção ureteropiélica

PURPOSE: Fetal hydronephrosis is a frequent finding due to advances in prenatal ultrasonography. The definition of fetal and neonatal urinary tract obstruction is a very difficult task requiring confirmation of reduced renal function and hydronephrosis. In this study we followed a series of consecutive patients with intrauterine hydronephrosis that persisted during post-natal life. METHODS: 116 newborns with antenatal hydronephrosis diagnosed by ultrasound and submitted to a specific post-natal evaluative protocol with a follow-up period of 6 years. RESULTS: In 45 (38.8%) of 116 patients, ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction was confirmed and surgical correction of the UPJ obstruction was done in 19 patients. From 26 children who were initially submitted to non-surgical treatment, only 6 (23%) needed a surgical approach during follow up. Overall analysis showed that surgery was performed in 25 patients with UPJ obstruction, and the others 20 patients were kept under clinical observation, since normal renal function was confirmed by scintigraphy scans. CONCLUSION: Fetal hydronephrosis due to UPJ obstruction deserves careful postnatal evaluation. UPJ obstruction is the most frequent anomaly and its surgical treatment has very precise indications. The evaluative protocol was useful in identify patients that could be followed-up with a non-surgical approach.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Com a ampla utilização dos exames ultrassonográficos na avaliação pré-natal, é frequente o diagnóstico da hidronefrose fetal. A definição de obstrução do trato urinário no periodo pós-natal necessita da confirmação de redução da função renal além da hidronefrose. Neste estudo, acompanhamos uma série de pacientes consecutivos com hidronefrose intra-útero que persistiu no periodo pós-natal. MÉTODOS: 116 recém-nascidos com hidronefrose pré-natal diagnosticada pela ultrassonografia foram submetidos a protocolo específico de avaliação e companhados pelo periodo de 06 anos. RESULTADOS: Em 46 (38,8%) dos 116 pacientes foi confirmado o diagnóstico de estenose da junção ureteropiélica (JUP). Conforme os resultados do protocolo aplicado a correção cirúrgica da estenose da JUP foi realizada em 19 pacientes. Das 26 crianças encaminhadas inicialmente para observação clínica, apenas 6 (23%) necessitaram cirurgia durante o seguimento ambulatorial. Na análise geral, o procedimento cirúrgico para correção da estenose da JUP foi indicado em 25 pacientes. Nas outras 20 crianças não houve necessidade da realização da cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: a hidronefrose fetal requer cuidadosa avaliação pós-natal. A estenose da junção pielo-ureteral é a anomalia mais frequente como causa da hidronefrose, e sua correção cirúrgica tem indicações precisas. O protocolo aplicado foi útil em diferenciar pacientes que não necessitaram cirurgia para tratamento da estenose da JUP.(AU)

Lovastatin protects mithochondrial and renal function in kidney ischemia-reperfusion in rats / Lovastatina protege a função renal e mitocondrial na isquemia/reperfusão renal em ratos

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of lovastatin on renal ischemia followed by reperfusion. METHODS: Thirty one Wistar rats submitted to left renal ischemia for 60 minutes followed by contralateral nephrectomy were divided into two groups: A (n =17, control, no treatment), and B (n=14, lovastatin 15 mg/kg/day p.o. ten days before ischemia). The animals were sacrificed at the end of ischemia, after 24 hours and at seven days after reperfusion. Survival, serum urea and creatinine levels and renal mitochondrial function were evaluated. RESULTS: Mortality was 29.4% in group A and 0.7% in group B. Urea and creatinine levels were increased in both groups, but the values were significantly lower in group B. Mitochondrial function showed decoupling in 83.4% of group A, as opposed to 38.4/% of group B. CONCLUSIONS: The result shows a protective action of renal function by lovastatin administered before ischemia/reperfusion. Since most of the mitochondrial fraction presented membranes with the ability to maintain ATP production in group B, stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane should be considered as part of the protective action of lovastatin on renal function in ischemia/reperfusion.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar a ação da lovastatina na isquemia renal seguida de reperfusão. MÉTODOS: Trinta e um ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia renal esquerda durante 60 minutos, seguida da nefrectomia contralateral, foram distribuídos em dois grupos: A (n=17, controle, sem tratamento) e B (n=14, recebendo 15 mg/Kg/dia de lovastatina via oral), durante os dez dias que antecederam a isquemia. Os animais foram mortos ao final da isquemia, e com 24 horas e sete dias após a reperfusão. Foram avaliadas a sobrevida, os valores séricos de uréia e creatinina e a função mitocondrial renal. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade foi 29,4% no grupo A e 0,7% no grupo B. Os níveis de uréia e creatinina elevaram-se nos dois grupos, mas foram significativamente menores no grupo B. No grupo A a função mitocondrial renal ficou desacoplada em 83,4% dos ensaios, enquanto que no grupo B isto ocorreu em apenas 38,4% dos ensaios. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram que a administração de lovastatina antes do episódio de isquemia protege a função renal. No grupo B, como a maior parte da fração mitocondrial isolada apresentou função acoplada à produção de ATP, deve-se também considerar a estabilização da membrana mitocondrial como parte da ação protetora da lovastatina na função renal durante isquemia e reperfusão.(AU)

Chronic partial urethral obstruction in female rats: description of an experimental model and initial results

PURPOSE: To develop an experimental model of infravesical urinary obstruction in female rats. METHODS: After median caudal laparotomy, the urethra of 14 female rats was delicately separated from the vagina and loosely wrapped with cellophane tape measuring 0.4 x 1.0 cm. The animals were evaluated 4 (n=7) and 8 (n=7) weeks later. Five additional control animals were only subjected to separation of the urethra and vagina and monitored for 12 weeks. RESULTS: After four weeks, three rats presented vesical dilation associated with discrete ureteral ectasis in 2 animals, with the third presenting discrete hydronephrosis in one kidney. After eight weeks, five rats (71.4 percent) presented vesical distension with bilateral ureterohydronephrosis. No significant changes (p>0.05) in serum urea or creatinine occurred in any group compared to preoperative values. CONCLUSION: We present here an inexpensive and simple method for the slow induction of urethral obstruction in adult female rats, with the development of progressive vesical hypertrophy and ureterohydronephrosis, which may be used as an experimental model for the study of different aspects of obstructive nephropathy.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver modelo experimental de obstrução urinária infravesical em ratas. MÉTODOS: Após laparotomia caudal mediana, as uretras de 14 ratas foram delicadamente separadas da vagina e frouxamente envoltas com fita de celofane medindo 0.4 x 1.0 cm. Os animais foram avaliados 4 (n=7) e 8 (n=7) semanas depois. Cinco animais adicionais (controle) foram submetidos apenas à separação da uretra e da vagina e monitoradas por 12 semanas. RESULTADOS: Após quatro semanas, três ratas apresentaram dilatação vesical associada a discreta ectasia ureteral em 2 animais, com o terceiro apresentando discreta hidronefrose em um rim. Após oito semanas, cinco ratas (71.4 por cento) apresentaram distensão vesical com ureterohidronefrose bilateral. Não ocorreram alterações significativas (p>0.05) nos valores de uréia ou creatinina em qualquer grupo, comparado com valores pré-operatórios. CONCLUSÃO: Apresentamos aqui um método barato e simples para a indução lenta de obstrução uretral em ratas adultas, com desenvolvimento progressivo de hipertrofia vesical e ureterohidronefrose, podendo ser utilizado como modelo experimental para estudo de diferentes aspectos da nefropatia obstrutiva.(AU)

Comparison of two experimental models of urodynamic evaluation in female rats / Comparação de dois modelos experimentais para avaliação urodinâmica em ratas

PURPOSE: Urodynamic studies in small animals can be performed through urethral sounding or cystostomy. OBJECTIVE: To compare the two methods of urodynamic evaluation in female rats. METHODS: Ten female rats weighing on average 250g, under anesthesia with urethane (1,25 mg/kg) were submitted in three repeats to an urethal catheter of 0,64 mm in external diameter for cystometric measurements of vesicle pressure(VP1) and contraction time (CT1). The catheter was extracted at a constant velocity of 0.05 cm/minute until complete exteriorization and determinations of maximal urethral pressure (UP1) and functional urethral length (FUL1). This was followed by a cystostomy with catheter PE50 and a new determination of the vesical pressure (VP2). After bladder denervation, a new cystometric record indirectly infered the maximum urethral closure pressure (UP2). The peak urethal pressure (UP3) and the functional urethral length (FUL2) were determined in another urethral sounding. The pressure registration system consisted of a continuous infusion pump regulated to a flow of 0.1 ml/minute connected both to the cystostomy catheter (PE-50) or the urethal catheter (0.64mm) and the polygraph Narco-Biosystem. Statistical analysis employed the Wilcoxon non-parametric test RESULTS: Mean VP1= 48,2 mmHg (11,8 SD); Mean VP2 = 38,2 mmHg (9,0 SD) "p" (VP1 X VP2) = 0,0039. Mean CT1=30,2 s (21,5 SD); Mean CT2=20,0 s(7 SD) p (CT1 X CT2) = 1,28. Mean UP1 = 47,2 mmHg (6,5 SD); Mean UP2 = 21,3 mmHg (6,6 SD), mean UP3 = 40,7 mmHg(13,3 SD) p (UP1 X UP2) = 0,002; "p" (UP1 X UP3) = 0,084; p (UP2 X UP3) = 0,002. Mean FUL1=14,2 mm (1,9 SD); Mean FUL2= 14,1mm (1,9 SD); p (FUL1 X FUL2) = 0,64. CONCLUSIONS: The methods employed to evaluate vesical and urethral pressures are different. The presence of the urethral catheter may be an obstructive factor. Surgical denervation up to the bladder neck level does not compromise urethral function.(AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: O estudo urodinâmico em ratas pode ser realizado através de sondagem vesical por via uretral ou por cistostomia. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar estes dois métodos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 10 ratas da raça Wistar, peso médio de 250 gramas, anestesiadas com uretana (1,25 mg/kg). Inicialmente foi realizado estudo por sonda uretral (0,64 mm de diâmetro externo) para determinação da pressão vesical (PV1) e tempo de contração (TC1), após isto a sonda foi tracionada a velocidade constante (0,05 cm/m) até sua exteriorização pelo meato uretral, avaliando-se a pressão uretral máxima (PU1) e o comprimento funcional uretral (CFU1). Fez-se, então, a cistostomia (sonda PE50) para determinação da pressão vesical (PV2). A seguir, realizou-se desnervação cirúrgica da bexiga e realizou-se novo registro cistométrico para se inferir a pressão uretral indireta (PU2). Logo após, foi passada sonda uretral para determinação da pressão uretral máxima (PU3) e do comprimento funcional uretral (CFU2). O sistema de registro das pressões foi constituído de uma bomba de infusão contínua regulada para 0,1 ml/minuto conectada em Y com o cateter de cistostomia (PE-50) ou cateter uretral (0,64mm) a um polígrafo Narco-Bioystem. A análise estatística foi realizada através do método não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Média PV1= 48,2 mmHg (11,8 SD); Média PV2 = 38,2 mmHg (9,0 SD). "p" (PV1 X PV2) = 0,0039. Média TC1=30,2 s (21,5 SD); Média TC2=20,0 (7 SD) p (TC1 X TC2) = 1,28. Média PU1 = 47,2 (6,5 SD); Média PU2 = 21,3 mmHg (6,6 SD), média PU3 = 40,7(13,3 SD) p (PU1 X PU2) = 0,002; "p" (PU1 X PU3) = 0,084; p (PU2 X PU3) = 0,002. Média CFU1=14,2 (1,9 SD); Média CFU2= 14,1 (1,9 SD); p (CFU1 X CFU2) = 0,64. CONCLUSÃO: Os métodos de avaliação urodinâmica são diferentes. A presença do cateter na uretra pode ser um fator obstrutivo. A desnervação cirúrgica, até o nível do colo vesical, não compromete a função uretral.(AU)

Long term evaluation of functional and morphological bladder alterations on alloxan-induced diabetes and aging: experimental study in rats / Avaliação funcional e morfológica tardia de alterações na bexiga secundárias ao diabetes induzido por aloxano e no envelhecimento: estudo experimental em ratos

PURPOSE: to evaluate structural and functional effects of Alloxan- induced diabetes and aging on bladder of rats. METHODS: evaluations were performed in three groups: A - 8 weeks of age, B - 44 weeks of age, C - 44 weeks of age with alloxan-induced diabetes. Muscle layer thickness, extracellular matrix fibrosis and collagen were quantified on digital images of bladder samples. Cystometric evaluations before surgical vesical denervation (SVD), included maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), maximum bladder pressure (MBP), bladder contraction frequency (VCF), duration of bladder contraction (DC), threshold pressure (TP) and bladder compliance (BC). After SVD, maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), BC and maximum urethral closing pressure (MUCP) were also measured. RESULTS: Reduced extracellular matrix fibrosis concentration and contraction strength were found in the bladders of group C. Before SVD, bladder compliance was not different between groups. Alterations were observed in MCC after SVD. CONCLUSIONS: We did not notice smooth muscle hypertrophy in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats after 44 weeks. There was alteration in the total and relative amount of fibrosis and collagen. The cystometric studies support the idea that this morphological alterations are important to determine the different bladder functional patterns found in the aging and the Alloxan-induced diabetic animals.(AU)

OBJETIVOS: avaliar alterações estruturais e funcionais da bexiga de ratos machos, associadas ao diabetes induzido por aloxano e ao envelhecimento. MÉTODOS: três grupos de animais: A - 8 semanas de idade; B- 44 semanas de idade; C - 44 semanas de idade com diabetes induzido por aloxano, foram avaliados. Realizadas medidas de espessura da camada muscular, fibrose de matriz extracelular e quantidade de colágeno, através de análise de imagem digital dos tecidos. Realizados também testes cistométricos, antes da desnervação vesical cirúrgica (DVC), para avaliar capacidade vesical (CV), intensidade máxima de contração vesical (IMCV) e complacência vesical. Após a DVC, foram avaliadas capacidade vesical após a desnervação (CVAD), complacência vesical (CV) e pressão de perda uretral (PPU). RESULTADOS: não foi observada hipertrofia da camada muscular nas bexigas; houve diminuição da concentração de fibrose da matriz extracelular e diminuição da força contrátil, e aumento da capacidade vesical no grupo C. CONCLUSÕES: a atrofia da camadas muscular da bexiga esta relacionada ao diabetes induzido por aloxano. O envelhecimento, como fenômeno isolado, provoca alterações nos parâmetros funcionais, porém associado ao diabetes, gera alterações na IMCV, CV e CVAD. Existe correlação entre alterações estruturais e funcionais nos animais diabéticos após a desnervação.(AU)

Renal ischemia and reperfusion injury: influence of chorpromazine on renal function and lipid peroxidation / Lesão de isquemia e reperfusão renal: influência da clorpromazina na função renal e na peroxidação lipídica

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on renal function and lipid peroxidation in a rat model of kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Forty eight Wistar rats underwent a laparotomy for hilar clamping of left kidney with a bulldog clamp for 60 minutes followed by organ reperfusion and contralateral nephrectomy. Of these, 26 received 3mg/kg of CPZ intravenously 15 minutes before renal ischemia (G-E) while the remaining 22 were used as ischemic control group (G-C). Eleven rats of G-E and 8 of G-C were followed for blood urea nitrogen and creatinine determinations before renal ischemia and at 1st, 4th and 7th postoperative days. Samplings of left renal tissue were obtained at 5 minutes (5 rats from each group) and 24 hours (9 G-C and 10 of G-E) of reperfusion for malondialdehy (MDA) content determination. Controls of renal MDA content were determined in kidneys harvested from 6 additional normal rats. RESULTS: Acute renal failure occurred in all animals but levels of BUN and creatinine were significantly lower in G-E (p<0.001). MDA content rose strikingly at 5 minutes of reperfusion in both groups (p>0.05) and returned near to normal levels 24 hours later. CONCLUSION: CPZ conferred partial protection of renal function to kidneys submitted to ischemia/reperfusion injury that seems to be not dependent on inhibition of lipid peroxidation.(AU)

OBJETIVO: avaliar a influência da clorpromazina (CPZ) na função renal e na peroxidação lipídica num modelo de lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal em ratos. MÉTODOS: 48 ratos Wistar foram submetidos à laparotomia para clampamento da artéria renal esquerda durante 60 minutos, seguido da reperfusão e nefrectomia contralateral. Destes animais, 26 receberam 3 mg/kg de CPZ intravenosa 15 minutos antes da isquemia renal (G-E), sendo os 22 animais restantes utilizados como grupo controle isquêmico (G-C). Em 11 ratos do G-E e 8 do G-C foi feita a dosagem de uréia e creatinina sérica antes da isquemia renal e no 1º, 4º e 7º dia pós-operatório. Amostras de tecido do rim esquerdo foram obtidas aos 5 minutos (5 ratos de cada grupo) e 24 horas após reperfusão (9 G-C e 10 G-E) para dosagem de malondialdeído (MDA). Valores controle para níveis de MDA foram obtidos em rins retirados de 6 ratos normais. RESULTADOS: insuficiência renal aguda ocorreu em todos os animais mas os níveis séricos de uréia e creatinina foram significativamente menores no G-E (p<0,001). Os níveis de MDA apresentaram elevação acentuada na avaliação aos 5 minutos de reperfusão em ambos os grupos (p<0,05), retornando a valores próximos aos normais na avaliação com 24 horas. CONCLUSÃO: a CPZ conferiu proteção parcial da função renal aos rins submetidos à lesão de isquemia e reperfusão, aparentemente independente da inibição da peroxidação lipídica.(AU)

Compensatory renal growth and mitochondrial function: the influence of warm ischemia and reperfusion / Hipertrofia renal compensatória e função mitocondrial: influência da isquemia quente e reperfusão

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of ischemia/reperfusion injury on renal compensatory growth (CGR) and mitochondrial function. METHODS: Forty five Wistar rats were divided in 3 groups: Control Group (GC) - 21 rats were submitted to a sham laparotomy and sacrificed at 1st (6 rats) and 7th (15 rats) postoperative days to evaluate the dry weight of both kidneys and their growth during 1 week (6 rats) and to quantify mitochondrial respiration (9 rats); Group 1 (G1) - 12 rats underwent right nephrectomy and were sacrificed 7 days later for analysis of renal mitochondrial function (6 rats) and dry weight (6 rats). Group 2 (G2) - renal warm ischemia for 60 minutes followed by right nephrectomy was performed in 12 rats; they were sacrificed 7 days later to evaluate renal mitochondrial function (6 rats) and dry weight (6 rats). RESULTS: Dry weight (mg) of left kidneys at 7th day: GC - 219±18, G1 - 281±23 and G2 - 338±39 (GCxG1 p<0.01; GCxG2 p<0.001; G1xG2 p<0.01). State 4 mitochondrial respiration rate and respiratory control ratio (RCR) were similar in all groups (p>0.05). State 3 respirations (mM/min/mg) in GC, G1 and G2 was respectively: 99±23, 132±22 and 82±44 (p<0.02; the only statistical difference noted was between groups G1xG2 - p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Following unilateral nephrectomy CRG is associated with an increase in state 3 of mitochondrial respiration. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury enhances the CRG provoked by unilateral nephrectomy but such enhancement seems independent on mitochondrial respiration.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da lesão de isquemia/reperfusão na hipertrofia renal compensatória (HRC) e na função mitocondrial. MÉTODOS: 45 ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo Controle (GC) - 21 ratos submetidos apenas à laparotomia e sacrificados no 1º dia (6 ratos) e 7º dia pós-operatório (15 ratos) para avaliar o peso seco de ambos os rins e seu crescimento durante uma semana (6 ratos) e quantificar a função mitocondrial (9 ratos); Grupo 1 (G1) - 12 ratos submetidos à nefrectomia direita e sacrificados após 7 dias para análise da função mitocondrial renal (6 ratos) e peso renal seco (6 ratos); Grupo 2 (G2) - isquemia renal quente durante 60 minutos no rim esquerdo seguida da nefrectomia direita foi realizada em 12 ratos, que foram sacrificados após 7 dias para avaliação da função mitocondrial (6 ratos) e peso seco (6 ratos). RESULTADOS: peso seco (mg) do rim esquerdo no 7º dia: GC= 219±18; G1=281±23 e G2=338±39 (GCxG1 p<0,01; GCxG2 p<0,001; G1xG2 p<0,01). O estado 4 da função mitocondrial e a Razão de Controle Respiratório (RCR) foram semelhantes em todos os grupos (p>0,05). O estado 3 da respiração mitocondrial (mMO2/min/mg) no GC, G1 e G2 foi, respectivamente: 99±23, 132±22 e 88±44 (p<0,02; a única diferença estatística foi observada entre os grupos G1xG2 - p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: após nefrectomia unilateral a HRC está associada ao aumento do estado 3 da respiração mitocondrial. A lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal aumenta a HRC estimulada pela nefrectomia unilateral, mas este aumento parece independer da respiração mitocondrial.(AU)

Cyclosporine action on kidneys of rats submitted to normothermic ischaemia and reperfusion / Ação da ciclosporina em rins de ratos submetidos à isquemia normotérmica e reperfusão

PURPOSE: To verify if rat kidneys lesioned by ischaemia followed by reperfusion are affected by cyclosporine A (CsA). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, control (GS) and experimental (G1 and G2). G1 was subdivided in two: G1A composed of animals submitted to 60 minutes ischaemia and G1C with the same ischaemic procedure associated to 20 mg/kg/day CsA. Group G2 was subdivided and treated in the same way as G1 except that ischaemia was applied only for 40 minutes. Clamping the left renal artery followed by right side nephrectomy induced kidney ischaemia. Serum urea and creatinine were quantified on the day of surgery (D0) and in the following day (D1). Twenty four hours after reperfusion the left kidney was removed and histologically analyzed. RESULTS: Group GS had normal values for urea and creatinine both on D0 and D1 and did not show structural alterations. Renal function was not significantly different when G2C was compared to GS (p>0.05). Tissue lesions were smaller in G2C than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Renal function was protected by CsA, which also reduced tissue lesions in the kidneys of rats submitted to 40 minutes ischaemia.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a ciclosporina A (CsA) afeta a lesão provocada pela isquemia seguida de reperfusão em rins de ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram separados em grupos: 1 grupo controle (GS) e 2 grupos experimentais (G1 e G2). O G1 foi dividido em G1A - isquemia de 60 minutos; e G1C - isquemia de 60 minutos associada a 20 mg/kg/dia de CsA. O G2 foi dividido em G2C semelhante ao G1, exceto pelo tempo de isquemia de 40 minutos. A isquemia renal foi provocada pelo pinçamento da artéria renal esquerda, após o procedimento, foi realizada a nefrectomia direita. Dosagem de uréia e creatinina séricos foram feitos no dia da cirurgia (D0) e no dia seguinte (D1). Após 24 horas de reperfusão o rim esquerdo foi removido para análise histológica. RESULTADOS: No GS não foram observados alterações de uréia e creatinina em D0 e D1, tampouco alterações estruturais. A comparação entre GS e G2C não mostrou diferença na função renal (p>0,05); o grau de lesão tecidual foi menor em G2C do que nos demais grupos experimentais. CONCLUSÃO: A CsA protegeu a função renal e reduziu a lesão tecidual em rins de ratos submetidos a 40 minutos de isquemia.(AU)

Alça intestinal invertida como substituto do ureter: estudo experimental em cães

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome of ureter replacement with inverted seromuscular tube in dogs. METHODS: 40 adult mongrel dogs were divided in 5 groups of 8 animals. Each group was divided in 2 subgroups: 1 - sacrifice on 12-15 postoperative days, and 2 - sacrifice on the 60th postoperative day). In group A ureter longitudinal incision 2cm long was sewed with an inverted ileal seromuscular patch 2cm long. In group B ureter incision and patch size were 4cm long. In the remaining groups a ureter segment was replaced by an inverted ileal seromuscular tube 2cm long (group C) or 6cm long (groups D and E). In all groups, except E, ileal mucosa was removed by a grasping maneuver with a scalpel. In group E the ileal mucosa was trimmed away by blunt dissection with a scissors. The ureter permeability was tested by an intravenous urogram, and after sacrifice by anatomic exploration with a catheter. All ureter segment removed through the necropsy were analyzed by histology after hematoxilin-eosin coloration. RESULTS: The number of animals with normal urogram after the followup was: A - 2, B - 2, C - 3, D - 2 and E - 2. Histology revealed that ileal serosa was covered by ureteral mucosa grown from the ureter buds. CONCLUSION: The inverted ileal seromuscular tube or patch does not work well for ureter replacement.

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a viabilidade da alça ileal invertida como substituto ureteral. MÉTODOS: Quarenta cães foram divididos em 5 grandes grupos de 8 animais, cada um subdividido em 2 subgrupos de acordo com a data do sacrifício (I - sacrifício em 12-15 dias de pós-operatório, e II - 60 dias de pós-operatório). Nos grupos A e B fez-se a substituição ureteral parcial com selo de íleo invertido, após abertura lateral do ureter direito com 2 (Grupo A) ou 4 cm (Grupo B) de extensão. Nos demais grupos fez-se a substituição do segmento completo do ureter usando-se um tubo de íleo invertido de comprimento equivalente ao segmento do ureter ressecado com 2cm (Grupo C) e 6cm (Grupos D e E) de extensão. A mucosa ileal foi removida por raspagem ou diérese. A permeabilidade ureteral foi testada por urografia excretora e por exploração anatômica com cateter após o sacrifício. As peças foram estudas histologicamente após preparação e coloração com hematoxilina-eosina. RESULTADOS: O número de animais com urografia normal após o seguimento foi: A-2, B-2, C-3, D-2 e E- 2. A histologia revelou que a serosa ileal se reveste com urotélio, não como decorrência de metaplasia, mas do crescimento a partir da borda da mucosa ureteral. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o íleo invertido não é um bom substituto ureteral.

Alça intestinal invertida como substituto do ureter: estudo experimental em cães

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcome of ureter replacement with inverted seromuscular tube in dogs. METHODS: 40 adult mongrel dogs were divided in 5 groups of 8 animals. Each group was divided in 2 subgroups: 1 - sacrifice on 12-15 postoperative days, and 2 - sacrifice on the 60th postoperative day). In group A ureter longitudinal incision 2cm long was sewed with an inverted ileal seromuscular patch 2cm long. In group B ureter incision and patch size were 4cm long. In the remaining groups a ureter segment was replaced by an inverted ileal seromuscular tube 2cm long (group C) or 6cm long (groups D and E). In all groups, except E, ileal mucosa was removed by a grasping maneuver with a scalpel. In group E the ileal mucosa was trimmed away by blunt dissection with a scissors. The ureter permeability was tested by an intravenous urogram, and after sacrifice by anatomic exploration with a catheter. All ureter segment removed through the necropsy were analyzed by histology after hematoxilin-eosin coloration. RESULTS: The number of animals with normal urogram after the followup was: A - 2, B - 2, C - 3, D - 2 and E - 2. Histology revealed that ileal serosa was covered by ureteral mucosa grown from the ureter buds. CONCLUSION: The inverted ileal seromuscular tube or patch does not work well for ureter replacement.

OBJETIVO: Pesquisar a viabilidade da alça ileal invertida como substituto ureteral. MÉTODOS: Quarenta cães foram divididos em 5 grandes grupos de 8 animais, cada um subdividido em 2 subgrupos de acordo com a data do sacrifício (I - sacrifício em 12-15 dias de pós-operatório, e II - 60 dias de pós-operatório). Nos grupos A e B fez-se a substituição ureteral parcial com selo de íleo invertido, após abertura lateral do ureter direito com 2 (Grupo A) ou 4 cm (Grupo B) de extensão. Nos demais grupos fez-se a substituição do segmento completo do ureter usando-se um tubo de íleo invertido de comprimento equivalente ao segmento do ureter ressecado com 2cm (Grupo C) e 6cm (Grupos D e E) de extensão. A mucosa ileal foi removida por raspagem ou diérese. A permeabilidade ureteral foi testada por urografia excretora e por exploração anatômica com cateter após o sacrifício. As peças foram estudas histologicamente após preparação e coloração com hematoxilina-eosina. RESULTADOS: O número de animais com urografia normal após o seguimento foi: A-2, B-2, C-3, D-2 e E- 2. A histologia revelou que a serosa ileal se reveste com urotélio, não como decorrência de metaplasia, mas do crescimento a partir da borda da mucosa ureteral. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o íleo invertido não é um bom substituto ureteral.

Animal model of renal ischemic injury, and chlorpromazine protector effect, evaluate by tc-99m-mag3 dynamic renal scan

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a major complication of kidney transplantation, so as of urologic and vascular surgeries. In transplantation, although organ perfusion with proper solution are feasible and at least partially effective, new approaches remains needed to avoid lost of graft function due to ischemic insults, and by this way, chlorpromazine may play this hole. Sixteen male rats were evaluated by scintigraphy (dynamic renal scan with Tc-99m-MAG3), before and after surgically promote ischemia of left kidney. Animals were divided in 3 groups: Group A (control) without ischemic insult; Group B (ischemia without chlorpromazine) and Group C (ischemia with chlorpromazine). Group B demonstrated marked decreased of left renal function, compared with itself (right kidney; p 0,001) and compared with groups A and C (both p 0,001). No statistically observations was noted in group A, that makes sure of non-error source of surgical procedure lonely (p 0,05). Nevertheless mild decrease of left renal function was observed in some animals of group C, these appointments were not statistically significant (p 0,05). Further studies may prove, in the future, its usefulness in humans, specially concerning kidney transplantation.

Urolitíase no alotransplante renal

Purpose: Urinary lithiasis is an uncommon complication in recipient of kidney allografts. The prevalence varies from 0.02 to 3.4%. The majority of calculi arises de novo in the recipient, however some of them are transferred with the transplanted kidney. The treatment relies on few reports published previously. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of lithiasis as well as the treatment in an university hospital. METHODS: We analyzed 953 recipients of renal transplant undertaken in Hospital das Clínicas - FMRP-USP, from February of 1968 to May of 2003. The mean age of patients bearing lithiasis was 47.2 years (range 35 to 63 years). RESULTS: The prevalence of lithiasis was 10/953 (1.0%). Nine patients received kidneys from cadaver donor and 1 from living donor. The diagnosis occurred during the surgery in 2 (20%), within few days after transplantation in 1 (10%) and in the late postoperative period in 7 (70%). Seven patients had no complains, 2 had associated urinary tract infection and 1 a rise in serum creatinine. Of 8 cases with lithiasis in the postoperative period, the stones were localized in the kidney in 6 and in the ureter in 2. Renal calculi were managed as follows: watchful-waiting - 2, extracorporeal lithotrypsy - 2, percutaneous nepholithotrypsy - 1 and open pyelolithomy - 1. One patient with ureteric lithiasis associated ureteral stenosis underwent a pyelo-vesicostomy. The other patient with ureteric lithiasis was treated by retrograde endoscopic ureterolithothrypsy. CONCLUSION: Urinary lithiasis is rare in transplanted kidneys and can be managed as to the general population.

OBJETIVO: A litíase urinária é uma complicação incomum no alotransplante renal, a incidência varia de 0,02 a 3,4%. A maioria dos cálculos forma-se após o transplante, porém alguns podem ser transferidos junto com o enxerto para o hospedeiro. O tratamento desta complicação está baseado em alguns casos descritos na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de relatar a incidência da litíase renal no paciente com transplante renal, assim como a conduta adotada no HCFMRPUSP. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 953 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal no HCFMRPUSP, de fevereiro 1968 a maio de 2003. A idade média foi de 47,2 anos (35 a 63 anos). Em 09 pacientes, o rim foi proveniente de doador cadáver e apenas 01 doador vivo. RESULTADOS:Foram diagnosticados 10 casos de litíase (1,05%). Em 02 pacientes (20%) o cálculo foi diagnosticado no intraoperatório, em 01 (10%) no peri-operatório (5º. dia), os 07 restantes (70%) no pós-operatório tardio. Em 04 pacientes (57%) não havia sintomatologia específica, 02 (29%) apresentaram ITU, em 03 (43%) ocorreu elevação da creatinina sérica. De 8 pacientes com litíase no pós-operatorio, em 06 os cálculos estavam localizados no rim e 02 no ureter. Dos pacientes com cálculos renais, 02 foram observados, 02 submetidos a LECO, 01 a nefrolitripsia percutânea, 01 à pielolitotomia. Em 01 paciente com cálculo ureteral foi realizada pielovesicostomia (cálculo + estenose), no outro paciente foi feita a ureterorrenoscopia retrógrada. CONCLUSÃO: A urolitíase é complicação rara no transplante renal, a conduta terapêutica no pós-operatório tardio é semelhante à da população geral.

Urolitíase no alotransplante renal

Purpose: Urinary lithiasis is an uncommon complication in recipient of kidney allografts. The prevalence varies from 0.02 to 3.4%. The majority of calculi arises de novo in the recipient, however some of them are transferred with the transplanted kidney. The treatment relies on few reports published previously. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of lithiasis as well as the treatment in an university hospital. METHODS: We analyzed 953 recipients of renal transplant undertaken in Hospital das Clínicas - FMRP-USP, from February of 1968 to May of 2003. The mean age of patients bearing lithiasis was 47.2 years (range 35 to 63 years). RESULTS: The prevalence of lithiasis was 10/953 (1.0%). Nine patients received kidneys from cadaver donor and 1 from living donor. The diagnosis occurred during the surgery in 2 (20%), within few days after transplantation in 1 (10%) and in the late postoperative period in 7 (70%). Seven patients had no complains, 2 had associated urinary tract infection and 1 a rise in serum creatinine. Of 8 cases with lithiasis in the postoperative period, the stones were localized in the kidney in 6 and in the ureter in 2. Renal calculi were managed as follows: watchful-waiting - 2, extracorporeal lithotrypsy - 2, percutaneous nepholithotrypsy - 1 and open pyelolithomy - 1. One patient with ureteric lithiasis associated ureteral stenosis underwent a pyelo-vesicostomy. The other patient with ureteric lithiasis was treated by retrograde endoscopic ureterolithothrypsy. CONCLUSION: Urinary lithiasis is rare in transplanted kidneys and can be managed as to the general population.

OBJETIVO: A litíase urinária é uma complicação incomum no alotransplante renal, a incidência varia de 0,02 a 3,4%. A maioria dos cálculos forma-se após o transplante, porém alguns podem ser transferidos junto com o enxerto para o hospedeiro. O tratamento desta complicação está baseado em alguns casos descritos na literatura. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de relatar a incidência da litíase renal no paciente com transplante renal, assim como a conduta adotada no HCFMRPUSP. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 953 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal no HCFMRPUSP, de fevereiro 1968 a maio de 2003. A idade média foi de 47,2 anos (35 a 63 anos). Em 09 pacientes, o rim foi proveniente de doador cadáver e apenas 01 doador vivo. RESULTADOS:Foram diagnosticados 10 casos de litíase (1,05%). Em 02 pacientes (20%) o cálculo foi diagnosticado no intraoperatório, em 01 (10%) no peri-operatório (5º. dia), os 07 restantes (70%) no pós-operatório tardio. Em 04 pacientes (57%) não havia sintomatologia específica, 02 (29%) apresentaram ITU, em 03 (43%) ocorreu elevação da creatinina sérica. De 8 pacientes com litíase no pós-operatorio, em 06 os cálculos estavam localizados no rim e 02 no ureter. Dos pacientes com cálculos renais, 02 foram observados, 02 submetidos a LECO, 01 a nefrolitripsia percutânea, 01 à pielolitotomia. Em 01 paciente com cálculo ureteral foi realizada pielovesicostomia (cálculo + estenose), no outro paciente foi feita a ureterorrenoscopia retrógrada. CONCLUSÃO: A urolitíase é complicação rara no transplante renal, a conduta terapêutica no pós-operatório tardio é semelhante à da população geral.

Animal model of renal ischemic injury, and chlorpromazine protector effect, evaluate by tc-99m-mag3 dynamic renal scan

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a major complication of kidney transplantation, so as of urologic and vascular surgeries. In transplantation, although organ perfusion with proper solution are feasible and at least partially effective, new approaches remains needed to avoid lost of graft function due to ischemic insults, and by this way, chlorpromazine may play this hole. Sixteen male rats were evaluated by scintigraphy (dynamic renal scan with Tc-99m-MAG3), before and after surgically promote ischemia of left kidney. Animals were divided in 3 groups: Group A (control) without ischemic insult; Group B (ischemia without chlorpromazine) and Group C (ischemia with chlorpromazine). Group B demonstrated marked decreased of left renal function, compared with itself (right kidney; p 0,001) and compared with groups A and C (both p 0,001). No statistically observations was noted in group A, that makes sure of non-error source of surgical procedure lonely (p 0,05). Nevertheless mild decrease of left renal function was observed in some animals of group C, these appointments were not statistically significant (p 0,05). Further studies may prove, in the future, its usefulness in humans, specially concerning kidney transplantation.