The role of B3GNT3 as an oncogene in the growth, invasion and migration of esophageal cancer cells

Purpose: To investigate the role and mechanism of ß1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-3 gene (B3GNT3) in esophageal cancer (ESCA). Methods: The starBase database was used to evaluate the expression of B3GNT3. B3GNT3 function was measured using KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. The mRNA levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell counting kit-8, clone formation assay and transwell assay were used to detect the changes of proliferation, invasion and migration. Results: B3GNT3 expression was higher in ESCA tissues than in normal tissues. The overall survival rate of ESCA patients with high B3GNT3 expression was lower than that of ESCA patients with low B3GNT3 expression. In vitro functional experiments showed that the proliferation ability, migration and invasion ability of KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells with B3GNT3 interference were lower than those of the control, and the overexpression of B3GNT3 had the opposite effect. After silencing B3GNT3 expression in ESCC cell lines, the growth of both cell lines was inhibited and the invasiveness was decreased. Knockdown of B3GNT3 reduced the growth rate and Ki-67 expression level. Conclusion: B3GNT3, as an oncogene, may promote the growth, invasion and migration of ESCC cell.

Use of balloon dilatation technique via endoscopy procedure in a canine patient with esophageal stenosis: case report / Uso da técnica de dilatação por balão via procedimento endoscópico em um paciente canino com estenose esofágica: relato de caso / Uso de la técnica de dilatación con balón mediante procedimiento de endoscopia en un paciente canino con estenosis esofágica: reporte de caso

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Experimental model of portal hypertension and esophagogastric varices in minipigs: pressure and endoscopic pilot study

Introduction: Portal hypertension still represents an important health problem worldwide. In the search for knowledge regarding this syndrome, experimental studies with animal models have proven to be useful to point the direction to be taken in future randomized clinical trials. Purpose: To validate the experimental model of portal hypertension and esophagogastric varices in a medium-sized animal. Methods: This study included five minipigs br1. Midline laparotomy with dissection of the portal vein and production of a calibrated stenosis of this vein was performed. Measurement of pressure in the portal venous and digestive endoscopic were performed before and five weeks after the production of a stenosis. Results: All animals were 8 months old, average weight of 17 ± 2.5 kg. The mean pressure of the portal vein immediately before the partial ligation of the portal vein was 8.9 + 1.6 mm Hg, with 26.6 + 5.4 mm Hg in the second measurement five weeks later (p < 0.05). No gastroesophageal varices or hypertensive portal gastropathy were seen at endoscopy procedures in our sample at any time in the study. Conclusion: Portal vein ligation in minipigs has been validated in the production of portal hypertension, but not in the formation of esophageal varices.

Massa esofágica em cárdia de um cão / Esophageal mass in cardia of a dog

O sistema digestório é responsável pela quebra dos alimentos em menores partes, a fim de gerar energia, crescimento e renovação celular. É constituído de um tubo digestivo formado por boca, esôfago, estômago, alças intestinais, reto e ânus; além dos órgãos anexos. O esôfago dá continuidade ao canal alimentar da faringe ao estômago. O câncer de esôfago, em cães e gatos, ocorre raramente, representando cerca de menos de 0,5% de todos os tumores nessas espécies. O maior fator de risco para os tumores esofágicos em cães está relacionado com as áreas endêmicas do nematódeo Spirocerca lupi, que parasita o cão. Diante do exposto, neste trabalho, relata-se o caso de um cão da raça Pit Bull, com dez meses de idade, que deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira com histórico de apatia, tosse, engasgo e alotriofagia. Foram solicitados exames de hemograma, bioquímica sérica, PCR, radiografia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia digestiva alta. Os exames hematológicos indicaram alterações sistêmicas e os exames de imagem apontaram alterações no trato gastrointestinal, sendo que o exame endoscópico apontou a presença de uma massa em região ventral da mucosa esofágica.

The digestive system is responsible for breaking food into smaller pieces to generate energy, growth, and cell renewal. It consists of a digestive tube formed by mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestinal loops, rectum, and anus, as well as attached organs. The esophagus continues the alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach. Esophageal cancer in dogs and cats is rare, accounting for less than 0.5% of all tumors in these species. The major risk factor for esophageal tumors in dogs is related to endemic areas of the nematode Spirocerca lupi that parasitizes the dog. This work presents the case of a 10-month-old Pit Bull dog that was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira with a history of apathy, cough, choking, and allotriophagia. Hemogram, serum biochemistry tests, PCR, radiography, ultrasonography, and upper digestive endoscopy were requested. The hematological exams indicated systemic alterations and the imaging exams presented alterations in the gastrointestinal tract, while the endoscopic exam showed the presence of a mass in the ventral region of the esophageal mucosa.

Cordycepin prevents the esophageal stricture formation in the alkali-burn rat model by exerting anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects

Purpose To investigate the efficacy of cordycepin, an adenosine analogue, on prevention of esophageal damage and stricture formation due to esophageal caustic burns in rat model comparing with prednisolone. Methods Caustic esophageal burn was introduced by 37.5% of NaOH to distal esophagus. Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were divided in four groups: sham rats undergone laparotomy, treated with 0.9% NaCl; control rats injured with NaOH without cordycepin treatment; cordycepin group injured with NaOH, treated with 20 mg/kg cordycepin; prednisolone group injured with NaOH, treated with 1 mg/kg prednisolone for 28 days. Efficacy was assessed by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of esophageal tissues. Results Cordycepin treatment significantly decreased inflammation, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue formation and prevented formation of esophageal strictures shown by histopathological damage score and stenosis indexes compared to control group (p 0.01). These effects are relatively more substantial than prednisolone, probably based on attenuation of elevation of proinflammatory cytokines hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1?), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), proliferative and fibrotic factor fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) (p 0.05). Conclusions The findings suggest that cordycepin has a complex multifactorial healing process in alkali-burned tissue, more successful than prednisolone in preventing the formation of esophageal strictures and may be used as a therapeutic agent in the acute phase of esophageal alkali-burn.(AU)

Megaesôfago em muar / Megaesophagus in mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. It’s a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus. Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area...

Megaesôfago em muar / Megaesophagus in mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. Its a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus. Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area...(AU)

Aberrant right subclavian artery in a dog - case report / [Ectopia de artéria subclávia direita em cão - relato de caso]

The brachiocephalic trunk and the left subclavian artery originate from the aortic arch, and both supply blood to the head, neck, and thoracic limbs. Anatomical variations, such as an aberrant right subclavian artery, are congenital conditions rarely observed in dogs, Thus, the objective of the present report was to describe a case of aberrant right subclavian artery in a 9-year-old Dalmatian. However, this anomaly was a finding in which the patient was asymptomatic during its 9 years of life and only at this age did he exhibit signs including sialorrhea, vomiting, hyporexia, and noisy deglutition. Blood count, biochemical profile, and thoracic radiography led to a diagnosis of megaesophagus and aspiration pneumonia. Despite the recommended treatment, the patient did not respond well; as such, the owner elected to euthanize the animal. On necropsy, the right subclavian artery originated directly from the aortic arch, followed a route from left to right dorsally to the esophagus, and then formed an impression of the vascular path over the muscular wall of the esophagus. The esophagus, in turn, exhibited a flaccid wall and dilation in the caudal portion to the vascular path made by the ectopic position of the right subclavian artery.(AU)

O tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda emergem do arco aórtico e são responsáveis por fazerem o suprimento sanguíneo para cabeça, pescoço e membros torácicos. Variações anatômicas, como a ectopia da artéria subclávia direita, são alterações congênitas raramente encontradas em cães, cujas alterações do sistema digestivo acontecem em pacientes recém-desmamados e não em adultos. Assim, o objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de ectopia da artéria subclávia direita em uma cadela, Dálmata, de nove anos de idade. No entanto, essa anomalia foi um achado do qual o paciente foi assintomático durante os nove anos de vida e somente com essa idade apresentou sinais como sialorreia, vômito, hiporexia e deglutição ruidosa. O hemograma e os perfis bioquímicos, associados à radiografia torácica, levaram a um diagnóstico de megaesôfago e pneumonia aspirativa. Mesmo seguindo o tratamento recomendado, houve piora clínica do quadro e o animal foi submetido à eutanásia. À macroscopia, a artéria subclávia direita originava-se direto do arco aórtico, fazia um percurso da esquerda para a direita dorsalmente ao esôfago e, então, formava uma impressão do trajeto vascular sobre a parede muscular do esôfago. O esôfago, por sua vez, apresentava parede flácida e dilatação na porção caudal ao trajeto vascular feito pela posição ectópica da artéria subclávia direita.(AU)

Fatal asphyxia due to laryngeal displacement by large-sized prey in a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), Brazil / Asfixia por deslocamento laríngeo associado a consumo de presa de grande tamanho em boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis), Brasil

The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) is a small odontocete distributed from Santa Catarina state, Brazil, to Honduras. Although it is currently considered “near threatened” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, considerable knowledge on health and disease aspects of this species has been gained over the last decade. The main threats for the species are represented by multiple anthropic factors. Guiana dolphins feed on a variety of taxa, primarily teleosts, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Herein, we reported a case of severe laryngeal displacement and esophageal impaction with ulceration associated with a deglutted adult leatherjacket (Oligoplites sp.). This fish species is not a common prey item of Guiana dolphins diet. Severe upper aerodigestive compromise likely led to death by mechanical asphyxia (choke) in this dolphin. This report attested the occurrence of upper aerodigestive dysfunction due to overzealous feeding in Guiana dolphin and contributed to general knowledge on pathology of the species.(AU)

O boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) é um pequeno odontoceto que ocorre desde o estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, até Honduras. Embora esta espécie seja considerada “quase ameaçada” pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza, um considerável conhecimento sobre diversos aspectos de saúde e doença nesta espécie foi adquirido na última década. As principais ameaças para a espécie são representadas por múltiplos fatores antrópicos. Os botos-cinza se alimentam de uma variedade de táxons, incluindo principalmente teleósteos, crustáceos e cefalópodes. No presente estudo relatamos um caso de deslocamento laríngeo grave e impactação esofágica com ulceração pela deglutição de um peixe adulto do gênero Oligoplites. Esta espécie de peixe não é um elemento comum da dieta dos botos-cinza. É possível que o comprometimento aerodigestivo grave tenha levado o animal à morte por asfixia mecânica. Este relato atesta a ocorrência de disfunção aerodigestiva superior devido à alimentação de tamanho excessivo por um boto-cinza, e contribui para o conhecimento geral de patologias na espécie.(AU)

Isolation and characterization of the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the esophagus and its probable association with obstructive caseous lesions in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) / Isolamento e caracterização da microbiota bacteriana aeróbia do esôfago e sua provável associação com lesões caseosas obstrutivas em tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas)

Caseous lesions in the esophagus of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the coast of Brazil have been described as obstructive lesions and can lead to the death of these animals. However, their etiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the esophagus of green turtles (C. mydas) from the Brazilian coast and to verify its possible participation in the etiology of caseous lesions. For this, 42 animals were used, 33 alive and healthy and 9 naturally dead that had esophageal lesions confirmed by necropsy, from Anchieta and Piúma beaches, Espírito Santo. Microbiological tests and morphological evaluation of the esophagus were performed. We isolated 14 different bacterial agents from healthy animal samples, with the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa being (36.36%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.33%), Aeromonas hydrophila (27.27%), and Vibrio alginolyticus (24.24%). In dead animals, only three distinct agents were isolated: S. aureus (50.00%), A. hydrophila (25.00%), and V. alginolyticus (25.00%). Morphological evaluation revealed a predominance of the lesions at the gastroesophageal junction, with multifocal-to-coalescent distribution, discrete intensity, and absence of obstruction. Ulcerations and caseous exudates, inflammatory infiltrates, parasitic eggs, and giant foreign body cells were also observed as well as bacterial lumps and glandular alterations, such as necrosis, adenitis, and fragments of adult parasites. There was a positive correlation between bacterial lumps and microbiological culture and a negative correlation between bacterial lumps and microbiological culture with parasites. Thus, it was noted that the esophageal aerobic microbiota of C. mydas was predominantly composed of Gram-negative bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila, and V. alginolyticus, in addition to several enterobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, such as S. aureus. These agents are opportunists and may be involved in the etiology of caseous esophagitis in association with other pathogens as co-factors working in association or, even in a secondary way.(AU)

A ocorrência de lesão caseosa no esôfago de tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas) da costa do Brasil tem sido descrita como de caráter obstrutivo e pode causar a morte dos animais. No entanto, sua etiologia permanece pouco esclarecida. Objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar a microbiota aeróbica esofágica das tartarugas-verdes (C. mydas) da costa brasileira e verificar sua possível participação na etiologia das lesões caseosas. Foram utilizados 42 animais, 33 vivos e hígidos e nove mortos naturalmente que apresentavam lesão esofágica confirmada pela necropsia, provenientes de Anchieta e Piúma, Espírito Santo, nos quais foram feitos testes microbiológicos e avaliação morfológica do esôfago. Foram isolados 14 agentes bacterianos diferentes nas amostras de animais saudáveis, com prevalência de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36,36%), Staphylococcus aureus (33,33%), Aeromonas hydrophila (27,27%) e Vibrio alginolyticus (24,24%). Nos animais mortos, foram isolados apenas três agentes distintos: S. aureus (50,00%), A. hydrophila (25,00%) e V. alginolyticus (25,00%). A avaliação morfológica revelou predominância da lesão em junção gastroesofágica, com distribuição multifocal a coalescente, intensidade discreta e ausência de obstrução. Observou-se ainda ulceração e exsudato caseoso, infiltrado inflamatório, ovos de parasitos e células gigantes do tipo corpo estranho, além de grumos bacterianos e de alterações glandulares, como necrose, adenite e fragmentos de parasitos adultos. Houve correlação positiva dos grumos bacterianos com cultivo microbiológico e negativa dos grumos bacterianos e cultivo microbiológico com parasitos. Assim, nota-se que a microbiota esofágica aeróbica de C. mydas é constituída predominantemente por bactérias Gram-negativas como P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila e V. alginolyticus, além de diversas enterobatérias e por Gram-positivas, como S. aureus. Esses agentes são oportunistas e podem estar envolvidos na etiologia da esofagite caseosa em associação a outros patógenos como co-fatores agindo em associação, ou mesmo, por via de infecção secundária.(AU)

Isolation and characterization of the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the esophagus and its probable association with obstructive caseous lesions in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) / Isolamento e caracterização da microbiota bacteriana aeróbia do esôfago e sua provável associação com lesões caseosas obstrutivas em tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas)

Caseous lesions in the esophagus of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the coast of Brazil have been described as obstructive lesions and can lead to the death of these animals. However, their etiology remains unclear. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the aerobic bacterial microbiota of the esophagus of green turtles (C. mydas) from the Brazilian coast and to verify its possible participation in the etiology of caseous lesions. For this, 42 animals were used, 33 alive and healthy and 9 naturally dead that had esophageal lesions confirmed by necropsy, from Anchieta and Piúma beaches, Espírito Santo. Microbiological tests and morphological evaluation of the esophagus were performed. We isolated 14 different bacterial agents from healthy animal samples, with the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa being (36.36%), Staphylococcus aureus (33.33%), Aeromonas hydrophila (27.27%), and Vibrio alginolyticus (24.24%). In dead animals, only three distinct agents were isolated: S. aureus (50.00%), A. hydrophila (25.00%), and V. alginolyticus (25.00%). Morphological evaluation revealed a predominance of the lesions at the gastroesophageal junction, with multifocal-to-coalescent distribution, discrete intensity, and absence of obstruction. Ulcerations and caseous exudates, inflammatory infiltrates, parasitic eggs, and giant foreign body cells were also observed as well as bacterial lumps and glandular alterations, such as necrosis, adenitis, and fragments of adult parasites. There was a positive correlation between bacterial lumps and microbiological culture and a negative correlation between bacterial lumps and microbiological culture with parasites. Thus, it was noted that the esophageal aerobic microbiota of C. mydas was predominantly composed of Gram-negative bacteria such as P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila, and V. alginolyticus, in addition to several enterobacteria and Gram-positive bacteria, such as S. aureus. These agents are opportunists and may be involved in the etiology of caseous esophagitis in association with other pathogens as co-factors working in association or, even in a secondary way.(AU)

A ocorrência de lesão caseosa no esôfago de tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas) da costa do Brasil tem sido descrita como de caráter obstrutivo e pode causar a morte dos animais. No entanto, sua etiologia permanece pouco esclarecida. Objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar a microbiota aeróbica esofágica das tartarugas-verdes (C. mydas) da costa brasileira e verificar sua possível participação na etiologia das lesões caseosas. Foram utilizados 42 animais, 33 vivos e hígidos e nove mortos naturalmente que apresentavam lesão esofágica confirmada pela necropsia, provenientes de Anchieta e Piúma, Espírito Santo, nos quais foram feitos testes microbiológicos e avaliação morfológica do esôfago. Foram isolados 14 agentes bacterianos diferentes nas amostras de animais saudáveis, com prevalência de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36,36%), Staphylococcus aureus (33,33%), Aeromonas hydrophila (27,27%) e Vibrio alginolyticus (24,24%). Nos animais mortos, foram isolados apenas três agentes distintos: S. aureus (50,00%), A. hydrophila (25,00%) e V. alginolyticus (25,00%). A avaliação morfológica revelou predominância da lesão em junção gastroesofágica, com distribuição multifocal a coalescente, intensidade discreta e ausência de obstrução. Observou-se ainda ulceração e exsudato caseoso, infiltrado inflamatório, ovos de parasitos e células gigantes do tipo corpo estranho, além de grumos bacterianos e de alterações glandulares, como necrose, adenite e fragmentos de parasitos adultos. Houve correlação positiva dos grumos bacterianos com cultivo microbiológico e negativa dos grumos bacterianos e cultivo microbiológico com parasitos. Assim, nota-se que a microbiota esofágica aeróbica de C. mydas é constituída predominantemente por bactérias Gram-negativas como P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila e V. alginolyticus, além de diversas enterobatérias e por Gram-positivas, como S. aureus. Esses agentes são oportunistas e podem estar envolvidos na etiologia da esofagite caseosa em associação a outros patógenos como co-fatores agindo em associação, ou mesmo, por via de infecção secundária.(AU)

Spirocerca lupi: aspectos gerais do parasito e da espirocercose em cães / Spirocerca lupi: general aspects of parasite and spirocercosis in dogs

O nematódeo Spirocerca lupi, causador da espirocercose, é um parasito que acometeprincipalmente cães e canídeos silvestres. Seu ciclo biológico envolve hospedeirosintermediários, os besouros coprófagos e pequenas aves, répteis e roedores que servem como hospedeiros paratênicos. A doença é de ocorrência cosmopolita, com maior prevalência em países tropicais e subtropicais, sendo endêmica na África do Sul. Também já foi relatada em alguns países da América do Sul, incluindo o Brasil, sendo mais prevalente em cães de caça e cães errantes. Os vermes adultos parasitam esôfago, estômago e artéria aorta dos hospedeiros definitivos, provocando nódulos, granulomas e diversas lesões. A sintomatologia da espirocercose varia de acordo com o processo migratório do parasito no organismo do animal, os órgãos afetados, bem como a evolução da doença. Sintomas como a regurgitação, a emese, a disfagia e a perda de peso, são as principais manifestações clínicas observadas em cães parasitados. O diagnóstico se baseia nos achados clínicos, exames de imagem, parasitológico de fezes ou das secreções daregugitação, emese e achados de necropsia. O tratamento pode ser clínico, ainda poucoviável, ou cirúrgico para remoção dos nódulos contendo os parasitos. Como medidas preventivas a literatura cita evitar o acesso de cães aos hospedeiros paratênicos e, além disso, eles não devem ser alimentados com vísceras cruas de outros animais domésticos e silvestres.

The nematode Spirocerca lupi, which causes spirocercosis, is a parasite that mainly affects dogs and wild canids. Its biological cycle involves intermediate hosts, the coprophagous beetles and small birds, reptiles and rodents that serve as paratenic hosts. The disease is of cosmopolitan occurrence with a higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical countries, being endemic in South Africa. It has also been reported in some South American countries, including Brazil, being more prevalent in hunting dogs and stray dogs. The adult worms parasite the esophagus, stomach and aorta artery of the definitive hosts, causing nodules, granulomas and several lesions. The symptoms of spirocercosis varies according to the migratory process of the parasite in the animal organism, the affected organs, as well as the evolution of the disease. Symptoms such regurgitation, dysphagia and weight loss are the main clinical manifestations observed in parasitized dogs. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings, imaging, parasitological examination of feces or secretions of the regurgitation, emese and necropsy findings. The treatment can be clinical, still little viable, or surgical for removal of the nodules containing the parasites. As preventive measures theliterature cites avoiding access of dogs to paratenic hosts and, in addition, they should not be fed with raw viscera of other domestic and wild animals.

Spirocerca lupi: aspectos gerais do parasito e da espirocercose em cães / Spirocerca lupi: general aspects of parasite and spirocercosis in dogs

O nematódeo Spirocerca lupi, causador da espirocercose, é um parasito que acometeprincipalmente cães e canídeos silvestres. Seu ciclo biológico envolve hospedeirosintermediários, os besouros coprófagos e pequenas aves, répteis e roedores que servem como hospedeiros paratênicos. A doença é de ocorrência cosmopolita, com maior prevalência em países tropicais e subtropicais, sendo endêmica na África do Sul. Também já foi relatada em alguns países da América do Sul, incluindo o Brasil, sendo mais prevalente em cães de caça e cães errantes. Os vermes adultos parasitam esôfago, estômago e artéria aorta dos hospedeiros definitivos, provocando nódulos, granulomas e diversas lesões. A sintomatologia da espirocercose varia de acordo com o processo migratório do parasito no organismo do animal, os órgãos afetados, bem como a evolução da doença. Sintomas como a regurgitação, a emese, a disfagia e a perda de peso, são as principais manifestações clínicas observadas em cães parasitados. O diagnóstico se baseia nos achados clínicos, exames de imagem, parasitológico de fezes ou das secreções daregugitação, emese e achados de necropsia. O tratamento pode ser clínico, ainda poucoviável, ou cirúrgico para remoção dos nódulos contendo os parasitos. Como medidas preventivas a literatura cita evitar o acesso de cães aos hospedeiros paratênicos e, além disso, eles não devem ser alimentados com vísceras cruas de outros animais domésticos e silvestres.(AU)

The nematode Spirocerca lupi, which causes spirocercosis, is a parasite that mainly affects dogs and wild canids. Its biological cycle involves intermediate hosts, the coprophagous beetles and small birds, reptiles and rodents that serve as paratenic hosts. The disease is of cosmopolitan occurrence with a higher prevalence in tropical and subtropical countries, being endemic in South Africa. It has also been reported in some South American countries, including Brazil, being more prevalent in hunting dogs and stray dogs. The adult worms parasite the esophagus, stomach and aorta artery of the definitive hosts, causing nodules, granulomas and several lesions. The symptoms of spirocercosis varies according to the migratory process of the parasite in the animal organism, the affected organs, as well as the evolution of the disease. Symptoms such regurgitation, dysphagia and weight loss are the main clinical manifestations observed in parasitized dogs. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings, imaging, parasitological examination of feces or secretions of the regurgitation, emese and necropsy findings. The treatment can be clinical, still little viable, or surgical for removal of the nodules containing the parasites. As preventive measures theliterature cites avoiding access of dogs to paratenic hosts and, in addition, they should not be fed with raw viscera of other domestic and wild animals.(AU)

Esophageal diverticulum and megaesophagus in a dog and a cat

Background: Esophageal diverticula are pouch-like dilatations in the esophageal wall that rarely affect dogs and cats, and may have the megaesophagus as a base cause. The definitive method of diagnosis is the contrasting chest X-ray that will visualize the sacculation.Cases: Case 1. A feline male, mixed breed, with 40 days of life was seen with complaint of postprandial regurgitation that was repeated at each meal. On physical examination, the animal was below ideal weight, apathetic, with pale mucosa and bristly. It was suspected of megaesophagus, which was confirmed by contrasting thoracic lateral-lateral (LL) radiography, and the patient also had anterior partial esophageal dilation to the topographic image of the heart. The image was suggestive of persistence of the right aortic arch, and corrective surgery was indicated but it was not authorized by the tutors. Therefore, conservative dietary treatment was instituted. The animal remained stable for a period of one and a half years. After this period the patient returned with an aggravated condition of vomiting, anorexia and apathy. The same clinical condition was maintained in the chest X-ray. An esophageal flushing was indicated, which was not authorized by the tutors, being prescribed mucosal protector and antibiotic. The medication was maintained by the tutor and after 1 month of the initial care, the clinical condition worsened and the animal died. Case 2. A 6-month-old male Pinscher dog weighing 1 kg was seen with postprandial regurgitation complaint since the beginning of the weaning transition period. In the esophagography performed a compatible radiographic image was seen with a diverticulum of the cranial thoracic esophagus and congenital total megaesophagus. The treatment adopted was conservative. Twelve months after the initial care, the animal presented radiographically resolution of the diverticulum and megaesophagus and was in good health.[...]

Esophageal diverticulum and megaesophagus in a dog and a cat

Background: Esophageal diverticula are pouch-like dilatations in the esophageal wall that rarely affect dogs and cats, and may have the megaesophagus as a base cause. The definitive method of diagnosis is the contrasting chest X-ray that will visualize the sacculation.Cases: Case 1. A feline male, mixed breed, with 40 days of life was seen with complaint of postprandial regurgitation that was repeated at each meal. On physical examination, the animal was below ideal weight, apathetic, with pale mucosa and bristly. It was suspected of megaesophagus, which was confirmed by contrasting thoracic lateral-lateral (LL) radiography, and the patient also had anterior partial esophageal dilation to the topographic image of the heart. The image was suggestive of persistence of the right aortic arch, and corrective surgery was indicated but it was not authorized by the tutors. Therefore, conservative dietary treatment was instituted. The animal remained stable for a period of one and a half years. After this period the patient returned with an aggravated condition of vomiting, anorexia and apathy. The same clinical condition was maintained in the chest X-ray. An esophageal flushing was indicated, which was not authorized by the tutors, being prescribed mucosal protector and antibiotic. The medication was maintained by the tutor and after 1 month of the initial care, the clinical condition worsened and the animal died. Case 2. A 6-month-old male Pinscher dog weighing 1 kg was seen with postprandial regurgitation complaint since the beginning of the weaning transition period. In the esophagography performed a compatible radiographic image was seen with a diverticulum of the cranial thoracic esophagus and congenital total megaesophagus. The treatment adopted was conservative. Twelve months after the initial care, the animal presented radiographically resolution of the diverticulum and megaesophagus and was in good health.[...](AU)

Estenose esofágica em duas cadelas após ovário-histerectomia: relato de caso / Esophageal stricture in two female dogs after ovariohysterectomy: case report

A estenose esofágica benigna é uma afecção rara em pequenos animais, comumente secundária a esofagites ulcerativas. O refluxo gastroesofágico, frequente durante procedimentos anestésicos, é a principal causa de esofagite grave, com consequente formação de cicatriz esofágica. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever dois casos de estenose esofágica ocorrentes após ovário-histerectomia, com destaque para os procedimentos diagnósticos realizados. Em ambos os casos, a combinação dos sinais clínicos sugestivos e os achados de esofagograma e esofagoscopia foram determinantes. No primeiro caso, devido ao tempo avançado de desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos, o paciente veio a óbito antes mesmo que a intervenção direta da região de estenose fosse realizada. Já no segundo, o procedimento de gastrostomia para melhor manejo alimentar, associado à dilatação esofágica via esofagoscopia e à terapia com medicamentos antiácidos, resultou em melhora clínica.(AU)

Benign esophageal stricture is a rare affection in small animals, usually secondary to ulcerative esophagitis. Gastroesophageal reflux, frequent during anesthetic procedures, is the main cause of severe esophagitis with consequent formation of esophageal cicatrix. The objective of this work is to describe two cases of esophageal stricture occurring after ovariohysterectomy, highlighting the diagnostic procedures performed. In both cases, the combination of the suggestive clinical signs and findings from an esophagram and an esophagoscopy were determinants. In the first case, due to the advanced stage of the clinical signs, the patient died before direct interventions on the stenosis region were performed. But in the second case, the gastrostomy procedures for better feed management associated with esophageal dilatation by esophagoscopy and therapy with antacids resulted in clinical improvement.(AU)

Estenose esofágica em duas cadelas após ovário-histerectomia: relato de caso / Esophageal stricture in two female dogs after ovariohysterectomy: case report

A estenose esofágica benigna é uma afecção rara em pequenos animais, comumente secundária a esofagites ulcerativas. O refluxo gastroesofágico, frequente durante procedimentos anestésicos, é a principal causa de esofagite grave, com consequente formação de cicatriz esofágica. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever dois casos de estenose esofágica ocorrentes após ovário-histerectomia, com destaque para os procedimentos diagnósticos realizados. Em ambos os casos, a combinação dos sinais clínicos sugestivos e os achados de esofagograma e esofagoscopia foram determinantes. No primeiro caso, devido ao tempo avançado de desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos, o paciente veio a óbito antes mesmo que a intervenção direta da região de estenose fosse realizada. Já no segundo, o procedimento de gastrostomia para melhor manejo alimentar, associado à dilatação esofágica via esofagoscopia e à terapia com medicamentos antiácidos, resultou em melhora clínica.(AU)

Benign esophageal stricture is a rare affection in small animals, usually secondary to ulcerative esophagitis. Gastroesophageal reflux, frequent during anesthetic procedures, is the main cause of severe esophagitis with consequent formation of esophageal cicatrix. The objective of this work is to describe two cases of esophageal stricture occurring after ovariohysterectomy, highlighting the diagnostic procedures performed. In both cases, the combination of the suggestive clinical signs and findings from an esophagram and an esophagoscopy were determinants. In the first case, due to the advanced stage of the clinical signs, the patient died before direct interventions on the stenosis region were performed. But in the second case, the gastrostomy procedures for better feed management associated with esophageal dilatation by esophagoscopy and therapy with antacids resulted in clinical improvement.(AU)

Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.(AU)

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.(AU)

Phmetria Esofágica Em Cães / Esophageal Ph-Metry In Dogs / Ph-Metría Esofágica En Perros

A avaliação da phmetria esofágica é um método sensível e especifico para detectar a ocorrência de refluxo gastroesofágico, bem como sua frequência, duração e até mesmo determinar a origem. O conteúdo do refluxo gastroesofágico pode ter origem somente gástrica, duodenal ou de ambos, demonstrando características únicas em relação a valores ácido-base e graus de severidade diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o valor do pH esofágico em cães anestesiados, e avaliar a ocorrência de episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico durante as intervenções cirúrgicas. Foram utilizados nove cães machos e fêmeas adultos saudáveis, com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 5,4 kg. A pHmetria esofágica foi realizada pela inserção de um cateter pela nasofaringe em 9 cães anestesiados com cetamina, midazolan e metadona; propofol e isoflurano, submetidos as intervenções de mastectomia, orquiectomia e ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. Em nove cães que foram realizadas a passagem do cateter, apenas um animal submetido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia apresentou episódio de refluxo gastroesofágico; comprovado por esofagoscopia. A phmetria foi realizada até 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sem alterações significativas da mensuração do pH (P<0,05) em todos os tempos. Os animais foram acompanhados até 30 dias de pós-operatório sem sinais clínicos de esofagite. A média de todas as mensurações de pH foi de 6.229 +- 0.5245.

Esophageal pHmetry evaluation is a sensitive and specific method to detect gastroesophageal reflux, as weel as its frequency, duration, and origin. Gastroesophageal reflux content can be originated from stomach, duodenal or both, showing unique features of acid-base values and different severity degrees. The aim of this study was to stablish esophageal pH values in anesthetized dogs, and to evaluate the occurrence of gastroesophageal reflux episodes during surgical intervention. Were used 9 female and male healthy dogs, with mean body weight of 15.0 ±5.4 kg. Esophageal pHmetry was performed throght the insertion of a catheter on the nasopharinx in 9 dogs anesthetized with ketamine, midazolam, methadone, propofol e isoflurane, subject to mastectomy, orchiectomy and elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy. Of all 9 dogs in which the catheter was applied, only one animal, subject to ovariosalpingohysterectomy, has shown a gastroesophageal reflux episode, proved by esofagoscopy. pHmetry was performed until 180 minutes post-anesthesia, without significative changes on pH mesurement (P<0.05) at all times. The animals had follow ups until 30 days of post-operative with no clinical signs of esophagitis. The mean pH measurement was 6.222 ± 0.5245.

La evaluación del pHmetría esofágica es un método específico y sensible para detectar la aparición de reflujo gastroesofágico, así como su frecuencia, duración e incluso determinar el origen. El contenido del reflujo gastroesofágico puede tener origen sólo gástrica, duodenal, o ambos, demostrando características únicas con respecto a los valores de acido-base y distintos grados de severidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el valor del pH del esófago en perros anestesiados y evaluar la ocurrencia de episodios de reflujo gastroesofágico durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Fueron utilizados nueve perros adultos saludables, machos y hembras, con medio peso de 15.0 ± 5,4 kg. El monitoreo del pH esofágico fué realizado insertando un catéter a través de la nasofaringe en 9 perros anestesiados con ketamina, midazolam y metadona; propofol y isoflurane, sometidos a intervenciones de mastectomía, orquiectomía y ovariosalpingohisterectomia electiva. En los nueve perros que fueron hechos el paso del catéter, sólo 1 animal sometido a ovariosalpingohisterectomia presentó episodio de reflujo gastroesofágico; probado por esofagoscopia. El monitoreo del pH fue realizado en 180 minutos pós-anestesia, sin cambios significativos en la medición del pH (P < 0.05) en todos los tiempos. Los animales fueron acompañados hasta 30 días después de la quirugía sin signos clínicos de esofagitis. El promedio de todas las mediciones de pH fue de 6229 +- 0.5245.

Clinical and laboratory findings in calves of dairy Gir with "the rumenal drinking" / Achados clínicos e laboratoriais em bezerros da raça Gir leiteira com síndrome do bebedor rumenal

The syndrome ruminal drinker or ruminal drinking, is a clinical condition that occurs in infants calves for failure to closing reflection of esophageal groove and which carries most of the time in a ruminal acidosis. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory findings in eleven affected calves with the disease treated at Garanhuns cattle Clinic of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, CBG-UFRPE. The main systemic and digestive clinical signs were apathy, lack of appetite, lack of sucking reflex, timpania, liquid sound to balotamento. hematologic and ruminal fluid analyzes were performed.Among the changes found in the blood count as the leukocyte response drew attention one leukocytosis by neutrophilia with a shift to regenerative left, plus a slight hypoproteinemia and hyperfibrinogenemia. In ruminal fluid analysis were observed changes as whitish presence of milk clots, altered odor and acid pH. The established therapeutic approach was sinfonagem of ruminal content, and administration of medications for other illnesses involved in the process for an average period of 20 days until discharge. Although the literature cite the low occurrence of the disease, this accounted for 12.34% of the diseases that attacked the calves treated at CBG-UFRPE within one year.(AU)

A síndrome do bebedor rumenal ou rumenal drinking, é uma condição clínica que ocorre em bezerros lactentes por falha no reflexo de fechamento da goteira esofágica e que acarreta na maioria das vezes em uma acidose rumenal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os achados clínicos e laboratoriais em onze bezerros acometidos com a enfermidade, atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, CBG-UFRPE. Os principais sinais clínicos sistêmicos e digestivos foram: apatia, inapetência, ausência do reflexo de sucção, timpania, som de líquido ao balotamento. Foram realizadas análises hematológicas e de fluído rumenal.Dentre as alterações encontradas no hemograma quanto à resposta leucocitária chamou a atenção uma leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio a esquerda regenerativo, além de uma discreta hipoproteinemia e hiperfibrinogenemia. Na análise de fluído rumenal observaram-se alterações como coloração esbranquiçada, presença de coágulos de leite, odor alterado e o pH ácido. A conduta terapêutica instituída foi a sinfonagem do conteúdo rumenal, além de administração de medicamentos para outras enfermidades envolvidas no processo por um período médio de 20 dias até receberem alta. Embora a literatura cite a baixa ocorrência da enfermidade, esta foi responsável por 12,34% das doenças que acometeram os bezerros atendidos na CBG-UFRPE no período de um ano.(AU)