Taiwan cobra envenoming: serum venom concentration before and after specific treatment and relationship with debridement of necrotic wound tissue

Background: Bivalent freeze-dried neurotoxic (FN) antivenom has been the primary treatment since the 1980s for Taiwan cobra (Naja atra) envenomation in Taiwan. However, envenomation-related wound necrosis is a significant problem after cobra snakebites. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in serum venom concentration before and after antivenom administration to discover their clinical implications and the surgical treatment options for wound necrosis. Methods: The patients were divided into limb swelling and wound necrosis groups. The clinical outcome was that swelling started to subside 12 hours after antivenom treatment in the first group. Serum venom concentrations before and after using antivenoms were measured to assess the antivenom's ability to neutralize the circulating cobra venom. The venom levels in wound wet dressing gauzes, blister fluids, and debrided tissues were also investigated to determine their clinical significance. We also observed the evolutional changes of wound necrosis and chose a better wound debridement timing. Results: We prospectively enrolled 15 Taiwan cobra snakebite patients. Males accounted for most of this study population (n = 11, 73%). The wound necrosis group received more antivenom doses than the limb swelling group (4; IQR:2-6 vs 1; IQR:1-2, p = 0.05), and less records of serum venom concentrations changed before/after antivenom use (p = 0.0079). The necrotic wound site may release venom into circulation and cause more severe envenomation symptoms. Antivenom can efficiently diminish limb swelling in cobra bite patients. However, antivenom cannot reduce wound necrosis. Patients with early debridement of wound necrosis had a better limb outcome, while late or without debridement may have long-term hospital stay and distal limb morbidity. Conclusions: Antivenom can efficiently eliminate the circulating cobra venom in limb swelling patients without wound necrosis. Early debridement of the bite site wound and wet dressing management are suggestions for preventing extended tissue necrosis and hospital stay.(AU)

Uso de hidrocoloide no tratamento de ferida térmica em cão / Hydrocolloid use in the treatment of thermal injury in a dog

Background: Thermal injury is one of the most common type of skin damage found in clinical care, which results in achronic wound. The treatment of chronic wounds should be specific, because it has a greater vulnerability of the organismto the external agents input. So, the treatment can be performed with covers to keep the lesion clean and free of contamination and also promote healing. Considering the amount of products available for the treatment, as well as the scarcityof studies in the literature proving the effectiveness of hydrocolloid in dogs, the aim of this case report was to describe athird degree burn wound in the sternal region of a dog treated with this material.Case: A 2-year-old non-castraded German Spitz dog, was attended in a private veterinary clinic located in Ribeirão Pretocity, São Paulo state. The animal was submitted to general anesthesia for microneedling session to treat alopecia “X”,and after the procedure, it showed a burn focus due to the resting time on the thermal mattress, affecting the entire sternalregion. The choice treatment was a surgical debridement followed by second intention healing. The superficial crust of thewound was removed and the debridement of almost all the tissue that was not fit for healing was continued, resulting in awide wound, with healthy tissue and only a small portion of devitalized musculature. On the same day, the daily dressingphase with crystal sugar was started, in order to promote the debridement of the remaining devitalized tissue and enablethe appearance of granulation tissue, together with the asepsis provided by the chlorhexidine ointment (0.7 g/100mL).After five days, the wound presented with ascending granulation, with no signs of contamination and minimal residue ofdevitalized tissue. Then, the treatment with the hydrocolloid plate was chosen, which was cut and molded to the wound...

Uso de hidrocoloide no tratamento de ferida térmica em cão / Hydrocolloid use in the treatment of thermal injury in a dog

Background: Thermal injury is one of the most common type of skin damage found in clinical care, which results in achronic wound. The treatment of chronic wounds should be specific, because it has a greater vulnerability of the organismto the external agents input. So, the treatment can be performed with covers to keep the lesion clean and free of contamination and also promote healing. Considering the amount of products available for the treatment, as well as the scarcityof studies in the literature proving the effectiveness of hydrocolloid in dogs, the aim of this case report was to describe athird degree burn wound in the sternal region of a dog treated with this material.Case: A 2-year-old non-castraded German Spitz dog, was attended in a private veterinary clinic located in Ribeirão Pretocity, São Paulo state. The animal was submitted to general anesthesia for microneedling session to treat alopecia “X”,and after the procedure, it showed a burn focus due to the resting time on the thermal mattress, affecting the entire sternalregion. The choice treatment was a surgical debridement followed by second intention healing. The superficial crust of thewound was removed and the debridement of almost all the tissue that was not fit for healing was continued, resulting in awide wound, with healthy tissue and only a small portion of devitalized musculature. On the same day, the daily dressingphase with crystal sugar was started, in order to promote the debridement of the remaining devitalized tissue and enablethe appearance of granulation tissue, together with the asepsis provided by the chlorhexidine ointment (0.7 g/100mL).After five days, the wound presented with ascending granulation, with no signs of contamination and minimal residue ofdevitalized tissue. Then, the treatment with the hydrocolloid plate was chosen, which was cut and molded to the wound...(AU)

Cervical vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to Streptococcus equi infection in an adult horse - case report / Osteomielite vertebral cervical secundária à infecção por Streptococcus equi em um cavalo adulto - relato de caso

A 15-year-old, mixed breed, male horse was attended with a history of multiple abscesses in the cervical region with a three-year evolution. Upon admission, three fistulous tracts with drainage of purulent secretions in the cervical region, low body score, restriction of cervical movements, and painful sensitivity to palpation were observed. The horse was diagnosed with osteomyelitis secondary to Streptococcus equi infection. The initial treatment was antibiotic therapy and local curative. Owing to the lack of response, surgical debridement was performed. An initial favorable response was observed; however, after 4 months, drainage recurred, and the animal was euthanized. A post-mortem computed tomography scan was performed to obtain details of the injury. Cervical osteomyelitis is rare, and its occurrence through hematogenous spread in adult horses and the tomographic findings had not been reported previously. The long period of evolution, difficulty in performing an aggressive debridement, and the presence of multi-drug resistant bacteria contributed to the negative outcome.(AU)

Um equino macho, sem raça definida, de 15 anos de idade, foi atendido com histórico de múltiplos abscessos cervicais com evolução de três anos. Na admissão, foram observados: três trajetos fistulosos com drenagem de material purulento na região cervical; baixo escore corporal; restrição de movimentos cervicais; e sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação da região. Foi diagnosticada osteomielite vertebral cervical secundária à infecção por Streptococcus equi. O tratamento inicial consistiu na administração de antibióticos e curativo local. Na ausência de resposta à terapia, realizou-se o debridamento cirúrgico. Inicialmente, obteve-se uma resposta favorável, entretanto, após quatro meses, houve recidiva da lesão e o animal foi submetido à eutanásia. Realizou-se tomografia computadorizada no post mortem para detalhamento da lesão. A osteomielite vertebral cervical é rara, e sua ocorrência por meio de disseminação hematógena em animais adultos não foi previamente reportada. O longo período de evolução, aliado à dificuldade de realização de um debridamento agressivo, e a característica multirresistente do agente etiológico contribuíram para o desfecho negativo do caso.(AU)

Cervical vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to Streptococcus equi infection in an adult horse - case report / Osteomielite vertebral cervical secundária à infecção por Streptococcus equi em um cavalo adulto - relato de caso

A 15-year-old, mixed breed, male horse was attended with a history of multiple abscesses in the cervical region with a three-year evolution. Upon admission, three fistulous tracts with drainage of purulent secretions in the cervical region, low body score, restriction of cervical movements, and painful sensitivity to palpation were observed. The horse was diagnosed with osteomyelitis secondary to Streptococcus equi infection. The initial treatment was antibiotic therapy and local curative. Owing to the lack of response, surgical debridement was performed. An initial favorable response was observed; however, after 4 months, drainage recurred, and the animal was euthanized. A post-mortem computed tomography scan was performed to obtain details of the injury. Cervical osteomyelitis is rare, and its occurrence through hematogenous spread in adult horses and the tomographic findings had not been reported previously. The long period of evolution, difficulty in performing an aggressive debridement, and the presence of multi-drug resistant bacteria contributed to the negative outcome.(AU)

Um equino macho, sem raça definida, de 15 anos de idade, foi atendido com histórico de múltiplos abscessos cervicais com evolução de três anos. Na admissão, foram observados: três trajetos fistulosos com drenagem de material purulento na região cervical; baixo escore corporal; restrição de movimentos cervicais; e sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação da região. Foi diagnosticada osteomielite vertebral cervical secundária à infecção por Streptococcus equi. O tratamento inicial consistiu na administração de antibióticos e curativo local. Na ausência de resposta à terapia, realizou-se o debridamento cirúrgico. Inicialmente, obteve-se uma resposta favorável, entretanto, após quatro meses, houve recidiva da lesão e o animal foi submetido à eutanásia. Realizou-se tomografia computadorizada no post mortem para detalhamento da lesão. A osteomielite vertebral cervical é rara, e sua ocorrência por meio de disseminação hematógena em animais adultos não foi previamente reportada. O longo período de evolução, aliado à dificuldade de realização de um debridamento agressivo, e a característica multirresistente do agente etiológico contribuíram para o desfecho negativo do caso.(AU)

Curativo de hidrocoloide em lesões por arrastamento na região distal dos membros pélvicos em cães / Hydrocolloid membrane dressing in shearing injuries in the distal part of the pelvic limbs in dogs

Background: Shearing wounds on the limbs of dogs usually affect the regions distally from the radiocarpal joint at thethoracic limb and from the tibiotarsal joint at the pelvic limb. The tissue coverage and re-epithelialization of the injuredregion are important factors that should be considered in the definitive surgical treatment. The hydrocolloid membranepromotes selective autolytic debridement and accelerates the formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization. Thepresent study aims to describe the treatment with hydrocolloid membrane dressing of three cases of shearing wounds withconcomitant orthopedic injuries in the pelvic limbs of dogs.Case: Three dogs with pelvic limb injuries after vehicular trauma were selected for treatment. Two patients had shearinglesions on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb with exposure of the tibia and fibula, the talus and the tibiotarsal joint,associated with bone loss on the medial surface of the limb and rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the tarsus.Another patient had a shearing wound on the dorsal surface of the distal region of the pelvic limb, with injury of the digitalextensor tendons and bone exposure of the second and third metatarsals. Initially, the surgical debridement of the lesionwas performed and during the first five days after trauma the wound was cleansed with chlorhexidine solution and topicalapplication of crystallized sugar daily. In this initial period a dry adherent dressing was used on the lesions, without bandagesfor immobilization of the pelvic limb. In all dogs, the hydrocolloid membrane was applied from the sixth day after initialwound management. Immediately after the application of the hydrocolloid membrane, temporary immobilization of theaffected pelvic limb with a padded Robert Jones bandage was performed. The first changes of the hydrocolloid membraneswere performed after five days of their use. Subsequently, the membranes changes...

Curativo de hidrocoloide em lesões por arrastamento na região distal dos membros pélvicos em cães / Hydrocolloid membrane dressing in shearing injuries in the distal part of the pelvic limbs in dogs

Background: Shearing wounds on the limbs of dogs usually affect the regions distally from the radiocarpal joint at thethoracic limb and from the tibiotarsal joint at the pelvic limb. The tissue coverage and re-epithelialization of the injuredregion are important factors that should be considered in the definitive surgical treatment. The hydrocolloid membranepromotes selective autolytic debridement and accelerates the formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization. Thepresent study aims to describe the treatment with hydrocolloid membrane dressing of three cases of shearing wounds withconcomitant orthopedic injuries in the pelvic limbs of dogs.Case: Three dogs with pelvic limb injuries after vehicular trauma were selected for treatment. Two patients had shearinglesions on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb with exposure of the tibia and fibula, the talus and the tibiotarsal joint,associated with bone loss on the medial surface of the limb and rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the tarsus.Another patient had a shearing wound on the dorsal surface of the distal region of the pelvic limb, with injury of the digitalextensor tendons and bone exposure of the second and third metatarsals. Initially, the surgical debridement of the lesionwas performed and during the first five days after trauma the wound was cleansed with chlorhexidine solution and topicalapplication of crystallized sugar daily. In this initial period a dry adherent dressing was used on the lesions, without bandagesfor immobilization of the pelvic limb. In all dogs, the hydrocolloid membrane was applied from the sixth day after initialwound management. Immediately after the application of the hydrocolloid membrane, temporary immobilization of theaffected pelvic limb with a padded Robert Jones bandage was performed. The first changes of the hydrocolloid membraneswere performed after five days of their use. Subsequently, the membranes changes...(AU)

Quemaduras térmicas en perros y gatos / Thermal burns in dogs and cats / Queimaduras térmicas em cães e gatos

Las quemaduras se producen cuando el tejido vivo está en contacto durante un largo periodo con un objeto o sustancia caliente. Se describen varias áreas de participación, que varían de acuerdo con el potencial de reversión de la lesión, como la zona de coagulación, estasis e hiperemia. Con respecto a la profundidad de la lesión, pueden ser clasificadas de acuerdo a el espesor, en superficial, superficial parcial, parcial profunda y completa. La extensión de piel afectada se calcula en base a la "regla de los nueves", que establece que cada parte del cuerpo corresponde a un múltiplo de 9% de la superficie corporal total. Aunque es poco frecuente en los pacientes veterinarios, quemaduras graves pueden llevar a un shock al disminuir el flujo de sangre periférica. Se debe realizar como terapia tópica inicial la tricotomia amplia seguida de la aplicación de solución salina fria, lavar con solución isotónica estéril, debridamiento, aplicación de ungüento antimicrobiano como sulfadiazina de plata y cubrir con vendas húmedas no adherentes. El debridamiento del tejido desvitalizado debe realizarse lo antes posible y, preferentemente, de forma agresiva. En la imposibilidad de realización de cirugía se puede utilizar los agentes conservadores enzimáticos de debridamiento, la inmersión en el agua y la aplicación de vendajes húmedos-húmedas. Después de la formación del lecho vascular sin tejido necrótico o infectado, quemaduras extensas se pueden cerrar mediante colgajos, injertos de piel, la técnica de avance de piel, o tratadas como herida abierta hasta que sea posible el tratamiento quirúrgico. Pueden ocurrir complicaciones como infección, cicatrización excesiva y la contractura de la herida, sobre todo cuando no hay un tratamiento temprano. [...](AU)

Burns occur when living tissues are in contact for a long period with a heated object or substance. Various zones of involvement are described, ranging as the reversal potential of the lesion, they are the zone of coagulation, stasis and hyperemia. Regarding the depth of the lesion, they can be graded according to the thikness, as superficial, superficial partialthickness, deep partial-thickness and full-thickness. The extent of affected skin can be calculated based on the “Rule of Nines”, which states that each part of the body corresponds to a multiple of 9% of the total body surface. Although rare in veterinary patients, severe burns can lead to shock by decreasing of peripheral blood flow. Wide hair removal, followed by application of cold saline solution, lavage with sterile isotonic solution, debridement, application of antimicrobial ointment as silver sulfadiazine and cover with moist nonadherent dress must be performed as the initial topical therapy. The debridement of devitalized tissue should be performed as early as possible and preferably aggressively. The impossibility to performing the surgery, conservative debridement can be done with enzymatic agents, immersion in water and the application of wet-wet dress. After formation of a vascular bed free of necrotic and infected tissue, extensive burns can be closed by flaps, skin grafting techniques, skin advance techniques or treated as an open wound until surgical treatment can be possible. Complications as infection, excessive scarring and wound contracture can occur, especially when there is not early treatment. The final cosmetic result is usually satisfactory when there is surgical intervention and complete hair covering. Although rare in veterinary medicine, severe burns are challenging and unlike traumatic wounds, presents different features and therapeutic. The abundant literature nowadays is mostly human and more veterinary studies are necessary in this area.(AU)

Queimaduras ocorrem quando tecido vivo entra em contato por um longo período com um objeto ou substância aquecida. São descritas diversas zonas de acometimento, variando conforme o potencial de reversão da lesão, sendo elas a zona de coagulação, estase e hiperemia. Em relação à profundidade da lesão, estas podem ser graduadas conforme a espessura em superficial, parcial superficial, parcial profunda e total. A extensão de pele acometida pode ser calculada com base na “regra dos nove”, que determina que cada parte do corpo corresponde a um múltiplo de 9% do total da superfície corpórea. Apesar de raro nos pacientes veterinários, queimaduras graves podem levar ao choque por diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo periférico. Deve-se realizar como terapia tópica inicial a tricotomia ampla seguida da aplicação de solução salina gelada, lavagem com solução isotônica estéril, debridamento, aplicação de pomada antimicrobiana como sulfadiazina de prata e a cobertura com bandagens úmidas não aderentes. O debridamento de tecido desvitalizado deve ser realizado o mais precocemente possível e preferencialmente de forma agressiva. Na impossibilidade de realização da intervenção cirúrgica, pode-se realizar o debridamento conservativo com agentes enzimáticos, imersão em água e a aplicação de bandagens úmida-úmida. Após a formação do leito vascular livre de tecido necrótico e infectado, as queimaduras extensas podem ser fechadas por meio de retalhos, enxertos cutâneos, técnicas de avanço de pele ou ainda tratadas como ferida aberta até que o tratamento cirúrgico seja possível. Como complicações, podem ocorrer infecção, cicatrização excessiva e contratura da ferida, especialmente quando não há tratamento precoce. O resultado cosmético final normalmente é satisfatório quando há intervenção cirúrgica e recobrimento piloso completo. [...](AU)

TRATAMENTO DA DOENÇA PERIODONTAL EM PRÉ-MOLARES E MOLARES DE EQUINOS

A doença periodontal (DP) é definida como conjunto de condições inflamatórias de origem bacteriana, a qual acomete cavalos de todas as idades, principalmente geriátricos. Possui correlação com perda prematura dos dentes, sialorreia, dor, disfagia e emagrecimento progressivo. Na maioria dos casos é secundária à má oclusão, desgaste dental irregular, biomecânica mastigatória descompensada, o que predispõe a compactação de alimentos nos espaços interproximais e colonização bacteriana. Com a evolução da afecção, ocorre comprometimento dos ligamentos periodontais causando mobilidade dental. O diagnóstico da DP em equinos pode ser dificultoso principalmente em relação à região caudal da cavidade oral. Por essa razão, o incremento da endoscopia intraoral, ao exame clínico tradicional permite, além da identificação e diagnóstico fidedigno, a documentação das lesões dentais e periodontais. O exame complementar radiológico possui finalidade de localização, caracterização e graduação da DP. A terapia medicamentosa de eleição na profilaxia e tratamento das afecções orais é a Clorexidina. Adicionalmente, o metronidazol é citado como alternativa antimicrobiana na DP. No intuito de incrementar o tratamento da doença periodontal equina, a aplicação de plasma enriquecido com plaquetas intralesional surge como opção inovadora e com resultados promissores para a área da odontologia equina. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a evolução de tratamento a base de clorexidina, metronidazol e plasma enriquecido em plaquetas, para a doença periodontal em pré-molares e molares de equinos adultos. Foram utilizados cinquenta e um equinos adultos, machos castrados e fêmeas não prenhes, com idade média de 16 anos e com diagnóstico prévio de doença periodontal. O experimento foi realizado nas dependências do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Pampa, Câmpus Uruguaiana/RS e no Círculo Militar de Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana/RS. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que não foi possível evidenciar efetividade com aplicação única de clorexidina 0,2% tópica. Entretanto, é importante ressaltar a melhora clínica dos pacientes devido aos procedimentos de curetagem e debridamento. Quanto à utilização de metronidazol, a aplicação única de 200 mg tópico também não foi benéfica no tratamento da DP. Entretanto, é importante frisar a necessidade de estudos complementares utilizando os fármacos com uma frequência maior. Por outro lado, a aplicação intralesional do plasma enriquecido com plaquetas em associação ao tratamento de curetagem da bolsa periodontal, demonstrou efetividade clínica, evidenciando uma inovação promissora no tratamento da DP equina.

Periodontal disease (PD) is defined as a set of inflammatory conditions of bacterial origin, which affects horses of all ages, mainly geriatric. It has a correlation with premature tooth loss, sialorrhea, pain, dysphagia and progressive weight loss. In most cases it is secondary to malocclusion, irregular dental wear, decompensated masticatory biomechanics, which predisposes to food compaction in interproximal spaces and bacterial colonization. With evolution of affection, periodontal ligaments compromise causing dental mobility. The diagnosis of PD in horses can be difficult mainly in relation to caudal region of oral cavity. For this reason, increment of intraoral oral endoscopy, in traditional clinical examination allows, besides identification and reliable diagnosis, documentation of dental and periodontal lesions. Complementary radiological examination has the purpose of locating, characterizing and graduating PD. Drug therapy of choice in prophylaxis and treatment of oral disorders is chlorhexidine. In addition, metronidazole is cited as antimicrobial alternative in PD. In order to increase treatment of equine periodontal disease, application of intralesional platelet-enriched plasma appears as an innovative option with promising results for equine dentistry. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the evolution of treatment based on chlorhexidine, metronidazole and platelet-rich plasma for periodontal disease in premolars and molars of adult horses. Fifty-one adult horses, castrated males and non-pregnant females, with a mean age of 16 years, with prior diagnosis of periodontal disease, were used. The experiment was carried out at Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana/RS and at Military Circle of Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana/RS. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that in present study it was not possible to show effectiveness with a single application of 0.2% topical chlorhexidine. However, it is important to highlight the clinical improvement of patients due to curettage and debridement procedures. Regarding the use of metronidazole, the single application of topical 200 mg was also not beneficial in treatment of PD. However, it is important to stress the need for further studies using drugs with a higher frequency. On the other hand, intralesional application of platelet-enriched plasma in association with curettage of periodontal pocket demonstrated clinical effectiveness, evidencing a promising innovation in treatment of equine PD.

Estudo retrospectivo do tratamento clínico da úlcera indolente em cães da raça Boxer / Retrospective study on clinical management of indolent ulcers in Boxer dogs

Indolent ulcers are superficial corneal ulcers secondary to several changes on the corneal surface. They are frequently observed in middle-aged Boxer dogs, cause pain of acute onset and requires appropriate treatment. Aiming to evaluate the efficacy of clinical managements on the rate of healing of indolent ulcers, a retrospective study was conducted (1997-2008). Results demonstrated that proteinase inhibitors were the most often prescribed medication, and its administration did not interfere on the healing rate, as well as observed in dogs that received 1 percent atropine, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Healing was delayed in dogs administered orally with vitamin C, but the healing process was faster on those dogs that went through corneal debridement/cauterization. In conclusion, to know the various types of treatments seems to be fundamental for the rapid resolution of the disease. It is suggested that debridement/cauterization, administration of proteinase inhibitor eye drops, prophylactic topical antibiotics and oral vitamin C, should be considered as an effective clinical management for indolent ulcers in Boxer dogs.(AU)

Úlceras indolentes são úlceras corneais superficiais e espontâneas, que apresentam curso prolongado e que tendem a recidivar. Comumente observadas em cães de meia idade da raça Boxer, provoca dor de início agudo e necessita de tratamento específico, já que este, quando não realizado corretamente, pode prolongar o curso da lesão por semanas a meses. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos clínicos quanto à rapidez na resolução do quadro, realizou-se estudo retrospectivo (1997 a 2008). Observou-se que os inibidores das proteinases foram as medicações mais frequentemente prescritas e que sua administração não interferiu no tempo de cicatrização corneal, o que também foi observado nos casos em que se administrou antibióticos e antinflamatórios tópicos e sistêmicos e/ou atropina 1 por cento. A administração de vitamina C retardou, de maneira estatisticamente significante, o tempo de cicatrização. Por outro lado, a realização do debridamento/cauterização corneal acelerou, significativamente, o processo. Conhecer os diversos tipos de tratamentos parece ser fundamental no sucesso e rapidez da resolução da doença. Os autores sugerem que a realização do debridamento/cauterização corneal, administração de inibidores das proteinases e antibióticos tópicos, associados à vitamina C por via oral, seja considerado um tratamento clínico efetivo na rápida resolução da doença.(AU)

Quemaduras térmicas en perros y gatos / Thermal burns in dogs and cats / Queimaduras térmicas em cães e gatos

Las quemaduras se producen cuando el tejido vivo está en contacto durante un largo periodo con un objeto o sustancia caliente. Se describen varias áreas de participación, que varían de acuerdo con el potencial de reversión de la lesión, como la zona de coagulación, estasis e hiperemia. Con respecto a la profundidad de la lesión, pueden ser clasificadas de acuerdo a el espesor, en superficial, superficial parcial, parcial profunda y completa. La extensión de piel afectada se calcula en base a la "regla de los nueves", que establece que cada parte del cuerpo corresponde a un múltiplo de 9% de la superficie corporal total. Aunque es poco frecuente en los pacientes veterinarios, quemaduras graves pueden llevar a un shock al disminuir el flujo de sangre periférica. Se debe realizar como terapia tópica inicial la tricotomia amplia seguida de la aplicación de solución salina fria, lavar con solución isotónica estéril, debridamiento, aplicación de ungüento antimicrobiano como sulfadiazina de plata y cubrir con vendas húmedas no adherentes. El debridamiento del tejido desvitalizado debe realizarse lo antes posible y, preferentemente, de forma agresiva. En la imposibilidad de realización de cirugía se puede utilizar los agentes conservadores enzimáticos de debridamiento, la inmersión en el agua y la aplicación de vendajes húmedos-húmedas. Después de la formación del lecho vascular sin tejido necrótico o infectado, quemaduras extensas se pueden cerrar mediante colgajos, injertos de piel, la técnica de avance de piel, o tratadas como herida abierta hasta que sea posible el tratamiento quirúrgico. Pueden ocurrir complicaciones como infección, cicatrización excesiva y la contractura de la herida, sobre todo cuando no hay un tratamiento temprano. [...]

Burns occur when living tissues are in contact for a long period with a heated object or substance. Various zones of involvement are described, ranging as the reversal potential of the lesion, they are the zone of coagulation, stasis and hyperemia. Regarding the depth of the lesion, they can be graded according to the thikness, as superficial, superficial partialthickness, deep partial-thickness and full-thickness. The extent of affected skin can be calculated based on the “Rule of Nines”, which states that each part of the body corresponds to a multiple of 9% of the total body surface. Although rare in veterinary patients, severe burns can lead to shock by decreasing of peripheral blood flow. Wide hair removal, followed by application of cold saline solution, lavage with sterile isotonic solution, debridement, application of antimicrobial ointment as silver sulfadiazine and cover with moist nonadherent dress must be performed as the initial topical therapy. The debridement of devitalized tissue should be performed as early as possible and preferably aggressively. The impossibility to performing the surgery, conservative debridement can be done with enzymatic agents, immersion in water and the application of wet-wet dress. After formation of a vascular bed free of necrotic and infected tissue, extensive burns can be closed by flaps, skin grafting techniques, skin advance techniques or treated as an open wound until surgical treatment can be possible. Complications as infection, excessive scarring and wound contracture can occur, especially when there is not early treatment. The final cosmetic result is usually satisfactory when there is surgical intervention and complete hair covering. Although rare in veterinary medicine, severe burns are challenging and unlike traumatic wounds, presents different features and therapeutic. The abundant literature nowadays is mostly human and more veterinary studies are necessary in this area.

Queimaduras ocorrem quando tecido vivo entra em contato por um longo período com um objeto ou substância aquecida. São descritas diversas zonas de acometimento, variando conforme o potencial de reversão da lesão, sendo elas a zona de coagulação, estase e hiperemia. Em relação à profundidade da lesão, estas podem ser graduadas conforme a espessura em superficial, parcial superficial, parcial profunda e total. A extensão de pele acometida pode ser calculada com base na “regra dos nove”, que determina que cada parte do corpo corresponde a um múltiplo de 9% do total da superfície corpórea. Apesar de raro nos pacientes veterinários, queimaduras graves podem levar ao choque por diminuição do fluxo sanguíneo periférico. Deve-se realizar como terapia tópica inicial a tricotomia ampla seguida da aplicação de solução salina gelada, lavagem com solução isotônica estéril, debridamento, aplicação de pomada antimicrobiana como sulfadiazina de prata e a cobertura com bandagens úmidas não aderentes. O debridamento de tecido desvitalizado deve ser realizado o mais precocemente possível e preferencialmente de forma agressiva. Na impossibilidade de realização da intervenção cirúrgica, pode-se realizar o debridamento conservativo com agentes enzimáticos, imersão em água e a aplicação de bandagens úmida-úmida. Após a formação do leito vascular livre de tecido necrótico e infectado, as queimaduras extensas podem ser fechadas por meio de retalhos, enxertos cutâneos, técnicas de avanço de pele ou ainda tratadas como ferida aberta até que o tratamento cirúrgico seja possível. Como complicações, podem ocorrer infecção, cicatrização excessiva e contratura da ferida, especialmente quando não há tratamento precoce. O resultado cosmético final normalmente é satisfatório quando há intervenção cirúrgica e recobrimento piloso completo. [...]