Phosphorus sources in the growth and quality of arabica coffee seedlings produced in tubes / Fontes de fósforo no crescimento e qualidade de mudas de café arábica produzidas em tubetes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and quality of arabica coffee seedlings produced in tubes under different sources of phosphorus (P). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with ten treatments (control, Osmocote®, three doses of pelleted organomineral, three doses of mashed organomineral, MAP, coated MAP) and four replications, three plants per plot. The dose of organomineral, MAP, and MAP coated was based on the recommendation of P2O5for the formation of coffee seedlings.For Osmocote®, the manufacturer's recommendation was used depending on the amount, in dm³, of substrate. After 180 days of transplanting, the growth characteristics of the plants (leaf dry matter, stem, and roots) were evaluated, and the aerial part and root system ratio and Dickson's quality index were calculated, as well as regression equations were adjusted for the evaluated parameters. For the growth and quality of seedlings, it was observed that in fertilizations with pelleted and branched organomineral, coated MAP and Osmocote®, the highest averages were obtained for the contents of dry matter, height, diameter of the collection and quality indexes, when compared to the other sources of P2O5.The dose that provides the maximum growth and quality of coffee seedlings for the treatments with organomineral was calculated, this being equal to 6 g/dm³ of P2O5for bran and pelleted organomineral. According to the results, the sources that promoted the formation of a vigorous seedling, with an adequate supply of nutrients and a good quality standard are pelleted organonineral fertilization and MAP, reducing the risk of losses and consequently the need to discard the seedlings in the nursery.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de café arábica produzidas em tubetes sob diferentes fontes de fósforo(P). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento de blocos casualizados com dez tratamentos(controle, Osmocote®, três doses de organomineral peletizado, três doses de organomineral farelado, MAP, MAP revestido)e quatrorepetições, três plantas por parcela. A dose de organomineral, MAP e MAP revestidofoi baseada na recomendação de P2O5para a formação de mudas de café. Para Osmocote®, foi utilizada a recomendação do fabricante emfunção da quantidade, em dm³, de substrato. Após 180 dias do transplante, foram avaliadas as características de crescimento das plantas (matéria seca de folhas, caule e raízes), calculadas a razão parte aérea e sistema radicular e o índice de qualidade de Dickson, bem como ajustadas equações de regressão para os parâmetros avaliados. Para o crescimento e qualidade das mudas, observou-se que nas adubações com organomineral peletizado e farelado, MAP revestido e Osmocote®, as maiores médias para os teores de matéria seca, altura, diâmetro da coletae índices de qualidade, quando comparados as outras fontes de P2O5.Foi possível identificara dose que proporciona o máximo crescimento e qualidade de mudas de café para os tratamentos com organomineral, sendo esta igual a 6 g/dm³ de P2O5para o organomineral farelado e peletizado. De acordo com os resultados, as fontes que promoveram a formação de uma muda vigorosa, com aporte adequado de nutrientes e um bom padrão de qualidade são a adubação organomineral peletizada e MAP, reduzindo o risco de perdas e consequentemente a necessidade de descarte das mudas no viveiro.(AU)

Commercial characteristics of coffee seedlings produced with different sources of phosphorus and plant growth-promoting bacteria / Características comerciais de mudas de café produzidas com diferentes fontes de fósforo e bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas

Considered the economic engine of many countries, the coffee culture represents an important component of the agricultural chain in Brazil. The growing values of commercialization, planting areas, and crop productivity require the acquisition of quality seedlings, which must receive adequate nutritional support through efficient fertilizers. Slow and controlled-release fertilizers, such as organominerals, gain prominence when it comes to increasing efficiency in the use of phosphorus, as well as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) with phosphate solubilizing characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different sources of mineral and organomineral fertilizers, inoculated and non-inoculated with PGPB on the quality parameters of coffee seedlings. In general, the P sources used in the experiment positively interfered with the development of coffee seedlings. This proves that there is a need for nutritional supplementation for the good development of the seedlings. Among the sources used, the organomineral in granulated form showed better performance in coffee seedlings' growth and physiological parameters, proving to be a viable alternative to commonly used fertilizers. The addition of PGPB showed a significant advantage for seedling quality variables.

Considerado o motor econômico de muitos países, a cultura do café representa um importante componente da cadeia agrícola no Brasil. Os crescentes valores de comercialização, das áreas de plantio e da produtividade da cultura requerem aquisição de mudas de qualidade, que devem receber adequado aporte nutricional através do uso eficiente de fertilizantes. Fertilizantes de liberação lenta e controlada, a exemplo dos organominerais, ganham destaque quando se trata de aumento da eficiência no uso do fósforo, assim como as bactérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (BPCP) com características solubilizadoras de fosfato. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de fertilizantes mineral e organomineral, inoculados e não inoculados com BPCP, sobre parâmetros de qualidade de mudas de café. De forma geral, as fontes de P utilizadas no experimento interferiram positivamente no desenvolvimento das mudas de café. Isso comprova que existe a necessidade de complementação nutricional para um bom desenvolvimento das mudas. Dentre as fontes utilizadas, o organomineral na forma granulada apresentou melhor desempenho nos parâmetros de crescimento e fisiológicos das mudas de café, mostrando ser uma alternativa viável aos fertilizantes comumente utilizados. A adição de BPCP apresentou vantagem significativa para as variáveis de qualidade das mudas.

Soil enzymatic activity under coffee cultivation with different water regimes associated to liming and intercropped brachiaria / Atividade enzimática de solo sob cultivo de café com diferentes regimes hídricos associados a calagem e braquiária nas entrelinhas

This research evaluated the effects of coffee cultivation with two different water regimes associated or not with liming and the presence/absence of brachiaria as intercrop on the activities of the soil enzymes ß-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase. The study was carried out at the experimental farm of Embrapa Cerrados, using the cultivar IAC 144 (Coffea arabica L.), under a clayey dystrophic Cerrado Oxisol. Two water regimes (WR) were considered, WR1 with irrigation shifts throughout the year and WR3 with controlled water stress, for about 70 days, in the dry season. In each water regime, effects of lime application (with/without) and the presence/absence of brachiaria cultivated between the lines of coffee plants were evaluated. The activities of the enzymes ß-glucosidase, arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase were evaluated during the rainy and dry seasons. Liming and intercropped brachiaria positively affected the activities of the three enzymes assessed in this study at varying degrees, depending on season and/or the WR. Our findings evidenced that intercropped brachiaria in coffee rows was the factor that most positively impacted soil enzymes activities.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do cultivo do café sobre a atividade das enzimas do solo ß-glicosidase, arilsulfatase e fosfatase ácida em função de dois diferentes regimes hídricos associados ou não à calagem e ao cultivo de braquiária nas entrelinhas. Esse estudo foi realizado em um experimento conduzido no campo experimental do Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados, utilizando a cultivar IAC 144 (Coffea arabica L.), sob um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso. Foram considerados dois regimes hídricos (RH), RH1 com irrigação plena em turnos de rega ao longo do ano e RH3 com estresse hídrico controlado, por cerca de 70 dias, na época seca. Em cada regime hídrico foram avaliadas a aplicação ou não de calcário em cobertura e a presença ou ausência de braquiária cultivada nas entrelinhas das plantas do cafezal. As atividades das enzimas ß-glicosidase, arilsulfatase e fosfatase ácida foram avaliadas durante as estações chuvosa e seca. A calagem e a presença de braquiária nas entrelinhas tiveram efeito positivo sobre a atividade das três enzimas avaliadas nesse estudo, em graus variáveis, dependendo da época de coleta das amostras e/ou do RH. Nossos resultados evidenciam que a braquiária nas entrelinhas do café foi o fator de maior impacto positivo sobre a atividade enzimática do solo.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid to control coffee rust

The exogenous application of salicylic acid can induce plant resistance against pathogens. However, little is known about the potential uses of this bioregulator for controlling coffee diseases. In this study, we assessed the effect of applying salicylic acid (SA – 150 mg L-1) on the management of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in a 7-year-old coffee plantation with low crop load (651.6 kg ha-1 in 2017). For comparison, plants were sprayed with protectant fungicide (copper hydroxide – CH) and standard fungicides (SF) used by local farmers (boscalid, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, and copper hydroxide). Non-treated plants were included as a negative control. Five monthly applications were performed from November 2016 to March 2017. Rust incidence and severity, defoliation, and growth of plagiotropic branches were evaluated monthly. The activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total proteins was assessed one day after the first, third, and fifth product applications. Compared to untreated plants, SA reduced the severity and incidence of rust from 36.3 to 54.7%, while CH and SF reduced disease from 31.8 to 54.6% and from 83.8 to 88%, respectively. SA reduced defoliation by 54.1%. SA increased the concentration of CAT, APX, and SOD after the first application. However, this effect was not observed after subsequent applications. Foliar application of SA reduces the severity and incidence of coffee rust and defoliation in plants with a low crop load.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid to control coffee rust

The exogenous application of salicylic acid can induce plant resistance against pathogens. However, little is known about the potential uses of this bioregulator for controlling coffee diseases. In this study, we assessed the effect of applying salicylic acid (SA 150 mg L-1) on the management of coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in a 7-year-old coffee plantation with low crop load (651.6 kg ha-1 in 2017). For comparison, plants were sprayed with protectant fungicide (copper hydroxide CH) and standard fungicides (SF) used by local farmers (boscalid, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, and copper hydroxide). Non-treated plants were included as a negative control. Five monthly applications were performed from November 2016 to March 2017. Rust incidence and severity, defoliation, and growth of plagiotropic branches were evaluated monthly. The activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total proteins was assessed one day after the first, third, and fifth product applications. Compared to untreated plants, SA reduced the severity and incidence of rust from 36.3 to 54.7%, while CH and SF reduced disease from 31.8 to 54.6% and from 83.8 to 88%, respectively. SA reduced defoliation by 54.1%. SA increased the concentration of CAT, APX, and SOD after the first application. However, this effect was not observed after subsequent applications. Foliar application of SA reduces the severity and incidence of coffee rust and defoliation in plants with a low crop load.(AU)

Parasitism of Meloidogyne exigua races 1 and 2 in coffee plants derived from Timor Hybrid / Parasitismo de Meloidogyne exigua raças 1 e 2 em cafeeiros derivados do Híbrido de Timor

To investigate the degree of parasitism of two populations of Meloidogyne exigua, the gall index (GI) and the reproduction factor (RF) of M. exigua races 1 (Est E2) and 2 (Est E1) were analyzed in 47 progenies on F3:4 or F4:5 generation derived from the crossing between Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo and Timor Hybrid. C. canephora cv. Apoatã IAC 2258 and C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 were used as resistance and susceptibility checks, respectively. The genotypes that were classified as resistant or susceptible by RF were similarly classified by GI, showing a close relationship between both methodologies. The data also indicated no differences in virulence between the nematode populations, since the progenies showed similar resistance reactions to the M. exigua races 1 and 2. According to GI from the 47 mother plants evaluated, 27 progenies (57.4%) were classified as resistant to M. exigua races 1 and 2, with GI ranging from 0.0 to 1.4 and 20 progenies (42.6%) were susceptible with GI from 2.6 to 4.4. These results showed that most of the evaluated germplasm was very promising in relation to the development of new Arabica coffee cultivars with resistance to M. exigua.(AU)

Com o objetivo de investigar o grau de parasitismo de duas populações de Meloidogyne exigua, o índice de galhas (IG) e o fator de reprodução (FR) de M. exigua raças 1 (Est E2) e 2 (Est E1) foram analisados em 47 progênies na geração F3:4 ou F4:5, derivadas do cruzamento entre Coffea arabica cv. Catuaí Amarelo e Híbrido de Timor. Plantas de C. canephora cv. Apoatã IAC 2258 e C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 foram usadas como padrão de resistência e de suscetibilidade, respectivamente. Os genótipos que foram classificados como resistentes ou suscetíveis pelo FR foram similarmente classificados pelo IG, mostrando uma estreita relação entre as duas metodologias para a avaliação da resistência. Os dados também indicaram que não houve diferenças quanto à virulência entre as duas populações do nematoide, uma vez que as progênies mostraram similar reação de resistência a M. exigua raça 1 e 2. De acordo com o IG, das 47 plantas-mãe avaliadas, 27 progenies (57,4%) foram classificadas como resistentes a M. exigua raças 1 e 2, com IG variando de 0,0 a 1,4 e 20 progenies (42,6%) foram suscetíveis, com IG variando de 2,6 a 4,4. Esses resultados mostraram que a maioria dos germoplasmas avaliados foi muito promissora em relação ao desenvolvimento de novas cultivares de café Arábica com resistência a M. exigua.(AU)

Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK) as a candidate gene conferring resistance to Hemileia vastatrix in coffee

The biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix causes coffee leaf rust (CLR), one of the most devastating diseases in Coffea arabica. Coffee, like other plants, has developed effective mechanisms to recognize and respond to infections caused by pathogens. Plant resistance gene analogs (RGAs) have been identified in certain plants as candidates for resistance (R) genes or membrane receptors that activate the R genes. The RGAs identified in different plants possess conserved domains that play specific roles in the fight against pathogens. Despite the importance of RGAs, in coffee plants these genes and other molecular mechanisms of disease resistance are still unknown. This study aimed to sequence and characterize candidate genes from coffee plants with the potential for involvement in resistance to H. vastatrix . Sequencing was performed based on a library of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) of the coffee clone Híbrido de Timor (HdT) CIFC 832/2 and screened using a functional marker. Two RGAs, HdT_LRR_RLK1 and HdT_LRR_RLK2, containing the motif of leucine-rich repeat-like kinase (LRR-RLK) were identified. Based on the presence or absence of the HdT_LRR_RLK2 RGA in a number of differential coffee clones containing different combinations of the rust resistance gene, these RGAs did not correspond to any resistance gene already characterized (SH1-9). These genes were also analyzed using qPCR and demonstrated a major expression peak at 24 h after inoculation in both the compatible and incompatible interactions between coffee and H. vastatrix . These results are valuable information for breeding programs aimed at developing CLR-resistant cultivars, in addition to enabling a better understanding of the interactions between coffee and H. vastatrix .(AU)

Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK) as a candidate gene conferring resistance to Hemileia vastatrix in coffee

The biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix causes coffee leaf rust (CLR), one of the most devastating diseases in Coffea arabica. Coffee, like other plants, has developed effective mechanisms to recognize and respond to infections caused by pathogens. Plant resistance gene analogs (RGAs) have been identified in certain plants as candidates for resistance (R) genes or membrane receptors that activate the R genes. The RGAs identified in different plants possess conserved domains that play specific roles in the fight against pathogens. Despite the importance of RGAs, in coffee plants these genes and other molecular mechanisms of disease resistance are still unknown. This study aimed to sequence and characterize candidate genes from coffee plants with the potential for involvement in resistance to H. vastatrix . Sequencing was performed based on a library of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) of the coffee clone Híbrido de Timor (HdT) CIFC 832/2 and screened using a functional marker. Two RGAs, HdT_LRR_RLK1 and HdT_LRR_RLK2, containing the motif of leucine-rich repeat-like kinase (LRR-RLK) were identified. Based on the presence or absence of the HdT_LRR_RLK2 RGA in a number of differential coffee clones containing different combinations of the rust resistance gene, these RGAs did not correspond to any resistance gene already characterized (SH1-9). These genes were also analyzed using qPCR and demonstrated a major expression peak at 24 h after inoculation in both the compatible and incompatible interactions between coffee and H. vastatrix . These results are valuable information for breeding programs aimed at developing CLR-resistant cultivars, in addition to enabling a better understanding of the interactions between coffee and H. vastatrix .

Chemical analyses of flowers and leaves for nutritional diagnoses of coffee trees / Diagnóstico nutricional do cafeeiro por meio de análise floral e foliar

ABSTRACT: The chemical analysis of flowers has been studied for some crops. In coffee trees, the flower tissue analysis could anticipate the nutritional diagnosis. This study aimed to: (i) compare the mineral composition of coffee flowers and leaves; and to (ii) generate reference values for nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees, based on flower and leaf analysis. Nutrient content of flowers and leaves and coffee productivity were evaluated in 26 commercial farms located in Manhuaçu, MG, Brazil throughout three years. The critical nutrient content range in flowers are respectively: 2.78 - 3.17, 0.23 - 0.28, 2.80 - 3.12, 0.30 - 0.37, 0.24 - 0.30, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 17 - 21, 12 - 18, 52 - 80, 26 - 43, and 28 - 48 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. For leaves, the critical nutrient ranges are respectively: 2.63 - 2.86, 0.13 - 0.14, 2.13 - 2.33, 1.04 - 1.22, 0.27 - 0.33, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 9 - 14, 15 - 23, 80 - 115, 99 - 148, and 31 - 37 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. The nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees for N, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Mn can be anticipated using flower analysis.

RESUMO: A análise química de flores tem sido estudada em algumas culturas. Para o cafeeiro, a análise do tecido floral possibilitaria a antecipação do diagnóstico nutricional das lavouras. O estudo objetivou (i) comparar a composição mineral de flores e de folhas de cafeeiros (ii) e gerar normas para diagnose nutricional do cafeeiro com base na análise de tecidos de flores e folhas das plantas. Para isso, foram avaliados os teores de nutrientes em flores e folhas e a produtividade de café em 26 lavouras comerciais na região de Manhuaçu, MG, durante três anos. As faixas críticas de nutrientes determinadas em flores são: 2,78 - 3,17; 0,23 - 0,28; 2,80 - 3,12; 0,30 - 0,37; 0,24 - 0,30; 0,15 - 0,18 dag kg-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, e 17 - 21; 12 - 18; 52 - 80; 26 - 43 e 28 - 48 mg kg-1 para Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B, respectivamente. As faixas críticas de nutrientes em folhas foram: 2,63 - 2,86; 0,13 - 0,14; 2,13 - 2,33; 1,04 - 1,22; 0,27 - 0,33; 0,15 - 0,18 dag kg-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, e 9 - 14; 15 - 23; 80 - 115; 99 - 148 e 31 - 37 mg kg-1 para Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B, respectivamente. A diagnose nutricional do cafeeiro, quanto aos nutrientes N, P, Ca, Fe, Cu e Mn, pode ser antecipada por meio da análise de flores.

Chemical analyses of flowers and leaves for nutritional diagnoses of coffee trees / Diagnóstico nutricional do cafeeiro por meio de análise floral e foliar

The chemical analysis of flowers has been studied for some crops. In coffee trees, the flower tissue analysis could anticipate the nutritional diagnosis. This study aimed to: (i) compare the mineral composition of coffee flowers and leaves; and to (ii) generate reference values for nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees, based on flower and leaf analysis. Nutrient content of flowers and leaves and coffee productivity were evaluated in 26 commercial farms located in Manhuaçu, MG, Brazil throughout three years. The critical nutrient content range in flowers are respectively: 2.78 - 3.17, 0.23 - 0.28, 2.80 - 3.12, 0.30 - 0.37, 0.24 - 0.30, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 17 - 21, 12 - 18, 52 - 80, 26 - 43, and 28 - 48 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. For leaves, the critical nutrient ranges are respectively: 2.63 - 2.86, 0.13 - 0.14, 2.13 - 2.33, 1.04 - 1.22, 0.27 - 0.33, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 9 - 14, 15 - 23, 80 - 115, 99 - 148, and 31 - 37 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. The nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees for N, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Mn can be anticipated using flower analysis.(AU)

A análise química de flores tem sido estudada em algumas culturas. Para o cafeeiro, a análise do tecido floral possibilitaria a antecipação do diagnóstico nutricional das lavouras. O estudo objetivou (i) comparar a composição mineral de flores e de folhas de cafeeiros (ii) e gerar normas para diagnose nutricional do cafeeiro com base na análise de tecidos de flores e folhas das plantas. Para isso, foram avaliados os teores de nutrientes em flores e folhas e a produtividade de café em 26 lavouras comerciais na região de Manhuaçu, MG, durante três anos. As faixas críticas de nutrientes determinadas em flores são: 2,78 - 3,17; 0,23 - 0,28; 2,80 - 3,12; 0,30 - 0,37; 0,24 - 0,30; 0,15 - 0,18 dag kg-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, e 17 - 21; 12 - 18; 52 - 80; 26 - 43 e 28 - 48 mg kg-1 para Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B, respectivamente. As faixas críticas de nutrientes em folhas foram: 2,63 - 2,86; 0,13 - 0,14; 2,13 - 2,33; 1,04 - 1,22; 0,27 - 0,33; 0,15 - 0,18 dag kg-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, e 9 - 14; 15 - 23; 80 - 115; 99 - 148 e 31 - 37 mg kg-1 para Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B, respectivamente. A diagnose nutricional do cafeeiro, quanto aos nutrientes N, P, Ca, Fe, Cu e Mn, pode ser antecipada por meio da análise de flores.(AU)

Projective mapping: potential tool for sensory evaluation of coffees for industrial application / Projective mapping: potencial ferramenta para avaliação sensorial de cafés para aplicação na indústria

Sensory analysis is an important tool to control and improve the quality of food products. This study aimed to evaluate the sensory attributes and consumer preference of coffee beverages prepared from roasted ground coffee (Coffea arabica) of different brands sold in Minas Gerais, Brazil, using projective mapping and assess the relationship of sensory attributes and consumer preferences with physicochemical properties. Titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, color, crude fat, protein, total phenolic content, caffeine, trigonelline, 5-caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid were determined. Physicochemical properties showed good agreement with projective mapping data. Samples associated with high acidity in the projective mapping task had the highest levels of 5-caffeoylquinic acid. Coffees associated with bitter/roasted taste and darker colors had typical physicochemical characteristics and color properties of dark-roasted coffee. The sample perceived as thin had the lowest soluble solids content. Consumers preferred traditional, dark-roasted coffee over gourmet, light-roasted coffee. Projective mapping is an effective technique for assessing the sensory attributes of brewed coffee.(AU)

A avaliação dos atributos sensoriais pode ser uma ferramenta importante para controlar e melhorar a qualidade de produtos alimentícios. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever sensorialmente amostras de café torrado e moído da espécie arábica de diferentes marcas brasileiras por teste descritivo avançado (projective mapping) e relacionar os dados obtidos com resultados físico-químicos. Foram analisados acidez titulável, pH, sólidos solúveis, cor, lipídeos, proteínas, compostos fenólicos, cafeína, trigonelina, ácido 5-cafeoilquínico e ácido caféico. Os resultados obtidos nas análises físico-químicas foram coerentes com os atributos relacionados aos cafés no projective mapping. Os cafés agrupados no projective mapping próximos ao atributo acidez foram os que apresentaram os maiores valores de ácido 5-cafeoilquínico. Os cafés associados ao sabor amargo/torrado e cor concentrada apresentaram cor mais escura na análise colorimétrica e características físico-químicas de torrefação escura. O café considerado bebida diluída foi o que apresentou menor valor de sólidos solúveis. Os resultados mostraram que o projective mapping é eficiente para análises sensoriais descritivas de café e que o público testado tem preferência por cafés tradicionais com torrefação escura.(AU)

Evaluation of leaf and root absorptions of glyphosate in the growth of coffee plants / Avaliação da absorção foliar e radicular de glifosato no crescimento de plantas de café

Intoxication by dispersion of glyphosate droplets in coffee seedlings is common and, in addition to the problem of drift, there are reports of contamination of this herbicide to a nontarget plant via the rhizosphere. Hydroponics allows the comparison of the translocation of the glyphosate absorbed by the foliage or the roots and avoids the interaction with the soil, which could hamper the achievement of more accurate conclusions when it is absorbed by the root. Thus, the toxicity of glyphosate sublethal dosages in the initial growth of coffee plants in hydroponics was evaluated by applying four sublethal dosages in two different locations (solution and leaf). Fifty days after the application of the herbicide, the intoxication percentage and the growth of the coffee seedlings were evaluated. From the reduced dose of 115.2 g·ha-1 of glyphosate, height reductions, root length; number of leaves, dry mass of leaf, roots and total, leaf area, and leaf mass ratio were observed. The first two parameters were observed only in leaf application and the others via leaf and solution. The aerial part­root ratio system had an increase in herbicide sublethal dosages when applied to leaves and the ratio of leaf area and specific leaf area increased in both applications. Sublethal dosages of glyphosate applied to young coffee plants under hydroponic conditions impair their growth, and it is more accentuated with increasing doses and when the leaves, instead of the roots, absorb the herbicide.(AU)

Intoxicação por dispersão das gotas de glifosato em mudas de café são comuns, além do problema da deriva, há relatos da passagem desse herbicida para planta não alvo via rizosfera. A hidroponia possibilita comparar a translocação do glifosato absorvido pelas folhagens ou raízes e evita a interação do solo que poderia dificultar a obtenção de conclusões mais precisas quando absorvido pela raiz. Assim, a toxidade de subdoses de glifosato no crescimento inicial de plantas de café em hidroponia foi avaliada aplicando-se quatro subdoses em dois locais distintos (solução e folha). Cinquenta dias após a aplicação do herbicida, a porcentagem de intoxicação e o crescimento das mudas de café foram avaliados. A partir da subdose de 115,2 g·ha-1 de glifosato observaram-se reduções da altura; comprimento radicular; número de folhas; massa seca da folha, raiz, radicular e total; área foliar; razão de massa foliar, sendo os dois primeiros parâmetros observados somente na aplicação foliar e os demais via foliar e solução. A relação parte aérea/sistema radicular aumentaram com o incremento das subdoses do herbicida quando aplicado nas folhas e a razão de área foliar e área foliar específica aumentaram em ambas as vias de aplicação. Subdoses de glifosato aplicadas em plantas jovens de café, em condições hidropônicas, prejudicam o seu crescimento sendo mais acentuados com o aumento das doses e quando o herbicida é absorvido pelas folhas em relação à absorção radicular.(AU)

Influência de fragmentos florestais sobre a nidificação de vespas sociais (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) em cafeeiro / Influence of forest fragments on the nesting of social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in coffee plant

O desmatamento imposto por culturas agrícolas afeta negativamente as interações ecológicas protagonizadas por determinadas espécies, como as vespas sociais. Uma hipótese é que o tamanho dos fragmentos florestais e sua proximidade destas culturas podem influenciar na nidificação das vespas sociais na área de plantio. Objetivou-se, portanto, testar esta hipótese. O trabalho ocorreu em Inconfidentes e Ouro Fino, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O método utilizado foi a busca ativa, percorrendo os fragmentos de mata e áreas associadas por um período de 32 dias, distribuídos entre janeiro de 2014 e janeiro de 2016. Foram amostradas duas áreas de plantio de café (A1 com 25 hectares e A2 com cinco) associadas a fragmentos de tamanhos diferentes. Foram registradas 55 colônias de 20 espécies. Na cultura associada a um sistema ecológico mais diversificado (A1), as vespas sociais estabeleceram suas colônias na planta do café. Na cultura associada a fragmentos menores e sistema ecológico mais simplificado (A2), elas apresentaram dificuldade de nidificação no cafezal. Entretanto, mesmo o fragmento florestal menor associado à A2 mostrou-se relevante para a manutenção das vespas sociais, evidenciando a importância da manutenção de fragmentos florestais próximo às culturas.

Deforestation imposed by agricultural crops negatively affects ecological interactions carried out by certain species, such as social wasps. One hypothesis is that the size of the forest fragments and their proximity to these crops may influence the nesting of social wasps in the crop area. Therefore, the objective was to test this hypothesis. The study was made in Inconfidentes and Ouro Fino, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The method used was an active search, covering the forest fragments and associated areas for 32 days, distributed between January 2014 and January 2016. It was sampled two coffee plantation areas (A1 with 25 hectares and A2 with five hectares), both associated with forest fragments with different sizes. We recorded 55 colonies with 20 species. In the crop associated with a more diversified ecological system (A1), the social wasps were able to establish their colonies in the coffee plant. In the crop associated with smaller fragments and more simplified ecological system (A2), the social wasps presented difficulty on nesting on the coffee plant. Nevertheless, even the forest fragment associated with A2 being smaller, it was relevant for the maintenance of social wasps, which evidences the importance of the maintenance of forest fragments near the crops.

Evaluation of leaf and root absorptions of glyphosate in the growth of coffee plants / Avaliação da absorção foliar e radicular de glifosato no crescimento de plantas de café

Intoxication by dispersion of glyphosate droplets in coffee seedlings is common and, in addition to the problem of drift, there are reports of contamination of this herbicide to a nontarget plant via the rhizosphere. Hydroponics allows the comparison of the translocation of the glyphosate absorbed by the foliage or the roots and avoids the interaction with the soil, which could hamper the achievement of more accurate conclusions when it is absorbed by the root. Thus, the toxicity of glyphosate sublethal dosages in the initial growth of coffee plants in hydroponics was evaluated by applying four sublethal dosages in two different locations (solution and leaf). Fifty days after the application of the herbicide, the intoxication percentage and the growth of the coffee seedlings were evaluated. From the reduced dose of 115.2 g·ha-1 of glyphosate, height reductions, root length; number of leaves, dry mass of leaf, roots and total, leaf area, and leaf mass ratio were observed. The first two parameters were observed only in leaf application and the others via leaf and solution. The aerial part­root ratio system had an increase in herbicide sublethal dosages when applied to leaves and the ratio of leaf area and specific leaf area increased in both applications. Sublethal dosages of glyphosate applied to young coffee plants under hydroponic conditions impair their growth, and it is more accentuated with increasing doses and when the leaves, instead of the roots, absorb the herbicide.(AU)

Intoxicação por dispersão das gotas de glifosato em mudas de café são comuns, além do problema da deriva, há relatos da passagem desse herbicida para planta não alvo via rizosfera. A hidroponia possibilita comparar a translocação do glifosato absorvido pelas folhagens ou raízes e evita a interação do solo que poderia dificultar a obtenção de conclusões mais precisas quando absorvido pela raiz. Assim, a toxidade de subdoses de glifosato no crescimento inicial de plantas de café em hidroponia foi avaliada aplicando-se quatro subdoses em dois locais distintos (solução e folha). Cinquenta dias após a aplicação do herbicida, a porcentagem de intoxicação e o crescimento das mudas de café foram avaliados. A partir da subdose de 115,2 g·ha-1 de glifosato observaram-se reduções da altura; comprimento radicular; número de folhas; massa seca da folha, raiz, radicular e total; área foliar; razão de massa foliar, sendo os dois primeiros parâmetros observados somente na aplicação foliar e os demais via foliar e solução. A relação parte aérea/sistema radicular aumentaram com o incremento das subdoses do herbicida quando aplicado nas folhas e a razão de área foliar e área foliar específica aumentaram em ambas as vias de aplicação. Subdoses de glifosato aplicadas em plantas jovens de café, em condições hidropônicas, prejudicam o seu crescimento sendo mais acentuados com o aumento das doses e quando o herbicida é absorvido pelas folhas em relação à absorção radicular.(AU)

Influência de fragmentos florestais sobre a nidificação de vespas sociais (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) em cafeeiro / Influence of forest fragments on the nesting of social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in coffee plant

O desmatamento imposto por culturas agrícolas afeta negativamente as interações ecológicas protagonizadas por determinadas espécies, como as vespas sociais. Uma hipótese é que o tamanho dos fragmentos florestais e sua proximidade destas culturas podem influenciar na nidificação das vespas sociais na área de plantio. Objetivou-se, portanto, testar esta hipótese. O trabalho ocorreu em Inconfidentes e Ouro Fino, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O método utilizado foi a busca ativa, percorrendo os fragmentos de mata e áreas associadas por um período de 32 dias, distribuídos entre janeiro de 2014 e janeiro de 2016. Foram amostradas duas áreas de plantio de café (A1 com 25 hectares e A2 com cinco) associadas a fragmentos de tamanhos diferentes. Foram registradas 55 colônias de 20 espécies. Na cultura associada a um sistema ecológico mais diversificado (A1), as vespas sociais estabeleceram suas colônias na planta do café. Na cultura associada a fragmentos menores e sistema ecológico mais simplificado (A2), elas apresentaram dificuldade de nidificação no cafezal. Entretanto, mesmo o fragmento florestal menor associado à A2 mostrou-se relevante para a manutenção das vespas sociais, evidenciando a importância da manutenção de fragmentos florestais próximo às culturas.(AU)

Deforestation imposed by agricultural crops negatively affects ecological interactions carried out by certain species, such as social wasps. One hypothesis is that the size of the forest fragments and their proximity to these crops may influence the nesting of social wasps in the crop area. Therefore, the objective was to test this hypothesis. The study was made in Inconfidentes and Ouro Fino, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The method used was an active search, covering the forest fragments and associated areas for 32 days, distributed between January 2014 and January 2016. It was sampled two coffee plantation areas (A1 with 25 hectares and A2 with five hectares), both associated with forest fragments with different sizes. We recorded 55 colonies with 20 species. In the crop associated with a more diversified ecological system (A1), the social wasps were able to establish their colonies in the coffee plant. In the crop associated with smaller fragments and more simplified ecological system (A2), the social wasps presented difficulty on nesting on the coffee plant. Nevertheless, even the forest fragment associated with A2 being smaller, it was relevant for the maintenance of social wasps, which evidences the importance of the maintenance of forest fragments near the crops.(AU)

Genetic divergence between coffee genotypes resistant to rust based on anatomical features / Divergência genética de genótipos de cafeeiros resistentes à ferrugem com base em características anatômicas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence of coffee genotypes resistant to rust, of the Germplasm Bank from Minas Gerais, based on anatomical features. A total of 12 foliar anatomical characteristics were assessed, and Mahalanobis distance was used to quantify the genetic divergence between genotypes. The Tocher method and the hierarchical method of UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) were used as group strategy. Moreover, relative contribution analyses of the variables were made. There was genetic variability between genotypes, and the analysis of Tocher and UPGMA grouping separated the genotypes into five and seven distinct groups, respectively. The MG 0582 genotype stood out as the most divergent based on the evaluated anatomical features. There is great genetic variability for the characteristics of foliar anatomy among the 15 genotypes evaluated, allowing to select superior genotypes based on these characteristics.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a divergência genética de genótipos de cafeeiros resistentes à ferrugem do Banco de Germoplasma de café de Minas Gerais, com base em características anatômicas. Foram avaliadas 12 características anatômicas foliares e a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis foi usada para quantificar a divergência genética entre os genótipos. Foram empregados como estratégia de agrupamento, o agrupamento de Tocher e o método hierárquico UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages), além disso, foi feita a análise da contribuição relativa das variáveis. Houve variabilidade genética entre os genótipos, sendo que a análise do agrupamento de Tocher e UPGMA separaram os genótipos em cinco e sete grupos distintos, respectivamente. O genótipo MG 0582 se destacou como o mais divergente dentre os demais com base nas características anatômicas avaliadas. Conclui-se que existe uma grande variabilidade genética para as características da anatomia foliar entre os 15 genótipos avaliados, possibilitando a seleção de genótipos superiores com base nessas características.

Selection of entomopathogenic nematodes and evaluation of their compatibility with cyantraniliprole for the control of Hypothenemus hampei / Seleção de nematoides entomopatogênicos e avaliação da sua compatibilidade com ciantraniliprole visando o controle de Hypothenemus hampei

Attack by the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei causes significant damage to coffee crops because it affects the quality of the coffee fruit during different developmental stages, which results in production losses. Control of the borer is difficult owing to its cryptic behavior and the fact that it spends its entire life cycle inside the coffee berries. This makes it difficult for natural enemies to reach it, as well as for it to come into contact with chemical insecticides. The objective of the present study was to select and evaluate the virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on the coffee berry borer H. hampei and their compatibility with the insecticide cyantraniliprole under laboratory conditions. Initially, the pathogenicity and virulence of 16 isolates of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis towards coffee berry borer larvae and adults were evaluated. The most virulent isolates to both larvae and adults were determined by topical inoculation tests in coffee fruits (berries) infested by the insect, using a concentration of 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/fruit. The same isolates were also evaluated for viability and infectivity when combined with cyantraniliprole. The isolates S. feltiae (IBCB-n 47) and Heterorhabditis amazonensis (GL) displayed the highest virulence towards adults (54%). For larvae, we observed a high virulence of S. feltiae, Heterorhabditis amazonensis, Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis sp. (JPM4), Heterorhabditis sp. (NEPET 11), Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46), and Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 44) that promoted 100% mortality. Regarding the topical inoculation test on infested fruits, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46) were unable to penetrate the fruit through the hole made by the borer, infect, and cause the death of insects. Cyantraniliprole formulation affected the viability of IJs of S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46), mainly after 48 h of exposure.(AU)

A broca-do-café Hypothenemus hampei causa significativos prejuízos a esta cultura, pois seu ataque afeta a qualidade dos frutos de café em seus diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e consequentemente leva a perdas na produção. O controle é dificultado devido ao seu comportamento críptico, uma vez que passa todo o ciclo dentro dos frutos de café, dificultando a ação de inimigos naturais, bem como o contato com inseticidas químicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a virulência de nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) sobre a broca-do-café H. hampei e a sua compatibilidade com o inseticida ciantraniliprole em condições de laboratório. Inicialmente, foram avaliadas a patogenicidade e virulência de 16 isolados de Steinernema e Heterorhabditis para larvas e adultos de H. hampei. Os isolados mais virulentos para larvas e adultos foram utilizados no teste de inoculação tópica em frutos de café infestados pelo inseto, utilizando uma concentração de 100 juvenis infectantes (JIs)/fruto. Os mesmos isolados também foram avaliados quanto à viabilidade e à infectividade quando combinados com ciantraniliprole. Os isolados Steinernema feltiae (IBCB-n 47) e Heterorhabditis amazonensis (GL) foram os que apresentaram maior porcentagem de mortalidade sobre os adultos (54%). Para larvas, observou-se alta virulência dos isolados S. feltiae, H. amazonensis, H. indica, Heterorhabditis sp. (JPM4), Heterorhabditis sp. (NEPET11), Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46) e Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 44) que promoveram 100% de mortalidade. Quanto ao teste de inoculação tópica sobre frutos infestados, observou-se que tanto S. feltiae quanto Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46) não foram capazes de penetrar o fruto pelo orifício feito pela broca, infectar e causar a morte dos insetos. A formulação de ciantraniliprole afetou a viabilidade dos JIs de S. feltiae e Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46), principalmente após 48 horas de exposição.(AU)

Endo-B-mannanase enzyme activity in the structures of Coffea arabica L. seeds under different types of processing and drying / Atividade da enzima endo-B-mananase nas estruturas de sementes de Coffea arabica L. submetidas a diferentes tipos de processamentos e secagem

Enzymes play a fundamental role in degradation of molecules during seed germination, development, and deterioration. Endo--mannanase is one of the main enzymes responsible for hydrolysis of mannans in the endosperm during germination of coffee seeds through its action in hydrolytic degradation of cell walls and in weakening the structures of the endosperm that surround the embryo, allowing radicle emergence. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the endo--mannanase enzyme in the structures of coffee seeds for the purpose of assessing the relationship between this activity and the physiological quality of the seeds under different processing and drying methods. Coffea arabica L. fruit in the cherry maturity stage was subjected to three different types of processing: natural (seeds maintained in the fruit itself), fully washed (fruit pulped mechanically and the seeds demucilaged by fermentation in water), and semi-washed or demucilaged (both fruit pulp and mucilage removed mechanically); and two methods of drying: slow drying (suspended screen) in the shade, and rapid drying in mechanical dryer at 35°C to a moisture content of 11±1%. After processing and drying, the physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated through the germination test, and endo--mannanase enzyme activity was quantified. Coffee seeds submitted to natural processing have lower physiological performance, as well as greater deterioration and greater activity of the endo-ß-mannanase enzyme. Removal of mucilage during fully washed and semi-washed processing of coffee seeds reduces the activity of the endo-ß-mannanase enzyme and lowers deterioration, especially after faster drying. The enzyme endo-ß-mannanase is efficient in studying of the effects of processing and drying on coffee seeds, and can be evaluated in whole seeds, endosperms or embryos.(AU)

As enzimas têm papel fundamental na degradação de moléculas durante a germinação, desenvolvimento e deterioração das sementes. A endo--mananase é uma das principais responsáveis pela hidrólise das mananas no endosperma durante a germinação das sementes de café, atuando na degradação das paredes celulares e enfraquecimento do endosperma que circunda o embrião, permitindo a protrusão da radícula. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa determinar a atividade da endo-beta-mananase nas estruturas das sementes de café, para avaliar a relação entre esta atividade e a qualidade de sementes submetidas a diferentes processamentos e métodos de secagem. Frutos de Coffea arabica L. no estádio de maturação cereja foram submetidos a três tipos de processamento: natural (sementes mantidas nos próprios frutos), despolpado (frutos descascados mecanicamente e sementes desmuciladas por fermentação em água) e desmucilado (frutos descascados e a mucilagem removida, ambos mecanicamente), como também a dois métodos de secagem: lenta à sombra (telado suspenso) e secagem rápida em secador mecânico a 35°C, até umidade de 11±1%. Após o processamento e secagem avaliou-se a qualidade fisiológica das sementes pelo teste de germinação e quantificou-se a atividade da enzima endo--mananase. Sementes de café submetidas ao processamento natural tem menor desempenho fisiológico, assim como maior deterioração e maior atividade da enzima endo-ß-mananase, principalmente após secagem mais rápida. A remoção da mucilagem durante o processamento despolpado e desmucilado de sementes de café reduz a atividade da enzima endo-ß-mananase e também a deterioração. A secagem rápida em secador afeta negativamente a qualidade das sementes. A enzima endo-ß-mananase é eficiente no estudo dos efeitos do processamento e secagem em sementes de café, podendo ser avaliada em sementes inteiras, endospermas ou embriões.(AU)

Genetic divergence between coffee genotypes resistant to rust based on anatomical features / Divergência genética de genótipos de cafeeiros resistentes à ferrugem com base em características anatômicas

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence of coffee genotypes resistant to rust, of the Germplasm Bank from Minas Gerais, based on anatomical features. A total of 12 foliar anatomical characteristics were assessed, and Mahalanobis distance was used to quantify the genetic divergence between genotypes. The Tocher method and the hierarchical method of UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) were used as group strategy. Moreover, relative contribution analyses of the variables were made. There was genetic variability between genotypes, and the analysis of Tocher and UPGMA grouping separated the genotypes into five and seven distinct groups, respectively. The MG 0582 genotype stood out as the most divergent based on the evaluated anatomical features. There is great genetic variability for the characteristics of foliar anatomy among the 15 genotypes evaluated, allowing to select superior genotypes based on these characteristics.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a divergência genética de genótipos de cafeeiros resistentes à ferrugem do Banco de Germoplasma de café de Minas Gerais, com base em características anatômicas. Foram avaliadas 12 características anatômicas foliares e a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis foi usada para quantificar a divergência genética entre os genótipos. Foram empregados como estratégia de agrupamento, o agrupamento de Tocher e o método hierárquico UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages), além disso, foi feita a análise da contribuição relativa das variáveis. Houve variabilidade genética entre os genótipos, sendo que a análise do agrupamento de Tocher e UPGMA separaram os genótipos em cinco e sete grupos distintos, respectivamente. O genótipo MG 0582 se destacou como o mais divergente dentre os demais com base nas características anatômicas avaliadas. Conclui-se que existe uma grande variabilidade genética para as características da anatomia foliar entre os 15 genótipos avaliados, possibilitando a seleção de genótipos superiores com base nessas características.(AU)

Double sigmoidal models describing the growth of coffee berries / Modelos duplo sigmoidais na descrição do crescimento de frutos do cafeeiro

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to verify if the growth pattern of coffee berries, considering fresh mass accumulation over time, is double sigmoid and to select the most suitable nonlinear model to describe such behavior. Data used consisted of fourteen longitudinal observations of average fresh mass of coffee berries obtained in an experiment with the cultivar Obatã IAC 1669-20. The fits provided by the Logistic and Gompertz models were compared in their single and double versions. Parameters were estimated using the least squares method using the Gauss-Newton algorithm implemented in the nls function of the R software. It can be concluded that the growth pattern of the coffee fruit, in fresh mass accumulation, is double sigmoid. The double Gompertz and double Logistic models were adequate to describe such a growth curve, with a superiority of the double Logistic model.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o padrão de crescimento do fruto do cafeeiro, considerando acúmulo de massa fresca em função do tempo, é realmente duplo sigmoidal e selecionar o modelo não linear mais indicado para descrever tal comportamento. Os dados utilizados são quatorze observações longitudinais de massa fresca média de frutos do cafeeiro obtidos em um experimento com a cultivar Obatã IAC 1669-20. Foram comparados os ajustes fornecidos pelos modelos Logístico e Gompertz em suas versões simples e duplo. A estimação dos parâmetros foi feita pelo método dos mínimos quadrados utilizando o algoritmo de Gauss-Newton implementado na função nls do software R. Pode-se concluir que o padrão de crescimento do fruto do cafeeiro, em acúmulo de massa fresca, é duplo sigmoidal. Os modelos duplo Gompertz e duplo Logístico se mostraram adequados para descrever tal curva de crescimento, com uma superioridade do modelo duplo Logístico.