Investigation of the strength of copper and zinc bonds with other constituents of ruminant feedstuffs

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feed type, pH, and Cu and Zn concentration on Cu and Zn binding with different feedstuffs after in vitro incubation in water. For this purpose, six feedstuffs (wheat straw, grass hay, corn silage, dried distillers grains with solubles, ground corn, and soybean meal) were incubated in ultrapure water (pH≈6.4) with supplemental Cu concentrations equivalent to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 mg Cu/kg DM or supplemental Zn concentrations equivalent to 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 mg Zn/kg DM for 48 h. This experiment was repeated; however, following the 48-h incubation in ultrapure water (pH≈6.4), samples were incubated for one additional hour at a fitted pH of 2.3. Following incubation, the indigestible residue was analyzed for the presence of Cu and Zn. Copper and zinc bind to other dietary constituents at a pH similar to that of the rumen, regardless of the type of feedstuffs (concentrate or roughage). However, in a pH condition similar to that of the abomasum, part of these bonds is broken. In these pH conditions, there is greater breakdown of bonds in concentrate feedstuffs than in roughages, regardless of the mineral analyzed. Comparing these minerals, zinc forms weaker bonds than copper.

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet / Exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo na dieta

The aim of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed with or without the supplementation of dicalcium phosphate in the diet. Thirty-two steers with an average initial body weight of 377.5 ± 49.4 kg were used, of which four were initially slaughtered to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) of the animals. Twenty-four steers were fed ad libitum and were distributed in a completely randomized design with two levels of concentrate (30 and 60 %), and diets with or without dicalcium phosphate and four steers were fed at maintenance level, so that the body weight gain was equal to zero. After 84 days the animals were slaughtered. The animal tissues were sampled, and composted by two samples, denominated by carcass (bone, muscle and fat) and non-carcass (head, limbs, blood, hide, organs and viscera) for determination of the body composition. The net energy requirements (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained while relating heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI); meanwhile, the net energy requirements for gain (NEg) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg) were obtained as a function of empty body weight (EBW), empty body gain (EBG) and retained energy (RE) in EBW. The daily net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 76.90 and 119.36 kcal/EBW0.75...

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com ou sem suplementação inorgânica de cálcio e fósforo na dieta. Foram utilizados 32 animais mestiços Holandês × Zebu, machos, castrados, com peso corporal (BW) médio inicial de 377,5 ± 49,4 kg, dos quais quatro foram abatidos inicialmente para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (EBW) dos demais, 24 alimentados ad libitum distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 60%) e dietas contendo ou não fosfato bicálcico; e quatro alimentados ao nível de mantença, isto é, para que o ganho de peso corporal fosse igual a zero. Após 84 dias os animais foram abatidos. Para determinação da composição corporal dos animais, foram constituídas duas amostras por animal, denominadas carcaça (óssos, musculo e gordura) e não carcaça (cabeça, membros, sangue, couro, orgãos e visceras). As exigências de energia líquida (NEm) e metabolizável para mantença (MEm) foram obtidas relacionando a produção de calor (HP) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (MEI), enquanto as exigências de energia líquidas para ganho de peso (NEg) e as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho (NPg) foram obtidas em função do EBW, do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (EBG), e da energia retida (RE) no EBW. As exigências diárias de energia líquida e...

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet / Exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo na dieta

The aim of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed with or without the supplementation of dicalcium phosphate in the diet. Thirty-two steers with an average initial body weight of 377.5 ± 49.4 kg were used, of which four were initially slaughtered to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) of the animals. Twenty-four steers were fed ad libitum and were distributed in a completely randomized design with two levels of concentrate (30 and 60 %), and diets with or without dicalcium phosphate and four steers were fed at maintenance level, so that the body weight gain was equal to zero. After 84 days the animals were slaughtered. The animal tissues were sampled, and composted by two samples, denominated by carcass (bone, muscle and fat) and non-carcass (head, limbs, blood, hide, organs and viscera) for determination of the body composition. The net energy requirements (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained while relating heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI); meanwhile, the net energy requirements for gain (NEg) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg) were obtained as a function of empty body weight (EBW), empty body gain (EBG) and retained energy (RE) in EBW. The daily net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 76.90 and 119.36 kcal/EBW0.75...(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com ou sem suplementação inorgânica de cálcio e fósforo na dieta. Foram utilizados 32 animais mestiços Holandês × Zebu, machos, castrados, com peso corporal (BW) médio inicial de 377,5 ± 49,4 kg, dos quais quatro foram abatidos inicialmente para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (EBW) dos demais, 24 alimentados ad libitum distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 60%) e dietas contendo ou não fosfato bicálcico; e quatro alimentados ao nível de mantença, isto é, para que o ganho de peso corporal fosse igual a zero. Após 84 dias os animais foram abatidos. Para determinação da composição corporal dos animais, foram constituídas duas amostras por animal, denominadas carcaça (óssos, musculo e gordura) e não carcaça (cabeça, membros, sangue, couro, orgãos e visceras). As exigências de energia líquida (NEm) e metabolizável para mantença (MEm) foram obtidas relacionando a produção de calor (HP) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (MEI), enquanto as exigências de energia líquidas para ganho de peso (NEg) e as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho (NPg) foram obtidas em função do EBW, do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (EBG), e da energia retida (RE) no EBW. As exigências diárias de energia líquida e...(AU)

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet / Exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo na dieta

The aim of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed with or without the supplementation of dicalcium phosphate in the diet. Thirty-two steers with an average initial body weight of 377.5 ± 49.4 kg were used, of which four were initially slaughtered to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) of the animals. Twenty-four steers were fed ad libitum and were distributed in a completely randomized design with two levels of concentrate (30 and 60 %), and diets with or without dicalcium phosphate and four steers were fed at maintenance level, so that the body weight gain was equal to zero. After 84 days the animals were slaughtered. The animal tissues were sampled, and composted by two samples, denominated by carcass (bone, muscle and fat) and non-carcass (head, limbs, blood, hide, organs and viscera) for determination of the body composition. The net energy requirements (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained while relating heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI); meanwhile, the net energy requirements for gain (NEg) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg) were obtained as a function of empty body weight (EBW), empty body gain (EBG) and retained energy (RE) in EBW. The daily net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 76.90 and 119.36 kcal/EBW0.75, r

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com ou sem suplementação inorgânica de cálcio e fósforo na dieta. Foram utilizados 32 animais mestiços Holandês × Zebu, machos, castrados, com peso corporal (BW) médio inicial de 377,5 ± 49,4 kg, dos quais quatro foram abatidos inicialmente para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (EBW) dos demais, 24 alimentados ad libitum distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 60%) e dietas contendo ou não fosfato bicálcico; e quatro alimentados ao nível de mantença, isto é, para que o ganho de peso corporal fosse igual a zero. Após 84 dias os animais foram abatidos. Para determinação da composição corporal dos animais, foram constituídas duas amostras por animal, denominadas carcaça (óssos, musculo e gordura) e não carcaça (cabeça, membros, sangue, couro, orgãos e visceras). As exigências de energia líquida (NEm) e metabolizável para mantença (MEm) foram obtidas relacionando a produção de calor (HP) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (MEI), enquanto as exigências de energia líquidas para ganho de peso (NEg) e as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho (NPg) foram obtidas em função do EBW, do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (EBG), e da energia retida (RE) no EBW. As exigências diárias de energia líquida e metab

Energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed different levels of calcium and phosphorus in the diet / Exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com diferentes níveis de cálcio e fósforo na dieta

The aim of this study was to determine the energy and protein requirements of crossbred Holstein x Zebu steers fed with or without the supplementation of dicalcium phosphate in the diet. Thirty-two steers with an average initial body weight of 377.5 ± 49.4 kg were used, of which four were initially slaughtered to estimate the empty body weight (EBW) of the animals. Twenty-four steers were fed ad libitum and were distributed in a completely randomized design with two levels of concentrate (30 and 60 %), and diets with or without dicalcium phosphate and four steers were fed at maintenance level, so that the body weight gain was equal to zero. After 84 days the animals were slaughtered. The animal tissues were sampled, and composted by two samples, denominated by carcass (bone, muscle and fat) and non-carcass (head, limbs, blood, hide, organs and viscera) for determination of the body composition. The net energy requirements (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were obtained while relating heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI); meanwhile, the net energy requirements for gain (NEg) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg) were obtained as a function of empty body weight (EBW), empty body gain (EBG) and retained energy (RE) in EBW. The daily net and metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were 76.90 and 119.36 kcal/EBW0.75, r

Objetivou-se determinar as exigências nutricionais de energia e proteína para bovinos castrados mestiços Holandês x Zebu alimentados com ou sem suplementação inorgânica de cálcio e fósforo na dieta. Foram utilizados 32 animais mestiços Holandês × Zebu, machos, castrados, com peso corporal (BW) médio inicial de 377,5 ± 49,4 kg, dos quais quatro foram abatidos inicialmente para estimar o peso de corpo vazio (EBW) dos demais, 24 alimentados ad libitum distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois níveis de concentrado (30 e 60%) e dietas contendo ou não fosfato bicálcico; e quatro alimentados ao nível de mantença, isto é, para que o ganho de peso corporal fosse igual a zero. Após 84 dias os animais foram abatidos. Para determinação da composição corporal dos animais, foram constituídas duas amostras por animal, denominadas carcaça (óssos, musculo e gordura) e não carcaça (cabeça, membros, sangue, couro, orgãos e visceras). As exigências de energia líquida (NEm) e metabolizável para mantença (MEm) foram obtidas relacionando a produção de calor (HP) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (MEI), enquanto as exigências de energia líquidas para ganho de peso (NEg) e as exigências líquidas de proteína para ganho (NPg) foram obtidas em função do EBW, do ganho de peso de corpo vazio (EBG), e da energia retida (RE) no EBW. As exigências diárias de energia líquida e metab