Resumo
Conventional bacteriology techniques and quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (qPCR) were applied to the eggshell, albumen, and yolk of washed and unwashed commercial white and brown eggs, to detect Salmonella spp. Pooled samples of eggshells, albumen, and yolk of white and brown eggs were collected at the poultry house and at the egg-storage room. Salmonella spp. was detected by conventional bacteriology in 5.4% (21/387) of analyzed samples and in 16% (68/387) by qPCR. In the 114 unwashed white eggs samples of eggshell, albumen and yolk, the bacterium was identified in 2.6% of the eggs (3/114) by conventional bacteriology and in 13.2% (15/114) by qPCR. In the 90 samples of washed eggs, 6.7% (6/90) were contaminated as detected by conventional bacteriology and 10.0% (9/90) by qPCR. In the 81 samples of unwashed brown eggs, Salmonella spp. was detected in 6.1% of the eggs (5/81) by conventional bacteriology and 27.2% (22/81) by qPCR. In the 102 samples of brown washed eggs, 6.9% (7/102) where positive by conventional bacteriology and 35.3% (16/102) by qPCR. All samples detected as positive by conventional bacteriology were also positive by qPCR. Salmonella Agona represented 18.2% (4/22) of identified serovars, Salmonella enterica subs. enterica O: 4.5 18.2% (4/22), Salmonella Schwarzengrund 18.2% (4/22), Salmonella Cerro 13.6% (3/22), Salmonella Anatum 13.6% (3/22), Salmonella Enteritidis 9.1% (2/22), Salmonella Johannesburg 4.5% (1/22), and Salmonella Corvallis 4.5% (1/22). The qPCR method provided better detection of Salmonella spp. in commercial eggs than conventional bacteriology. The conventional egg washing and disinfection procedures are not efficient to eliminate Salmonella.
Assuntos
Animais , Casca de Ovo/química , Gema de Ovo/efeitos adversos , Gema de Ovo/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , SalmonellaResumo
Conventional bacteriology techniques and quantitative polymerase-chain reaction (qPCR) were applied to the eggshell, albumen, and yolk of washed and unwashed commercial white and brown eggs, to detect Salmonella spp. Pooled samples of eggshells, albumen, and yolk of white and brown eggs were collected at the poultry house and at the egg-storage room. Salmonella spp. was detected by conventional bacteriology in 5.4% (21/387) of analyzed samples and in 16% (68/387) by qPCR. In the 114 unwashed white eggs samples of eggshell, albumen and yolk, the bacterium was identified in 2.6% of the eggs (3/114) by conventional bacteriology and in 13.2% (15/114) by qPCR. In the 90 samples of washed eggs, 6.7% (6/90) were contaminated as detected by conventional bacteriology and 10.0% (9/90) by qPCR. In the 81 samples of unwashed brown eggs, Salmonella spp. was detected in 6.1% of the eggs (5/81) by conventional bacteriology and 27.2% (22/81) by qPCR. In the 102 samples of brown washed eggs, 6.9% (7/102) where positive by conventional bacteriology and 35.3% (16/102) by qPCR. All samples detected as positive by conventional bacteriology were also positive by qPCR. Salmonella Agona represented 18.2% (4/22) of identified serovars, Salmonella enterica subs. enterica O: 4.5 18.2% (4/22), Salmonella Schwarzengrund 18.2% (4/22), Salmonella Cerro 13.6% (3/22), Salmonella Anatum 13.6% (3/22), Salmonella Enteritidis 9.1% (2/22), Salmonella Johannesburg 4.5% (1/22), and Salmonella Corvallis 4.5% (1/22). The qPCR method provided better detection of Salmonella spp. in commercial eggs than conventional bacteriology. The conventional egg washing and disinfection procedures are not efficient to eliminate Salmonella.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Casca de Ovo/química , Gema de Ovo/efeitos adversos , Gema de Ovo/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , SalmonellaResumo
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição mineral de diferentes tipos de cascas de ovo, bem como a segurança microbiológica de amostras submetidas a diferentes métodos de higienização. Para a obtenção do pó de casca de ovo, as cascas foram lavadas, higienizadas, secas em estufa e trituradas em moinho. Cascas de ovo de granja (criação confinada), de coloração branca e vermelha, e cascas de ovo coloniais (caipira), provenientes da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, foram comparadas quanto a sua composição mineral. O Ca, mineral predominante na casca de ovo, se manteve em concentrações semelhantes nas diferentes amostras (cerca de 365mg g-1). As cascas de ovo de granja apresentaram maior concentração de Mg e menor concentração de Sr que as cascas de ovo coloniais. Não foram encontradas quantidades significativas de Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Al, Cd e Pb nas amostras analisadas. Adicionalmente, tanto amostras higienizadas com imersão em hipoclorito e posterior fervura em água, quanto amostras nas quais a imersão em hipoclorito foi suprimida, não apresentaram contaminação por coliformes, estafilococos ou salmonela. Os resultados indicam que a casca de ovo pode ser utilizada na nutrição humana, já que é rica em Ca, não apresenta contaminação por metais tóxicos e, se processada de forma adequada, apresenta boa qualidade higiênico-sanitária.(AU)
This study aimed to evaluate the mineral composition of different kinds of eggshell, as well as the microbiological safety of samples submitted to different sanitization procedures. To obtain the eggshell powder, the shells were washed, sanitized, oven dried and grinded in a mill. White- and brown-colored eggshells from confined laying hens and eggshells from free-ranged laying hens from the central region of Rio Grande do Sul were compared for their mineral composition. Ca, the predominant mineral in eggshells, remained at similar concentrations in the different samples (approximately 365mg g-1). Eggshells from confined laying hens had higher Mg concentration and lower Sr concentration than the shells from free-ranged laying hens. No significant amounts of Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Al, Cd or Pb were found in the samples. Additionally, both samples that were sanitized by immersion in hypochlorite and subsequently boiled in water as well as samples in which hypochlorite immersion was suppressed did not show coliform, staphylococcus or salmonella contamination. The results indicate that eggshell can be used in human nutrition since it is rich Ca source, shows no contamination by toxic metals and has good sanitary quality when properly processed.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Casca de Ovo , Ciências da Nutrição , MineraisResumo
No significant difference was found for egg laying and egg embryonation from engorged female Boophilus microplus exposed to different intensities of diffuse daylight as filtered through "colorless" or amber-colored glasses. The countings of free larvae and of egg-shells were almost perfectly equivalent. Almost perfect correlation was also found between the weights of engorged females and either the number of eggs they produced, the number of hatched larvae and the resulting number of empty shells. The average egg number per miligram of engorged female ticks was 10 and this proportion did not differ for the smaller or the larger of the studied females. The proportion of shrivelled eggs, which is an index of dehydration, was higher for the smaller egg-masses as compared with the larger egg clumps and this seems to be a most plausible reason for the higher proportion of hatching in the larger masses of eggs.
Não se encontrou para Boophilüs microplus diferença significante de oviposição ou embriogênese, em função de maior ou menor intensidade de luz difusa do dia, filtrada por vidro "incolor" ou cor de âmbar. Encontrou-se equivalência quase perfeita entre contagem de larvas livres e de cascas vazias de que irromperam. Foi também quase perfeita a correlação entre o peso das partenóginas e tanto o número de ovos que vieram a produzir, como o número de larvas que deles nasceu e ainda o número de cascas vazias de ovos. O número médio de ovos foi 10 por miligrama de partenóginas, não diferindo esta relação para partenóginas menos ou mais pesadas. À proporção de ovos encarquilhados, índice de desidratação, foi maior para as massas menores de ovos, parecendo ser esta a explicação para a maior fertilidade média das massas maiores d"ovos.
Resumo
No significant difference was found for egg laying and egg embryonation from engorged female Boophilus microplus exposed to different intensities of diffuse daylight as filtered through "colorless" or amber-colored glasses. The countings of free larvae and of egg-shells were almost perfectly equivalent. Almost perfect correlation was also found between the weights of engorged females and either the number of eggs they produced, the number of hatched larvae and the resulting number of empty shells. The average egg number per miligram of engorged female ticks was 10 and this proportion did not differ for the smaller or the larger of the studied females. The proportion of shrivelled eggs, which is an index of dehydration, was higher for the smaller egg-masses as compared with the larger egg clumps and this seems to be a most plausible reason for the higher proportion of hatching in the larger masses of eggs.
Não se encontrou para Boophilüs microplus diferença significante de oviposição ou embriogênese, em função de maior ou menor intensidade de luz difusa do dia, filtrada por vidro "incolor" ou cor de âmbar. Encontrou-se equivalência quase perfeita entre contagem de larvas livres e de cascas vazias de que irromperam. Foi também quase perfeita a correlação entre o peso das partenóginas e tanto o número de ovos que vieram a produzir, como o número de larvas que deles nasceu e ainda o número de cascas vazias de ovos. O número médio de ovos foi 10 por miligrama de partenóginas, não diferindo esta relação para partenóginas menos ou mais pesadas. À proporção de ovos encarquilhados, índice de desidratação, foi maior para as massas menores de ovos, parecendo ser esta a explicação para a maior fertilidade média das massas maiores d"ovos.