The use of cinnamon powder in the diet of Japanese laying quail

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of powder cinnamon in the diet of Japanese quails, regarding their performance and egg quality. A total of 360 quails, 18 weeks old, were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of 12 animals. The experimental period lasted 84 days. The treatments were the inclusion of 0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0 and 12.0 g kg-1 of cinnamon powder in the diet. The performance and quality of eggs produced were evaluated. A sensorial analysis of the eggs was carried out to evaluate the color of the egg yolk, the taste of the egg and the purchase intention. There was no significant effect on the performance and egg quality variables, except for the specific gravity and color of the yolk, which increased linearly. The evaluators presented a higher intention to purchase eggs from the treatment with 6g kg-1 of cinnamon addition in the diet. We concluded that the inclusion of 12.0 g kg-1 of cinnamon powder in the diet for laying quail does not affect the performance and the taste of the eggs, nevertheless, this level of inclusion provides an improvement in the specific gravity and color of the yolk.(AU)

The use of cinnamon powder in the diet of Japanese laying quail

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of powder cinnamon in the diet of Japanese quails, regarding their performance and egg quality. A total of 360 quails, 18 weeks old, were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of 12 animals. The experimental period lasted 84 days. The treatments were the inclusion of 0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0 and 12.0 g kg-1 of cinnamon powder in the diet. The performance and quality of eggs produced were evaluated. A sensorial analysis of the eggs was carried out to evaluate the color of the egg yolk, the taste of the egg and the purchase intention. There was no significant effect on the performance and egg quality variables, except for the specific gravity and color of the yolk, which increased linearly. The evaluators presented a higher intention to purchase eggs from the treatment with 6g kg-1 of cinnamon addition in the diet. We concluded that the inclusion of 12.0 g kg-1 of cinnamon powder in the diet for laying quail does not affect the performance and the taste of the eggs, nevertheless, this level of inclusion provides an improvement in the specific gravity and color of the yolk.

Sunflower Meal and Supplementation of an Enzyme Complex in Layer Diets

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of 64- to 79-wk-old laying hens fed diets supplemented with an enzyme complex (EC) and containing increasing sunflower meal (SFM) levels. A total of 384 Hy-Line Brown layers were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (four levels of SFM, and inclusion or not of EC), with eight replicates of six birds each unit. The levels of SFM inclusion were 0, 8, 16 and 24%, utilized in two distinct diets. Diets were calculated to meet all the nutritional requirements of birds, except for the nutrients that would be made available by the nutritional matrix of the enzyme complex, with or without utilization of EC. The parameters analyzed were feed intake (g/bird/day), egg production (%/bird/day), egg weight, egg mass (g/bird/day), feed conversion ratio per egg mass, feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, body weight gain, egg components (yolk, albumen and eggshell) and the economic efficiency index (EEI). There was no interaction between EC addition and the SFM levels in the diet. The addition of EC in the diets of laying hens did not affect egg productive or components parameters. The increase in the SFM levels in the diet presented quadratic effect on egg production and feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, with calculated optimal sunflower meal inclusion levels of 6.72% and 5.83%, respectively, for each parameter. The best economic efficiency per dozen eggs was obtained with the diet with 16.0% SFM and EC inclusion, whereas per egg mass with the diet with of 24.0% SFM and no EC addition.(AU)

Sunflower Meal and Supplementation of an Enzyme Complex in Layer Diets

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of 64- to 79-wk-old laying hens fed diets supplemented with an enzyme complex (EC) and containing increasing sunflower meal (SFM) levels. A total of 384 Hy-Line Brown layers were distributed according to a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (four levels of SFM, and inclusion or not of EC), with eight replicates of six birds each unit. The levels of SFM inclusion were 0, 8, 16 and 24%, utilized in two distinct diets. Diets were calculated to meet all the nutritional requirements of birds, except for the nutrients that would be made available by the nutritional matrix of the enzyme complex, with or without utilization of EC. The parameters analyzed were feed intake (g/bird/day), egg production (%/bird/day), egg weight, egg mass (g/bird/day), feed conversion ratio per egg mass, feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, body weight gain, egg components (yolk, albumen and eggshell) and the economic efficiency index (EEI). There was no interaction between EC addition and the SFM levels in the diet. The addition of EC in the diets of laying hens did not affect egg productive or components parameters. The increase in the SFM levels in the diet presented quadratic effect on egg production and feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs, with calculated optimal sunflower meal inclusion levels of 6.72% and 5.83%, respectively, for each parameter. The best economic efficiency per dozen eggs was obtained with the diet with 16.0% SFM and EC inclusion, whereas per egg mass with the diet with of 24.0% SFM and no EC addition.

Níveis de energia para poedeiras comerciais submetidas a diferentes manejos de debicagem

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o melhor nível de energia para poedeiras comerciais submetidas ou não a segunda debicagem, sobre o desempenho produtivo, qualidade de ovo e viabilidade econômica. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 640 poedeiras, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 5x2 (nível de energia x número de debicagem) com oito repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de energia estudados foram os seguintes: 2600; 2700; 2800; 2900; 3000 Kcal EM/ kg de ração. Com relação à debicagem, foi avaliado o efeito da realização da segunda debicagem, realizada aos 70 dias de idade, ou não e suas interações com os níveis nutricionais propostos. O período experimental foi conduzido da 20ª a 48ª semana de idade das poedeiras, totalizando 7 ciclos de 28 dias cada. Os dados de desempenho produtivo (produção de ovos, consumo de ração, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por dúzia e conversão alimentar por massa de ovos), qualidade de ovos (peso, altura do albúmen, coloração de gema, unidade Haugh, resistência e espessura da casca), foram avaliados ao final de cada ciclo de 28 dias. Observou-se interações entre os níveis de energia e debicagem para as seguintes características: produção de ovos, altura de albúmen, unidade Haugh e espessura da casca. O aumento dos níveis de energia promoveram efeito significativo sobre o consumo de ração, conversão por dúzia e por massa de ovos, coloração de gema, resistência e espessura da casca. A debicagem afetou significativamente o consumo, conversão por dúzia e massa de ovos, peso dos ovos, coloração de gema e espessura de casca. A frequência de canibalismo não foi influenciada pelos níveis de energia e debicagem. Com relação à análise econômica tanto os níveis de energia com a debicagem tiveram efeito significativo sobre o custo total de produção, margem bruta e entre custo total sobre a receita total. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o nível de energia mais baixo pode ser utilizado e constatou-se que há necessidade de realização da segunda debicagem do ponto de vista econômico.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the best energy level for layer hens submitted or not to the second beak trimming, on performance, egg quality and economic viability aspects. Therefore, 640 layers were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 5x2 (energy level x number of beak trimming) with eight replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. Energy levels studied were: 2600; 2700; 2800; 2900; 3000 Kcal EM / kg feed. Regarding the beak trimming, it was evaluated the effect of the second beak trimming performed at 70 days age, or not, and their interactions with the proposed nutrient levels. The trial was conducted from the 20th to 48th week of birds age, totaling 7 cycles of 28 days each. The data of productive performance (egg production, feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen and feed conversion by egg mass), egg quality (weight, albumen height, yolk color, Haugh unit, strength and shell thickness were evaluated at the end of each 28-day cycle. It was observed interactions between the energy levels and beak trimming to egg production, albumen height, Haugh unit, and shell thickness. Beak trimming significantly affected consumption, conversion per dozen and egg mass, egg weight, yolk color and shell thickness. The frequency of cannibalism was not influenced by energy levels or beak trimming. Regarding the economic analysis both energy levels and beak trimming had a significant effect on the total cost of production, gross margin and between total cost of the total revenue. Results showed that the lowest energy level can be used and it was found that there is need to carry out the second beak trimming by the economic point of view.

Exigência nutricional de lisina digestível para galinhas poedeiras leves em produção / Nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for white-egg laying hens in production

O objetivo com este trabalho foi determinar a exigência nutricional de lisina digestível para galinhas poedeiras leves em idade avançada. Foram utilizadas 288 galinhas poedeiras Hy Line W-36 com 60 semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis níveis de lisina digestível (6,0; 6,6; 7,2; 7,8; 8,4 e 9,0g kg-1), oito repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de lisina digestível na ração influenciaram de forma linear o consumo de lisina e a eficiência de utilização da lisina. Para a produção e massa de ovos, os platôs ocorreram a partir dos níveis de 6,57g kg-1 e de 7,10g kg-1 de lisina digestível, respectivamente. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre o peso de gema, com o nível estimado em 7,6g kg-1de lisina digestível. A exigência de lisina digestível de galinhas poedeiras leves no período de 60 a 76 semanas de idade é de 7,10g kg-1 de ração, correspondendo ao consumo diário de 690mg ave-1 de lisina digestível.(AU)

The objective of this research was to determine the nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for white laying hens in old age. Two hundred eighty-eight Hy Line W-36 laying hens at 60 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of digestible lysine (6.0; 6.6; 7.2; 7.8; 8.4 and 9.0g kg-1) and eight replications with six birds per experimental unit. There was linear effect of lysine levels on lysine intake and efficiency of utilization of lysine. For the production and egg mass, the levels of digestible lysine in the diet from which the plateaus occurred were of 6.57g kg-1 and 7.10g kg-1, respectively. There was quadratic effect of lysine levels on yolk weight, with the estimated level of 7.6g kg-1 of digestible lysine. The digestible lysine requirement of white laying hens from 60 to 76 weeks of age is 7.10g kg-1 in diet, corresponding to daily intake of 690mg bird-1 of digestible lysine.(AU)

Qualidade interna de diferentes tipos de ovos comercializados durante o inverno e o verão / Internal quality of different types of eggs sold during the winter and summer

Objetivou-se no presente estudo avaliar a qualidade interna de ovos brancos e vermelhos, comercializados durante o inverno e o verão, no estado de São Paulo. Para tal análise, utilizaram-se ovos classificados como tamanho grande, e a avaliação da qualidade interna realizada por meio das seguintes variáveis: massa média do ovo, gravidade específica, unidade Haugh, índice de gema, coloração da gema e incidência de partículas estranhas nos ovos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, em fatorial 2 x 2 (cor da casca x épocas do ano), sendo as cores da casca: branca e vermelha, e as épocas do ano: inverno e verão. Verificou-se que, no verão, foram obtidos os menores valores de massa média do ovo, de unidade Haugh e de índice de gema, o que evidencia maior perda da qualidade do produto, provavelmente devido às elevadas temperaturas, comparativamente ao inverno. Entretanto, durante o inverno, foram observados ovos contendo discos germinativos fecundados. Conclui-se que os ovos comercializados no Vale do Ribeira, SP, apresentaram baixa qualidade e, portanto, estavam impróprios ao consumo e à industrialização.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the internal quality of white and red eggs marketed during the winter and summer in the state of São Paulo. For this analysis, eggs classified as big were used, with the evaluation of the internal quality carried out according the following variables: Average egg mass, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk color and strange particles in eggs. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial (shell color x seasons), with shell color: white and red; and seasons: winter and summer. Through the results we found that summer had the lowest values of average egg weight, Haugh unit and yolk index, showing a greater loss of product quality, probably due to the high temperatures compared to the winter. However, during the winter we observed fertilized eggs containing germ discs. We conclude that eggs sold in the Ribeira Valley - SP are of low quality and therefore unfit for consumption and industrialization.(AU)

Níveis de energia para poedeiras comerciais submetidas a diferentes manejos de debicagem

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o melhor nível de energia para poedeiras comerciais submetidas ou não a segunda debicagem, sobre o desempenho produtivo, qualidade de ovo e viabilidade econômica. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 640 poedeiras, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 5x2 (nível de energia x número de debicagem) com oito repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de energia estudados foram os seguintes: 2600; 2700; 2800; 2900; 3000 Kcal EM/ kg de ração. Com relação à debicagem, foi avaliado o efeito da realização da segunda debicagem, realizada aos 70 dias de idade, ou não e suas interações com os níveis nutricionais propostos. O período experimental foi conduzido da 20ª a 48ª semana de idade das poedeiras, totalizando 7 ciclos de 28 dias cada. Os dados de desempenho produtivo (produção de ovos, consumo de ração, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por dúzia e conversão alimentar por massa de ovos), qualidade de ovos (peso, altura do albúmen, coloração de gema, unidade Haugh, resistência e espessura da casca), foram avaliados ao final de cada ciclo de 28 dias. Observou-se interações entre os níveis de energia e debicagem para as seguintes características: produção de ovos, altura de albúmen, unidade Haugh e espessura da casca. O aumento dos níveis de energia promoveram efeito significativo sobre o consumo de ração, conversão por dúzia e por massa de ovos, coloração de gema, resistência e espessura da casca. A debicagem afetou significativamente o consumo, conversão por dúzia e massa de ovos, peso dos ovos, coloração de gema e espessura de casca. A frequência de canibalismo não foi influenciada pelos níveis de energia e debicagem. Com relação à análise econômica tanto os níveis de energia com a debicagem tiveram efeito significativo sobre o custo total de produção, margem bruta e entre custo total sobre a receita total. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o nível de energia mais baixo pode ser utilizado e constatou-se que há necessidade de realização da segunda debicagem do ponto de vista econômico. Palavra-chave: Desempenho. Qualidade de ovos. Canibalismo. Viabilidade Econômica.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the best energy level for layer hens submitted or not to the second beak trimming, on performance, egg quality and economic viability aspects. Therefore, 640 layers were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 5x2 (energy level x number of beak trimming) with eight replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. Energy levels studied were: 2600; 2700; 2800; 2900; 3000 Kcal EM / kg feed. Regarding the beak trimming, it was evaluated the effect of the second beak trimming performed at 70 days age, or not, and their interactions with the proposed nutrient levels. The trial was conducted from the 20th to 48th week of birds age, totaling 7 cycles of 28 days each. The data of productive performance (egg production, feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen and feed conversion by egg mass), egg quality (weight, albumen height, yolk color, Haugh unit, strength and shell thickness were evaluated at the end of each 28-day cycle. It was observed interactions between the energy levels and beak trimming to egg production, albumen height, Haugh unit, and shell thickness. Beak trimming significantly affected consumption, conversion per dozen and egg mass, egg weight, yolk color and shell thickness. The frequency of cannibalism was not influenced by energy levels or beak trimming. Regarding the economic analysis both energy levels and beak trimming had a significant effect on the total cost of production, gross margin and between total cost of the total revenue. Results showed that the lowest energy level can be used and it was found that there is need to carry out the second beak trimming by the economic point of view. Keyword: Performance. Eggs quality. Cannibalism. Economic Viability.