Streptococcus spp. in equines - infection and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles

Background: Empirical antimicrobial prescribing is commonly used in equine veterinary. Therefore, professionals can obtain information about antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the bacterial strains based on veterinary literature. Considering equine infections, Streptococcus spp. are important pathogens that can cause serious damage in horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and infection profiles of Streptococcus spp. strains isolated from equines with infectious diseases subjected to microbiological analysis. Materials, Methods & Results: Veterinarians sent 13 samples and culture in Blood and MacConkey Agar were performed. After the incubation period, suspected colonies, which showed significative growth, were analyzed by Gram-staining, biochemical tests, and subjected to confirmatory identification in Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. In vitro AST analysis were performed by disc diffusion method, in accordance with the veterinarians' request. The antimicrobials tested in this study were: ceftiofur, gentamicin, ampicillin, enrofloxacin, amikacin, penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, vancomycin and metronidazole. The samples included uterine exudate, hock fistula, osteosynthesis exudate, exudate from the guttural pouch, and were originated from animals located in different and distant geographical regions in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas, and Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus thoraltensis were the Streptococcus species identified in the samples. S. dysgalactiae was the mainly species found in the uterus samples, while S. thoraltensis, an unusual Streptococcus species, was identified as etiological agent of endometritis in 2 of the analyzed animals. On the other hand, S. equi was found in both the guttural pouch, representing the etiological agent of the strangle case, and in the osteosynthesis exudate, as infectious agent of post-osteosynthesis surgery. The majority of streptococci strains were susceptible to ceftiofur drug. Amikacin and ciprofloxacin, however, were the drugs for which the strains were mainly resistant according to the results. Discussion: The present study provided the AST and infection profile of Streptococcus species related to equine infectious diseases. S. dysgalactiae is considered an unusual bacterium isolated from horses that can be related to endometritis, S. equi is the causative agent of strangles, and S. thoraltensis is unusual in equines. Generally, the observed susceptibility to ceftiofur of the strains analyzed was in agreement with previous results reported in the literature. However, ceftiofur is a third-generation cephalosporin and is considered a critically important antibiotic for human health and its use in veterinary medicine should be cautious. Considering the resistance profile found, Streptococcus spp. can be intrinsically resistant to low drug concentrations of aminoglycosides. Moreover, the emergence and spread of fluoroquinolones resistance may also be due to the acquisition of resistance via horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the present study described both infection and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus strains related to equine infectious diseases. Considering the findings, the results found in this study might contribute to the decision-making by veterinarians to further equine treatments.

Aspartate aminotransferase and gamma glutamyl transferase levels in mares with miscarriage and healthy pregnancies

Background: Hormonal and physiological changes during pregnancy period have significant effects on animals' metabolisms. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the variations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels according to different gestation trimesters of the pregnant mares to assess changes of embryonic losses and abortions. Materials, Methods & Results: Blood samples from 49 thoroughbred mares were analyzed during this study. Age ratio of the mares is 5-18 years and their body condition score (BCS; score 1 to 9) varies between 5 and 6. A total of 28 mares had given birth to healthy foals at the end of a healthy gestation period (Group C), whereas 11 mares had embryonic losses (Group E) and 10 mares had late period abortions (Group A). Following the confirmation of pregnancy, one blood sample per gestation trimester were taken (14-16 days of pregnancy for 1st trimester; 180 days for 2nd trimester, 270 days for 3rd trimester). Early embryonic losses (loss of a 16-25 days embryo) were observed in 6 of 11 mares in Group E and the 5 of 11 mares had late period embryonic losses (loss of a 35-40 days embryo). In Group A, 6 mares had the abortion within 7th month and the remaining 4 mares had the abortion within the 8th month of pregnancy. Repeated Measures ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were performed for statistical analysis, the mean AST level in Group C (n = 28) was higher during the 1st trimester in comparison to 2 following trimesters (respectively: P = 0.011 ; P = 0.01). Besides, no statistical difference was observed between 2nd and 3rd trimester regarding AST activation (P > 0.05). The mean GGT level in Group C was significantly decreased lower in the 3rd trimester compared to 1st and 2nd trimester (respectively: P = 0.007 ; P = 0.009). No statistical difference was observed between 2nd and 3rd trimester regarding GGT activation (P > 0.05). Among all groups (C, E, A) no significant difference was observed on AST levels (P > 0.05), nonetheless GGT levels had a significant rise (P = 0.039) in Group A in comparison to the 1st trimester levels of Group C. In Group A, there was a statistical decrease of AST during the 2nd trimester in comparison to the 1st trimester (P = 0.001), accompanied by a decrease of GGT activation during the 2nd trimester compared to the 1st trimester (P = 0.009). Discussion: The aminotransferases are catalisors that play an important role on the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates. Although serum AST levels were within the reference ranges during 3 trimesters in this study, serum AST levels were determined to be decreased in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters in healthy pregnant mares compared to the 1st trimester. It is thought that these results can be obtained due to the increase in metabolic needs during pregnancy. In this study, serum GGT levels remained within physiological limits with a tendency to decrease as the pregnancy advances, in accordance with previous study results. Serum GGT levels that are used as an indicator to liver damage may vary during the pregnancy as a result of increased metabolic load. It is thought that the increase of serum GGT levels in Group A might be related to the fetal (chromosome-related) issues that may result to pregnancy losses. As a result, it is considered that serum AST and GGT levels in mares might be valuable parameters that predict embryonic loss or abortus cases.

Effect of the injection of vitamins AD3E and the seasons on some blood traits, biochemical components and hormones of Arabi rams

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the injection of different levels of AD3E vitamins in improving the productivity and reproductive performance of the Arabi rams in different seasons. This study was conducted in the animal field of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah, Karmat Ali, for the period from December 2017 to March 2018 (three months winter) and June 2018 until September 2018 (three months in summer). The study used 21 Arabi sheep with 2.5 years old and weights from 55 to 60 kg, the animals were randomly distributed to three equal groups (each group of 7 rams). The control group was injected with a saline solution (distilled water), the second group with 2 ml of vitamin AD3E and the third group with 4 ml of vitamin AD3E, the injection was performed every two weeks. One month after the injection, the blood samples were collected (4 ml) from the jugular vein. Blood tests (RBC, Hb, PCV, and WBC) and blood plasma separation were performed. The chemical components (total protein, albumin, globulin), some enzymes (AST, ALT), and the hormones (testosterone, ICSH, FSH, and cortisol) were estimated. The summer months significantly (P < 0.05) affected the concentration of hormones (testosterone, ICSH, FSH, and cortisol). AST and ALT of Group 3 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the rest of the months. Total protein concentration, albumin, and globulin during December, August, and January were significantly higher (P < 0.05) over the rest of the months. G3 was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) than G2 and G1 in concentration. The results showed that WBC, PCV, Hb, and RBC of G3 recorded the highest values (P < 0.05) compared with G2 and G1 during summer.(AU)

Effect of the injection of vitamins AD3E and the seasons on some blood traits, biochemical components and hormones of Arabi rams

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the injection of different levels of AD3E vitamins in improving the productivity and reproductive performance of the Arabi rams in different seasons. This study was conducted in the animal field of the College of Agriculture - University of Basrah, Karmat Ali, for the period from December 2017 to March 2018 (three months winter) and June 2018 until September 2018 (three months in summer). The study used 21 Arabi sheep with 2.5 years old and weights from 55 to 60 kg, the animals were randomly distributed to three equal groups (each group of 7 rams). The control group was injected with a saline solution (distilled water), the second group with 2 ml of vitamin AD3E and the third group with 4 ml of vitamin AD3E, the injection was performed every two weeks. One month after the injection, the blood samples were collected (4 ml) from the jugular vein. Blood tests (RBC, Hb, PCV, and WBC) and blood plasma separation were performed. The chemical components (total protein, albumin, globulin), some enzymes (AST, ALT), and the hormones (testosterone, ICSH, FSH, and cortisol) were estimated. The summer months significantly (P < 0.05) affected the concentration of hormones (testosterone, ICSH, FSH, and cortisol). AST and ALT of Group 3 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to the rest of the months. Total protein concentration, albumin, and globulin during December, August, and January were significantly higher (P < 0.05) over the rest of the months. G3 was also significantly higher (P < 0.05) than G2 and G1 in concentration. The results showed that WBC, PCV, Hb, and RBC of G3 recorded the highest values (P < 0.05) compared with G2 and G1 during summer.

Effects of sublethal zinc ions and acute crude oil exposure on serum enzymes activity of Carassius gibelio

The current study was intended to investigate the responses of freshwater fish Carassius gibelio as an in vivo model by measuring the activity of the enzyme of the liver. Fish exposed to sub-lethal toxicities due to zinc metal and crude oil. Fish were treated to 0.6 and 1.2 mg/l for zinc ions as well as 500 and 2500 mg/l for crude oil during 96h, and the alterations in serum enzyme activities were determined aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Zinc toxicity elevated activity levelin hepatic enzymes in a significant way (P < 0.05). The present study appeared the slightly augmented levels of AST in the serum of C. gibelio when exposed to sub-lethal Zinc concentration while the serum ALT activity increased in response to the high level of Zn exposure when compared to control after (96 h). In addition, acute concentrations of crude oil after 96 h exposure can cause harmful effects on Carassius gibelio including the induction of (AST). However, not effecting found (ALT). We are concluded that changes in the activity of the enzyme can be considered as a pointer of the pollution impact in fish. (AU)

Effects of sublethal zinc ions and acute crude oil exposure on serum enzymes activity of Carassius gibelio

The current study was intended to investigate the responses of freshwater fish Carassius gibelio as an in vivo model by measuring the activity of the enzyme of the liver. Fish exposed to sub-lethal toxicities due to zinc metal and crude oil. Fish were treated to 0.6 and 1.2 mg/l for zinc ions as well as 500 and 2500 mg/l for crude oil during 96h, and the alterations in serum enzyme activities were determined aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Zinc toxicity elevated activity levelin hepatic enzymes in a significant way (P < 0.05). The present study appeared the slightly augmented levels of AST in the serum of C. gibelio when exposed to sub-lethal Zinc concentration while the serum ALT activity increased in response to the high level of Zn exposure when compared to control after (96 h). In addition, acute concentrations of crude oil after 96 h exposure can cause harmful effects on Carassius gibelio including the induction of (AST). However, not effecting found (ALT). We are concluded that changes in the activity of the enzyme can be considered as a pointer of the pollution impact in fish.

Serum metabolic markers pre and postpartum in holstein cows according to the mastitis occurrence

Background: Bovine mastitis causes major economic losses for milk producers by reducing the quantity and the quality of the milk or even leading to the complete loss of the mammary gland secretory capacity. During the transition period, dairy cows are susceptible to infectious diseases; therefore, markers that allow early identification of cows in higher risk of developing diseases are especially useful at this time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate serum markers in the pre and postpartum of multiparous dairy cows with clinical mastitis and with health condition in the postpartum period in a semi-extensive management system.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-Six Holstein cows were monitored daily during milking until 59 days postpartum and were categorized according to the pre-milking strip cup test into clinical mastitis (mastitis group (MG)) and absence of symptoms (control group (CG)) that were negative to the test, representing the health cows. All cows were reared as one group and maintained in a semi-extensive pasture-based system. Blood samples were collected weekly after morning milking via venipuncture of the coccinea vein into tubes without anticoagulant and grouped for prepartum (-21 to 0 days from calving), early postpartum (0 to 30 days from calving), and late postpartum (30 to 59 days from calving) periods. Milk production was recorded daily. The serum markers albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), phosphorus, gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS®. The cases of clinical mastitis occurred on average at 37.2 ± 4.9 days postpartum. Health cows (CG) had higher milk production compared to the mastitis group (MG) only in the late postpartum period (P 0.05).[...]

Serum metabolic markers pre and postpartum in holstein cows according to the mastitis occurrence

Background: Bovine mastitis causes major economic losses for milk producers by reducing the quantity and the quality of the milk or even leading to the complete loss of the mammary gland secretory capacity. During the transition period, dairy cows are susceptible to infectious diseases; therefore, markers that allow early identification of cows in higher risk of developing diseases are especially useful at this time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate serum markers in the pre and postpartum of multiparous dairy cows with clinical mastitis and with health condition in the postpartum period in a semi-extensive management system.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-Six Holstein cows were monitored daily during milking until 59 days postpartum and were categorized according to the pre-milking strip cup test into clinical mastitis (mastitis group (MG)) and absence of symptoms (control group (CG)) that were negative to the test, representing the health cows. All cows were reared as one group and maintained in a semi-extensive pasture-based system. Blood samples were collected weekly after morning milking via venipuncture of the coccinea vein into tubes without anticoagulant and grouped for prepartum (-21 to 0 days from calving), early postpartum (0 to 30 days from calving), and late postpartum (30 to 59 days from calving) periods. Milk production was recorded daily. The serum markers albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), phosphorus, gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS®. The cases of clinical mastitis occurred on average at 37.2 ± 4.9 days postpartum. Health cows (CG) had higher milk production compared to the mastitis group (MG) only in the late postpartum period (P < 0.05). There was no difference among groups for albumin and NEFA concentrations in all periods evaluated (P > 0.05).[...](AU)

The effect of different hormones and antibiotics on activity of ast enzyme and its isozymes in Wistar rats

Background: One of the valuable tests for diagnosis of cardiovascular and liver diseases is measuring of AST activity. One of the main enzymes of transaminases group is aspartate aminotransferase. Previous Studies have shown that some alteration may occur in mitochondria function as the result of different disease or taking different medication; these changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic AST isozymes can be the sign of disorders. According to the role of steroid hormone in induction of its effects on protein synthesis genes, this study is conducted to shed some light on mechanisms and the interference of steroid hormones and antibiotics.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, male Wistar rats were injected intramuscularly with Testosterone, progesterone and estradiol; while tetracycline and streptomycin injections were intraperitoneal. Testosterone, progesterone and estradiol injections were carried out in a short-term (15 days) and long-term (45 days) periods. Steroid hormones were dissolved in sesame in a way that by each injection, 0.2 mL sesame oil (containing specific amount of hormone) was injected to the rat. Control group was kept in the same condition except that their sesame oil injection contained no hormone. Tetracycline and Streptomycin injection was carried out for 5 days at 7 am and pm, at 50 mg/kg dosage intraperitoneally. In short- and long-term periods, rats were divided into four groups of 6-member. The concentrations were the same in the periods and 0.2 mL sesame oil was injected intramuscularly. 1 mg testosterone, 12 mg progesterone and 0.2 mg estradiol were intramuscularly injected to rats in group 2, 3 and 4, respectively [10]. Rats were divided into 9 six-member groups as follows:[...]

The effect of different hormones and antibiotics on activity of ast enzyme and its isozymes in Wistar rats

Background: One of the valuable tests for diagnosis of cardiovascular and liver diseases is measuring of AST activity. One of the main enzymes of transaminases group is aspartate aminotransferase. Previous Studies have shown that some alteration may occur in mitochondria function as the result of different disease or taking different medication; these changes in mitochondrial and cytosolic AST isozymes can be the sign of disorders. According to the role of steroid hormone in induction of its effects on protein synthesis genes, this study is conducted to shed some light on mechanisms and the interference of steroid hormones and antibiotics.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, male Wistar rats were injected intramuscularly with Testosterone, progesterone and estradiol; while tetracycline and streptomycin injections were intraperitoneal. Testosterone, progesterone and estradiol injections were carried out in a short-term (15 days) and long-term (45 days) periods. Steroid hormones were dissolved in sesame in a way that by each injection, 0.2 mL sesame oil (containing specific amount of hormone) was injected to the rat. Control group was kept in the same condition except that their sesame oil injection contained no hormone. Tetracycline and Streptomycin injection was carried out for 5 days at 7 am and pm, at 50 mg/kg dosage intraperitoneally. In short- and long-term periods, rats were divided into four groups of 6-member. The concentrations were the same in the periods and 0.2 mL sesame oil was injected intramuscularly. 1 mg testosterone, 12 mg progesterone and 0.2 mg estradiol were intramuscularly injected to rats in group 2, 3 and 4, respectively [10]. Rats were divided into 9 six-member groups as follows:[...](AU)

Lipidograma, função hepática e produção de leite em vacas suplementadas com somatotropina recombinante bovina / Serum lipid profile, hepatic function and milk production in cows supplemented with bovine recombinant somatotropin / Perfil de lípidos séricos, función hepática y producción de leche en vacas suplementadas con somatotropina bovina recombinante

O uso de bST é uma ferramenta que propicia um aumento considerável na produção diária de leite. Entretanto, esta suplementação pode ter influencia na função hepática e no lipidograma. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil lipídico e hepático e também a produção láctea de vacas suplementadas com este hormônio. Para isso, foram utilizadas 10 vacas em produção, 90 dias pós-parto, com média de 30 litros/dia. Realizaram-se cinco aplicações com intervalo de 14 dias entre elas. As coletas de sangue para análise de colesterol, triglicerídeos, AST, GGT e albumina foram feitas nos dias zero, 20, 40 e 60 do experimento. Já a produção de leite foi avaliada em três momentos dentro do período de 70 dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados tanto para perfil lipídico e função hepática, entretanto, promoveu uma maior produção de leite no período estudado. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a suplementação de bST não exerce influência negativa sobre o lipidograma de vacas leiteiras em produção, bem como não causa dano hepático durante a suplementação deste hormônio por um período de 70 dias e, também possibilita uma maior produção de leite neste período.(AU)

Milk production has a considerable increase with the use of bST in dairy cows. However, this supplementation may have influence on liver function and serum lipid profile. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the serum lipid profile and liver profile and milk production in cows supplemented with this hormone. For this, were used ten dairy cows, 90 days postpartum, with an average of 30 liters/day. Was performed five applications with an interval of 14 days between them. Blood samples for analysis of cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, GGT and albumin were made on days zero, 20, 40 and 60 of the experiment. The production of milk was evaluated in three times within 70 days. There was no difference between groups in any of the parameters evaluated for both serum lipid profile and liver function, but milk production was increased in control group. Therefore, it is concluded that supplementation of bST does not result negative influence on the serum lipid profile of dairy cows in production, and does not cause liver damage in supplementation for a period of 70 days, and increases milk production in this period.(AU)

El uso de la bST es una herramienta que proporciona un aumento considerable en la producción de leche diaria. Sin embargo, esta suplementación puede tener influencia en la función hepática y perfil lipídico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil lipídico y hepatico y también la producción de leche de vacas alimentadas con esta hormona. Para este fin, se utilizaron 10 vacas en producción, 90 días después del parto, con un promedio de 30 litros/día. Se realizó cinco veces con un intervalo de 14 días entre ellos. Las muestras de sangre para análisis de colesterol, triglicéridos, AST, GGT y la albúmina se hicieron a cero, 20, 40 y 60 días del experimento. La producción de leche se evaluó en tres veces dentro del periodo de 70 días. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en cualquiera de los parámetros evaluados para el perfil lipídico y la función del hígado, sin embargo, promueve una mayor producción de leche durante el período estudiado mucho. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la suplementación de la bST no ejerce influencia negativa sobre la producción de lípidos en vacas lecheras, y no causa daños en el hígado durante la suplementación de esta hormona durante un período de 70 días y también permite una mayor producción de leche este período.(AU)

Lipidograma, função hepática e produção de leite em vacas suplementadas com somatotropina recombinante bovina / Serum lipid profile, hepatic function and milk production in cows supplemented with bovine recombinant somatotropin / Perfil de lípidos séricos, función hepática y producción de leche en vacas suplementadas con somatotropina bovina recombinante

O uso de bST é uma ferramenta que propicia um aumento considerável na produção diária de leite. Entretanto, esta suplementação pode ter influencia na função hepática e no lipidograma. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil lipídico e hepático e também a produção láctea de vacas suplementadas com este hormônio. Para isso, foram utilizadas 10 vacas em produção, 90 dias pós-parto, com média de 30 litros/dia. Realizaram-se cinco aplicações com intervalo de 14 dias entre elas. As coletas de sangue para análise de colesterol, triglicerídeos, AST, GGT e albumina foram feitas nos dias zero, 20, 40 e 60 do experimento. Já a produção de leite foi avaliada em três momentos dentro do período de 70 dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados tanto para perfil lipídico e função hepática, entretanto, promoveu uma maior produção de leite no período estudado. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a suplementação de bST não exerce influência negativa sobre o lipidograma de vacas leiteiras em produção, bem como não causa dano hepático durante a suplementação deste hormônio por um período de 70 dias e, também possibilita uma maior produção de leite neste período.

Milk production has a considerable increase with the use of bST in dairy cows. However, this supplementation may have influence on liver function and serum lipid profile. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the serum lipid profile and liver profile and milk production in cows supplemented with this hormone. For this, were used ten dairy cows, 90 days postpartum, with an average of 30 liters/day. Was performed five applications with an interval of 14 days between them. Blood samples for analysis of cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, GGT and albumin were made on days zero, 20, 40 and 60 of the experiment. The production of milk was evaluated in three times within 70 days. There was no difference between groups in any of the parameters evaluated for both serum lipid profile and liver function, but milk production was increased in control group. Therefore, it is concluded that supplementation of bST does not result negative influence on the serum lipid profile of dairy cows in production, and does not cause liver damage in supplementation for a period of 70 days, and increases milk production in this period.

El uso de la bST es una herramienta que proporciona un aumento considerable en la producción de leche diaria. Sin embargo, esta suplementación puede tener influencia en la función hepática y perfil lipídico. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil lipídico y hepatico y también la producción de leche de vacas alimentadas con esta hormona. Para este fin, se utilizaron 10 vacas en producción, 90 días después del parto, con un promedio de 30 litros/día. Se realizó cinco veces con un intervalo de 14 días entre ellos. Las muestras de sangre para análisis de colesterol, triglicéridos, AST, GGT y la albúmina se hicieron a cero, 20, 40 y 60 días del experimento. La producción de leche se evaluó en tres veces dentro del periodo de 70 días. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en cualquiera de los parámetros evaluados para el perfil lipídico y la función del hígado, sin embargo, promueve una mayor producción de leche durante el período estudiado mucho. Por lo tanto, se concluye que la suplementación de la bST no ejerce influencia negativa sobre la producción de lípidos en vacas lecheras, y no causa daños en el hígado durante la suplementación de esta hormona durante un período de 70 días y también permite una mayor producción de leche este período.

Identification of Virulence Factors of Escherichia coli Isolates from Fecal Samples of Calves in Southern Brazil

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an enteropathogen that commonly causes diarrhea in calves. However, not all E. coli isolates are pathogenic. The aim of this study was to identify E. coli virulence factors derived from fecal samples collected in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) from calves with and without diarrhea, as well as investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates from calves with diarrhea.Materials, Methods & Results: Forty stool samples were collected in 12 farms, each one from calves having one day to six months of age, with and without diarrhea. The total DNA of from these isolates was extracted and a PCR using primers specific for the virulence factors Stx1, Eae, F41, F5 and STa was conducted. The susceptibility testing used the disk diffusion method and the susceptibility profile was evaluated against the following antimicrobials: ampicillin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline and streptomycin. From all calves, 15 (15/40, 37.5%) had diarrheal stools and 25 (25/40, 62.5%) had normal or semi-liquid stools. Twelve (12/40; 30%) E. coli isolates showed at least one virulence factor. These factors were found in four isolates (4/15; 26.6%) from diarrheal stools and eight isolates (8/25; 28.5%) from normal stool. The Stx1 factor was identified in five isolates (5

Identificação de fatores de virulência de isolados de Escherichia coli oriundos de fezes de bezerros na região Sul do Brasil / Identification of virulence factors of Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples of calves in southern Brazil

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an enteropathogen that commonly causes diarrhea in calves. However, not all E. coli isolates are pathogenic. The aim of this study was to identify E. coli virulence factors derived from fecal samples collected in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) from calves with and without diarrhea, as well as investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates from calves with diarrhea. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty stool samples were collected in 12 farms, each one from calves having one day to six months of age, with and without diarrhea. The total DNA of from these isolates was extracted and a PCR using primers specific for the virulence factors Stx1, Eae, F41, F5 and STa was conducted. The susceptibility testing used the disk diffusion method and the susceptibility profile was evaluated against the following antimicrobials: ampicillin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline and streptomycin. From all calves, 15 (15/40, 37.5%) had diarrheal stools and 25 (25/40, 62.5%) had normal or semi-liquid stools. Twelve (12/40; 30%) E. coli isolates showed at least one virulence factor. These factors were found in four isolates (4/15; 26.6%) from diarrheal stools and eight isolates (8/25; 28.5%) from normal stool. The Stx1 factor was identified in five isolates (5/40; 12.5%), and the Eae and the Sta factors in one (1/40; 0.2%) and in atypical associations between Stx1 and Eae and also between Eae and F41 in two isolates (2/40; 0.5%). Also, the Eae and Sta factors were identified in one isolate (1/40; 0.2%). The susceptibility test showed resistance to penicillin and tetracycline in 93% and 80% of the tested isolates, respectively. Discussion: The identification of virulence factors is necessary because E. coli is an enterobacterium present in calves gastrointestinal tract, to prove its pathogenicity. […](AU)

Identificação de fatores de virulência de isolados de Escherichia coli oriundos de fezes de bezerros na região Sul do Brasil / Identification of virulence factors of Escherichia coli isolates from fecal samples of calves in southern Brazil

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an enteropathogen that commonly causes diarrhea in calves. However, not all E. coli isolates are pathogenic. The aim of this study was to identify E. coli virulence factors derived from fecal samples collected in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) from calves with and without diarrhea, as well as investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates from calves with diarrhea. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty stool samples were collected in 12 farms, each one from calves having one day to six months of age, with and without diarrhea. The total DNA of from these isolates was extracted and a PCR using primers specific for the virulence factors Stx1, Eae, F41, F5 and STa was conducted. The susceptibility testing used the disk diffusion method and the susceptibility profile was evaluated against the following antimicrobials: ampicillin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, sulfonamide, tetracycline and streptomycin. From all calves, 15 (15/40, 37.5%) had diarrheal stools and 25 (25/40, 62.5%) had normal or semi-liquid stools. Twelve (12/40; 30%) E. coli isolates showed at least one virulence factor. These factors were found in four isolates (4/15; 26.6%) from diarrheal stools and eight isolates (8/25; 28.5%) from normal stool. The Stx1 factor was identified in five isolates (5/40; 12.5%), and the Eae and the Sta factors in one (1/40; 0.2%) and in atypical associations between Stx1 and Eae and also between Eae and F41 in two isolates (2/40; 0.5%). Also, the Eae and Sta factors were identified in one isolate (1/40; 0.2%). The susceptibility test showed resistance to penicillin and tetracycline in 93% and 80% of the tested isolates, respectively. Discussion: The identification of virulence factors is necessary because E. coli is an enterobacterium present in calves gastrointestinal tract, to prove its pathogenicity. […]

Habitat heterogeneity on feeding habit of two sympatric and congeneric characidae fishes in two tropical reservoirs / Heterogeneidade de habitat no hábito alimentar de duas espécies simpátricas e congenéricas de peixes caracídeos em dois reservatórios tropicais

Food flexibility and omnivory are important features pronounced in Neotropical freshwater fish species, particularly for Astyanax species. Traditionally most fish diet resources are known to be originated in the aquatic environment, however recent studies have pointed to the importance of allochthonous sources. Besides, the colonization of macrophytes, common at several tropical reservoirs, may enhance insectivory in fish diet expanding or concentrating the area of available resources for feeding. Here we employed stomach contents analysis of two sympatric Astyanax species to access the importance of habitat differentiations as spatial complexity in two tropical reservoirs with different environmental features. The NMDS analysis indicated separation in the diet of these species between reservoirs (Stress= 8.28%). Additionally, analysis of variance revealed a significative difference in the volume of food itens ingested between the reservoirs (Anova one-way F(1, 132)=4.4446; p= 0.037). This points out the importance of environmental conditions on the composition of the diet of fishes. This study highlighted the insectivorous feeding habit of Astyanax species and revealed different feeding strategies between sympatric fishes despite high niche overlap in both environments. Habitat heterogeneity increasing food resources availability plays an important role in the diet strategy of these Astyanax species and on their constant maintenance in the two different reservoirs.(AU)

A flexibilidade alimentar e onivoria são características das espécies de peixes de água doce neotropicais, especialmente em espécies de Astyanax. Tradicionalmente a maioria dos recursos na dieta de peixes é reconhecidamente originária do ambiente aquático, porém estudos recentes têm apontado para a importância das fontes alóctones. Além disso, a colonização de macrófi tas, comuns em vários reservatórios tropicais, pode melhorar os aspectos de insetivoria na dieta dos peixes expandindo ou concentrando a área disponível para a alimentação. Aqui analisamos o conteúdo estomacal de duas espécies de Astyanax simpátricas para avaliar a importância das diferenças de habitats, como a complexidade espacial, em dois reservatórios tropicais com diferentes características ambientais. A análise NMDS indicou separação na dieta destas espécies entre reservatórios (stress = 8.28%). Além disso, a análise de variância revelou uma diferença signifi cativa no volume de itens alimentares consumidos entre os reservatórios (Anova one-way F (1. 132) = 4,4446; p = 0.037), salientando a importância das condições ambientais na composição da dieta de peixes. O estudo destacou o hábito alimentar insetívoro das espécies de Astyanax e revelou diferentes estratégias de alimentação entre esses peixes simpátricos apesar da alta sobreposição de nicho nos dois ambientes. A heterogeneidade de hábitat aumentando a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares teve importância sobre a estratégia alimentar das espécies de Astyanax e consequentemente na manutenção constante de ambas nos dois diferentes reservatórios.(AU)

Habitat heterogeneity on feeding habit of two sympatric and congeneric characidae fishes in two tropical reservoirs / Heterogeneidade de habitat no hábito alimentar de duas espécies simpátricas e congenéricas de peixes caracídeos em dois reservatórios tropicais

Food flexibility and omnivory are important features pronounced in Neotropical freshwater fish species, particularly for Astyanax species. Traditionally most fish diet resources are known to be originated in the aquatic environment, however recent studies have pointed to the importance of allochthonous sources. Besides, the colonization of macrophytes, common at several tropical reservoirs, may enhance insectivory in fish diet expanding or concentrating the area of available resources for feeding. Here we employed stomach contents analysis of two sympatric Astyanax species to access the importance of habitat differentiations as spatial complexity in two tropical reservoirs with different environmental features. The NMDS analysis indicated separation in the diet of these species between reservoirs (Stress= 8.28%). Additionally, analysis of variance revealed a significative difference in the volume of food itens ingested between the reservoirs (Anova one-way F(1, 132)=4.4446; p= 0.037). This points out the importance of environmental conditions on the composition of the diet of fishes. This study highlighted the insectivorous feeding habit of Astyanax species and revealed different feeding strategies between sympatric fishes despite high niche overlap in both environments. Habitat heterogeneity increasing food resources availability plays an important role in the diet strategy of these Astyanax species and on their constant maintenance in the two different reservoirs.

A flexibilidade alimentar e onivoria são características das espécies de peixes de água doce neotropicais, especialmente em espécies de Astyanax. Tradicionalmente a maioria dos recursos na dieta de peixes é reconhecidamente originária do ambiente aquático, porém estudos recentes têm apontado para a importância das fontes alóctones. Além disso, a colonização de macrófi tas, comuns em vários reservatórios tropicais, pode melhorar os aspectos de insetivoria na dieta dos peixes expandindo ou concentrando a área disponível para a alimentação. Aqui analisamos o conteúdo estomacal de duas espécies de Astyanax simpátricas para avaliar a importância das diferenças de habitats, como a complexidade espacial, em dois reservatórios tropicais com diferentes características ambientais. A análise NMDS indicou separação na dieta destas espécies entre reservatórios (stress = 8.28%). Além disso, a análise de variância revelou uma diferença signifi cativa no volume de itens alimentares consumidos entre os reservatórios (Anova one-way F (1. 132) = 4,4446; p = 0.037), salientando a importância das condições ambientais na composição da dieta de peixes. O estudo destacou o hábito alimentar insetívoro das espécies de Astyanax e revelou diferentes estratégias de alimentação entre esses peixes simpátricos apesar da alta sobreposição de nicho nos dois ambientes. A heterogeneidade de hábitat aumentando a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares teve importância sobre a estratégia alimentar das espécies de Astyanax e consequentemente na manutenção constante de ambas nos dois diferentes reservatórios.

Habitat heterogeneity on feeding habit of two sympatric and congeneric characidae fishes in two tropical reservoirs

Abstract Food flexibility and omnivory are important features pronounced in Neotropical freshwater fish species, particularly for Astyanax species. Traditionally most fish diet resources are known to be originated in the aquatic environment, however recent studies have pointed to the importance of allochthonous sources. Besides, the colonization of macrophytes, common at several tropical reservoirs, may enhance insectivory in fish diet expanding or concentrating the area of available resources for feeding. Here we employed stomach contents analysis of two sympatric Astyanax species to access the importance of habitat differentiations as spatial complexity in two tropical reservoirs with different environmental features. The NMDS analysis indicated separation in the diet of these species between reservoirs (Stress= 8.28%). Additionally, analysis of variance revealed a significative difference in the volume of food itens ingested between the reservoirs (Anova one-way F(1, 132)=4.4446; p= 0.037). This points out the importance of environmental conditions on the composition of the diet of fishes. This study highlighted the insectivorous feeding habit of Astyanax species and revealed different feeding strategies between sympatric fishes despite high niche overlap in both environments. Habitat heterogeneity increasing food resources availability plays an important role in the diet strategy of these Astyanax species and on their constant maintenance in the two different reservoirs.

Resumo A flexibilidade alimentar e onivoria são características das espécies de peixes de água doce neotropicais, especialmente em espécies de Astyanax. Tradicionalmente a maioria dos recursos na dieta de peixes é reconhecidamente originária do ambiente aquático, porém estudos recentes têm apontado para a importância das fontes alóctones. Além disso, a colonização de macrófi tas, comuns em vários reservatórios tropicais, pode melhorar os aspectos de insetivoria na dieta dos peixes expandindo ou concentrando a área disponível para a alimentação. Aqui analisamos o conteúdo estomacal de duas espécies de Astyanax simpátricas para avaliar a importância das diferenças de habitats, como a complexidade espacial, em dois reservatórios tropicais com diferentes características ambientais. A análise NMDS indicou separação na dieta destas espécies entre reservatórios (stress = 8.28%). Além disso, a análise de variância revelou uma diferença signifi cativa no volume de itens alimentares consumidos entre os reservatórios (Anova one-way F (1. 132) = 4,4446; p = 0.037), salientando a importância das condições ambientais na composição da dieta de peixes. O estudo destacou o hábito alimentar insetívoro das espécies de Astyanax e revelou diferentes estratégias de alimentação entre esses peixes simpátricos apesar da alta sobreposição de nicho nos dois ambientes. A heterogeneidade de hábitat aumentando a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares teve importância sobre a estratégia alimentar das espécies de Astyanax e consequentemente na manutenção constante de ambas nos dois diferentes reservatórios.

DESEMPENHO DO SISTEMA VITEK 2 COMPACT (bioMérieux, France) NO TESTE DE SENSIBILIDADE A ANTIMICROBIANOS EM Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ISOLADOS DA PELE DE CÃES

Os equipamentos de automação para auxílio de diagnóstico fornecem resultados rápidos e precisos, quando bem padronizados. Na Medicina Veterinária eles são utilizados na hematologia, dosagens bioquímicas, dosagens hormonais e ensaios imunológicos, no entanto não se pode afirmar o mesmo para exames microbiológicos, nos quais rotineiramente se usam metodologias manuais para identificação bacteriana (ID) e teste de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos (TSA). A melhor forma de modernizar o diagnóstico microbiológico é com a inserção de equipamentos de automação para ID e TSA. O VITEK 2 Compact (bioMérieux®) é um aparelho automático de leitura fotométrica, para ID e TSA, amplamente utilizado em laboratórios de microbiologia humana. Objetivando-se o uso confiável na Medicina Veterinária é importante a realização testes de desempenho em microrganismos de interesse veterinário, como Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Este coco Gram-positivo é comensal da pele de cães e é o principal agente envolvido em piodermites e otites bacterianas. Assim este trabalho tem como objetivo testar o desempenho do VITEK 2 Compact no TSA em cepas de S. pseudintermedius isoladas da pele de cães, comparando com a técnica de Kirby-Bauer, disco difusão. As amostras clínicas foram obtidas de lesões características de piodermite canina, isoladas e identificadas. Foi realizado TSA, frente a 12 antimicrobianos de uso rotineiro na Medicina Veterinária, nas amostras identificadas como S. peudintermedius, tanto pela metodologia de Kirby-Bauer quanto pelo cartão AST-GP69 do Sistema Vitek 2. Foram contabilizados as concordâncias categóricas (CC), erros menores (eM) e erros maiores (EM) e realizado teste de sensibilidade e especificidade para cada antimicrobiano testado. Os resultados mostraram uma alta taxa de CC, 96,67%, um total de 0,83% de eM e 2,5% de EM. Todos os antimicrobianos testados apresentaram alto índice de sensibilidade e especificidade, com 11 dos 12 ultrapassando o valor de 90% de sensibilidade e especificidade. A partir destes resultados, pode-se afirmar que Vitek 2 compact possui valores de desempenho satisfatórios para o TSA em S. pseudintermedius.

Automation equipment for diagnostic aids provide fast and accurate results when well standardized. In Veterinary Medicine they are used in hematology, biochemical dosages, hormonal dosages and immunological assays, however the same cannot be said for microbiological examinations, which routinely use manual methodologies for bacterial identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (TSA). The best way to modernize microbiological diagnosis is by inserting automation equipment for ID and TSA. VITEK 2 Compact (bioMérieux®) is an automatic ID and TSA photometric reading device widely used in human microbiology laboratories. For reliable use in veterinary medicine, it is important to perform performance tests on microorganisms of veterinary interest, such as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. This Gram-positive coconut is commensal to dog skin and is the major agent involved in pyoderma and bacterial otitis. Thus, this work aims to test the performance of VITEK 2 Compact on TSA in strains of S. pseudintermedius isolated from dog skin, comparing with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Clinical samples were obtained from isolated and identified characteristic lesions of canine pyoderma. TSA was performed against 12 antimicrobials of routine use in Veterinary Medicine, in the samples identified as S. peudintermedius, both by the Kirby-Bauer methodology and by the AST-GP69 card of the Vitek 2 System. minor errors (eM) and major errors (MS) and a sensitivity and specificity test was performed for each antimicrobial tested. The results showed a high rate of WC, 96.67%, a total of 0.83% of EM and 2.5% of MS. All antimicrobials tested had a high sensitivity and specificity index, with 11 out of 12 exceeding 90% sensitivity and specificity. From these results, it can be stated that Vitek 2 compact has satisfactory performance values for TSA in S. pseudintermedius.

Evaluation of the diagnosis of perihepatitis in swine after slaughter and relationship with the levels of liver enzymes / Avaliação do diagnóstico de perihepatite em suínos após o abate e sua relação com os níveis de enzimas hepáticas

The liver is an organ with a differential value on the market. However, due to its metabolic functions it is susceptible to various types of alterations, including a large rate of disposal by perihepatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of perihepatitis by the Federal Inspection Service (FIS), according to histopathological examination and correlate these findings with plasmatic concentrations of AST and GGT. One hundred and fifty four culled sows of the Landrace breed were used. Slaughter was performed by the method of desensitization by electrical stimulation and subsequent exsanguination. Then 5 mL of whole blood was collected to evaluate concentrations of GGT and AST. During evisceration, liver condition was assessed by visual inspection and classified as good or condemned by perihepatitis. Also, fragments of the liver were collected to histopathologic examination. The alterations in the liver parenchyma were classified as degenerative, inflammatory or reparative. The alterations found in liver tissues, considered as perihepatitis by visual inspection, were often due to fibrosis, fatty degeneration or mild hepatitis. The serum concentrations of GGT were high. Moreover, it concentrations were higher in livers with lesions of inflammatory and degenerative nature when compared to livers without injuries (p 0.05).However, the same was not observed for AST concentrations (p>0.05). Concluding, the perihepatitis diagnosis from the FIS showed low specificity and sensitivity, and the enzyme GGT was a good indicator of liver injuries in swine.(AU)

O fígado é um órgão de valor comercial diferenciado, porém, em virtude das suas funções metabólicas, é susceptível a diversos tipos de alterações, destacando-se um grande número de descartes por perihepatite. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do diagnóstico desta alteração pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), segundo exame histopatológico, e correlacionar estes achados com os níveis plasmáticos de AST e GGT. Foram utilizadas 154 matrizes da raça Landrace de descarte. O abate foi feito com o método de insensibilização por estímulo elétrico e posterior sangria, sendo coletados 5 mL de sangue total, para determinação dos níveis de GGT e AST. Durante a evisceração, foi avaliada a condição do fígado pela inspeção sanitária classificando-o como liberado ou condenado por perihepatite. Fragmentos de fígado foram colhidos, para fins de comparações histopatológicas. Na presença de alteração do parênquima hepático, essa foi classificada em degenerativa, inflamatória ou reparativa. Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que as lesões encontradas no tecido hepático, consideradas como perihepatite pela inspeção sanitária, tratavam-se muitas vezes de alterações hepáticas como fibroses, degeneração gordurosa ou hepatites discretas. Os níveis de GGT se apresentaram elevados, sendo exacerbados em lesões de caráter inflamatório e degenerativo, em comparação com animais sem lesão hepática (p<0,05), o que não foi observado para os níveis de AST (p>0,05). Assim, observou-se que o diagnóstico de perihepatite pelo SIF apresentou baixa especificidade e sensibilidade, e que a enzima GGT é um bom indicador de lesões hepáticas em suínos.(AU)