Thromboembolism in a bitch - diagnosis by infrared thermography

Background: Thermography is a noninvasive, non-contact, painless, and non-ionizing imaging technique that records cutaneous thermal patterns generated by infrared emission of the surface. The surface heat is closely related to dermal microcirculation. Thromboembolism is responsible for important changes in the thermal pattern of the body surface due to physical obstruction of blood flow, being the main complication in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The aim of this paper is to report a dog with thrombus in his left forelimb secondary to idiopathic hemolytic anemia, whose diagnostic screening was performed through infrared thermography. Case: A 9-year-old mixed breed bitch was referred to a veterinary hospital with a history of emesis, diarrhea and dark-colored urine for 2 days. The complete blood count showed hypochromic macrocytic anemia (hematocrit [HTC] 28%, reference: 37 to 55%) with the presence of nucleated erythrocyte (14/100 leukocytes, reference: 0 to 5/100 leukocytes), polychromasia and spherocytes. Leukocytosis (28,300 mm³, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³) by neutrophilia with left deviation and toxic granulations was also present, in addition to hemoglobinuria at urine exam. Therefore, treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) was instituted. After 2 days, the animal returned with acute functional impairment of the left forelimb. Physical examination revealed that the limb was cold, without pulse, proprioception, reflexes, and deep pain. New blood analyses revealed decreased hematocrit (HTC 17%, reference: 37 to 55%), and increased total leukocyte number (57,000 mm3, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³). Infrared thermography revealed an important temperature difference between the limbs, with the affected limb temperature considerably lower (31.3ºC) when compared to the contralateral limb (35.0ºC). Thermography showed the site of the thrombus in the medial portion of the limb (cephalic vein), where the catheter had been placed for fluid therapy. Due to the severity of the condition, the bitch was submitted to amputation surgery, which occurred without complications. The patient had a good response to treatment, with decreased signs of hemolysis and hypercoagulability. The medications were slowly withdrawn, and the clinical discharge occurred after 4 weeks. Discussion: In humans, thermography has been widely used in the assessment of thrombotic diseases, contributing to diagnosis, localization, and prognosis. In veterinary medicine, however, the use of this tool in the diagnosis of thromboembolism is still rare. The difference of 3.7°C between the affected and contralateral limb was objectively verified using thermography. A minimum difference of 2.4°C between limbs has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing thromboembolism and occurs due to the reduction in local blood flow. In the present case this tool was essential for the anatomical location of the thrombus, which was in the middle third of the forearm, and allowed an adequate surgical planning. It is known that the main complication of IMHA is thromboembolism. Its predisposing factors include venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, being exacerbated by cage confinement, decubitus and presence of a peripheral venous catheter. The reported case corroborates at least one of these factors since it had a peripheral venous catheter in the left forelimb, which later showed absence of pulse, spinal reflexes, pain and proprioception. The thermography showed to be an objective, rapid and non-invasive tool to diagnose and precisely locate the thrombus, which allowed for adequate treatment and surgical planning for the case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about use of thermography to diagnose thromboembolism secondary to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a dog.

Diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumors in bitches - platelet indices are a remarkable marker?

Background: Hematological analyses are seen as more preferred laboratory analyses in canine transmissible venereal tumor studies. There is no information about the availability of platelets and their indices in routine practice in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. Taking this as a starting point, this study analyzed the usefulness of platelet indices in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor in clinical laboratory diagnosis as well as examined the relationship between white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets (PLT), main platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and the ratio of main platelet volume to platelets (MPV/PLT). Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 42 bitches of various breeds were used. Nineteen healthy bitches were used as a control group, and the others 23 with cTVT as a study group. Metastasis was not observed in any of the bitches involved in the study. History, clinical findings, and cytological examinations were evaluated for the diagnosis of cTVT. In animals with hemorrhagic discharge and neoplastic lesions, a vaginal cytological examination was performed. Typical TVT cells with large nuclei and intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in the vaginal cytological examinations, and the diagnosis of TVT was made. Healthy bitches (19) and those with TVT (23) were 39.16 5.37 months and 47.61 5.14 months old, respectively. From all animals, 2 mL blood samples were collected from V. cephalica to evaluate PIs in the complete blood count (CBC). Collected blood samples were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. As a result of the analysis, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCHC, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, and MPV/PLT data were obtained. Mild leukocytosis, an increase in PLT, and a decrease in MCV and MPV/PLT were determined in the study group compared to the control group. Cut-off values in CBC of bitches with TVT were determined as WBC: 13.35 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 90%); MCV: 67 (sensitivity: 57%; specificity: 95%); PLT: 315.50 (sensitivity: 65%; specificity: 74%); and MPV/PLT: 0.028 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 58%). In CBC analyses, a strong negative correlation between PLT and MPV/PLT was detected in both groups. Discussion: Canine transmissible venereal tumors are common in both stray and pet dogs. It is naturally transferred from animal to animal during mating by live tumor cells. This tumor can commonly affect the external genitalia and internal organs in some cases. It generally has the look of cauliflower, and its surface is ulcerated, inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and infectious. More preferred laboratory analyses are complete blood count and blood chemistry analysis in cTVT for to evaluate the success of treatments. Platelet indices have been investigated in many diseases such as endotoxemia, chronic enteropathy, mammary tumor, parvoviral enteritis, septic peritonitis, lymphoma, pyometra, visceral leishmaniasis, and babesiosis in dogs. There is no information available for either diagnostic or prognostic use of the PIs in canine TVT cases. Ultimately, in light of the presented study's results, platelet indices, especially PLT and the MPV/PLT ratio, seem to be notable laboratory markers in terms of easy accessibility and low-cost assessment techniques in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. New data, however, should be established by a thorough follow-up study using a larger sample size and addressing its usefulness as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in canine transmissible venereal tumors.

Artéria subclávia direita aberrante em cão - aspectos clínicos e de imagem / Aberrant right subclavian artery in a dog - clinical and imaging aspects

Background: Aberrant right subclavian artery is only rarely observed in veterinary medicine. Some animals may present postprandial regurgitation and progressive weight loss, which is considered an incidental finding unrelated to clinical alterations. Advanced imaging techniques such as thoracic CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast angiography are used for the accurate detection of lesions, anatomical changes and specific information about vascular rings. This paper describes the clinical changes, imaging exams and therapeutic approach in a female dog with megaesophagus induced by an aberrant right subclavian artery. Case: A 2-month-old female bull terrier, weighing 1.6 kg, with a history of regurgitation immediately or a few minutes after a meal, diarrhea, polyphagia, progressive emaciation and apathy for 45 days, was treated at a University Veterinary Hospital. The dog's physical examination revealed 7% dehydration and body condition score 1 (scale 1 to 5), but no cardiac or pulmonary alterations upon auscultation. The hematological analysis and renal and hepatic serum enzymes were within the normal range for the species. In view of the presumptive clinical diagnosis of vascular anomaly, suggested by the contrast X-ray examination, a chest tomography was performed, which revealed altered aortic arch shape and contours, and a posterior aneurysm in the area of abnormal connection of the right subclavian artery. The patient was released with a prescription for conservative dietary management for megaesophagus. Within two weeks, the patient returned with a report of a good response to the prescribed therapy, absence of vomiting and diarrhea, and an increase in body weight. Surgical correction was recommended, but has not been performed so far, but conservative treatment for megaesophagus was continued. No further episodes of regurgitation were identified during the nine-month follow-up period. Discussion: In the case reported here, the right subclavian artery is considered anatomically atypical because it arises directly from the aortic arch. This vascular anomaly passes on to the right pectoral limb, dorsal to the esophagus, contracting it in its dorsal aspect. It tends to affect purebred dogs, occurring more frequently in Irish setters, German shepherds and Labrador retrievers, although it has been described in other breeds such as the bull terrier documented here and mixed breed dogs. Vascular ring anomalies may not cause clinical changes in animals and represent only incidental findings, or they may lead to gastrointestinal changes resulting from esophageal stricture, contributing to megaesophagus and clinical signs of esophageal obstruction, especially in recently weaned puppies. Such alterations were observed in this case, with the dog presenting regurgitation, immediately or a few minutes after a meal, megaesophagus, diarrhea and progressive weight loss. A CT scan was performed to confirm the type and location of the vascular anomaly and diagnostic accuracy, as recommended in the literature. Dietary therapy is one of the approaches adopted for patients presenting with regurgitation resulting from megaesophagus secondary to vascular anomalies. The dog in this report responded well to the medical therapy; nevertheless, the treatment of choice to correct the esophageal obstruction caused by this anomaly is surgical sectioning of the aberrant vessel by right intercostal thoracotomy, given that the degree of esophageal dilation and dysfunction tends to increase over time. However, at this time, the animal's owner decided to suspend the recommended surgical procedure.

Canine pyometra – an update and revision of diagnostic terminology

Pyometra is frequently diagnosed in female dogs, and it is characterized by endometrial inflammation, accumulation of purulent exudate within the lumen, and bacterial infection. In the dog, pyometra affects more often aged nulliparous bitches during the luteal phase. Pathogenesis of pyometra is multifactorial and progesterone seems to be a key factor. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia has been described as a predisposing condition for canine pyometra. However, a recent study demonstrated that cystic endometrial hyperplasia is not significantly associated with naturally occurring pyometra, whereas there is a significant association of this condition with pseudoplacentational endometrial hyperplasia. The aim of this review is to provide an update on canine pyometra, with focus on its association with uterine hyperplasic lesions, which supports a proposal for adoption of more adequate diagnostic terminology.

Canine pyometra an update and revision of diagnostic terminology

Pyometra is frequently diagnosed in female dogs, and it is characterized by endometrial inflammation, accumulation of purulent exudate within the lumen, and bacterial infection. In the dog, pyometra affects more often aged nulliparous bitches during the luteal phase. Pathogenesis of pyometra is multifactorial and progesterone seems to be a key factor. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia has been described as a predisposing condition for canine pyometra. However, a recent study demonstrated that cystic endometrial hyperplasia is not significantly associated with naturally occurring pyometra, whereas there is a significant association of this condition with pseudoplacentational endometrial hyperplasia. The aim of this review is to provide an update on canine pyometra, with focus on its association with uterine hyperplasic lesions, which supports a proposal for adoption of more adequate diagnostic terminology.(AU)

Denervação articular aberta em cadela / Open articular denervation in bitch

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma afecção de cães e gatos definida como uma doença hereditária biomecânica ou adquirida, representada pela disparidade entre a massa muscular primária e o rápido crescimento ósseo, que pode levar à doença articular degenerativa (DAD). Com a evolução do quadro, os animais apresentarão perda da cartilagem, evoluindo para um desgaste, deformação da cabeça do fêmur e do acetábulo, levando a um quadro de dor e dificuldade de locomoção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar uma abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento de DCF e DAD de uma cadela da raça labrador. O diagnóstico foi obtido através do histórico, exame físico e exame radiológico. Na radiografia verificouse diminuição de espaço articular em ambos os membros posteriores, artrose do quadril e sub-luxação. O tratamento definitivo instituído para a correção da DCF foi a intervenção cirúrgica usando a técnica de denervação coxofemoral com abordagem aberta, com principal objetivo de amenizar a dor, prevenir a progressão da enfermidade articular degenerativa e restaurar a função normal da articulação. O tratamento se mostrou eficiente, garantindo conforto ao paciente e retorno da função articular e dos membros.

Hip dysplasia (DCF) is a condition of dogs and cats defined as a hereditary biomechanical or acquired disease, represented by the disparity between primary muscle mass and rapid bone growth, which can lead to degenerative joint disease (DAD). With the development of the condition, these animals will present loss of cartilage, evolving to a wear and tear, and deformation of the head of the femur and acetabulum, leading to a picture of pain and difficulty in locomotion. The aim of the present study was to report a surgical approach as treatment of DCF and DAD of a Labrador bitch. The diagnosis is obtained through history, physical examination and radiological examination. Radiography revealed decreased joint space in both hind limbs, hip arthrosis and sub-dislocation. The definitive treatment instituted for the correction of FDD was surgical intervention using the hip denervation technique with open approach, with the main objective of alleviating pain, preventing the progression of degenerative joint disease and restoring normal joint function. The treatment proved to be efficient, ensuring patient comfort and return of joint and limb function.

Denervação articular aberta em cadela / Open articular denervation in bitch

A displasia coxofemoral (DCF) é uma afecção de cães e gatos definida como uma doença hereditária biomecânica ou adquirida, representada pela disparidade entre a massa muscular primária e o rápido crescimento ósseo, que pode levar à doença articular degenerativa (DAD). Com a evolução do quadro, os animais apresentarão perda da cartilagem, evoluindo para um desgaste, deformação da cabeça do fêmur e do acetábulo, levando a um quadro de dor e dificuldade de locomoção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar uma abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento de DCF e DAD de uma cadela da raça labrador. O diagnóstico foi obtido através do histórico, exame físico e exame radiológico. Na radiografia verificouse diminuição de espaço articular em ambos os membros posteriores, artrose do quadril e sub-luxação. O tratamento definitivo instituído para a correção da DCF foi a intervenção cirúrgica usando a técnica de denervação coxofemoral com abordagem aberta, com principal objetivo de amenizar a dor, prevenir a progressão da enfermidade articular degenerativa e restaurar a função normal da articulação. O tratamento se mostrou eficiente, garantindo conforto ao paciente e retorno da função articular e dos membros.(AU)

Hip dysplasia (DCF) is a condition of dogs and cats defined as a hereditary biomechanical or acquired disease, represented by the disparity between primary muscle mass and rapid bone growth, which can lead to degenerative joint disease (DAD). With the development of the condition, these animals will present loss of cartilage, evolving to a wear and tear, and deformation of the head of the femur and acetabulum, leading to a picture of pain and difficulty in locomotion. The aim of the present study was to report a surgical approach as treatment of DCF and DAD of a Labrador bitch. The diagnosis is obtained through history, physical examination and radiological examination. Radiography revealed decreased joint space in both hind limbs, hip arthrosis and sub-dislocation. The definitive treatment instituted for the correction of FDD was surgical intervention using the hip denervation technique with open approach, with the main objective of alleviating pain, preventing the progression of degenerative joint disease and restoring normal joint function. The treatment proved to be efficient, ensuring patient comfort and return of joint and limb function.(AU)

Microvessel density assessment in canine mammary carcinomas as a predictive factor for metronomic chemotherapy / Mensuração da densidade microvascular em carcinomas mamários caninos como fator preditivo à quimioterapia metronômica

The canine mammary tumor is the neoplasia that most commonly affects intact female dogs (not spayed) in routine veterinary practice. Canine mammary tumor therapy is a challenge because only few effective treatments have been described for high-grade tumors in veterinary medicine. One such therapeutic option that slows down tumor growth is metronomic chemotherapy (MC), a therapeutic modality that acts by decreasing tumor angiogenesis. Quantification of intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) has been proposed as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of MC in human and canine tumors. In this study, MVD is proposed as a predictive factor for the effectiveness of MC in canine mammary tumors. Twenty female dogs with mammary carcinoma were equally distributed into a mastectomy group treated only with mastectomy, and a MC group treated with MC (cyclophosphamide and piroxicam) orally and daily for 28 days followed by mastectomy. Mammary tumors were classified and graded histologically. MVD was ascertained by CD31 immunostaining. The analysis showed statistically significant difference in MVD scores between groups, corroborating a quantitative reduction in tumor microvasculature in the group treated with MC. Our findings suggest that MVD may be an important predictive factor for the selection of female dogs with malignant mammary tumors that may benefit from MC.(AU)

O tumor mamário canino é a neoplasia que mais comumente acomete cadelas não castradas na rotina veterinária. A terapia para a neoplasia mamária canina é um desafio, com poucos tratamentos eficazes descritos em medicina veterinária, especialmente para as neoplasias de alto grau. Uma opção terapêutica que diminui o crescimento tumoral é a quimioterapia metronômica (QM). A QM é uma modalidade terapêutica que age pelo decréscimo da angiogênese tumoral. Para avaliação da eficácia da QM tem sido proposta a quantificação da densidade microvascular (DMV) em neoplasias caninas. Neste estudo foi proposta a mensuração da DMV como fator preditivo à utilização da QM em neoplasias mamárias caninas. Foram utilizadas 20 (vinte) cadelas com carcinomas mamários malignos sendo um grupo mastectomia, tratado somente por mastectomia, e um grupo QM, em que foi empregada a QM (ciclofosfamida e piroxicam) ambos oralmente e de uso diário por 28 dias seguida de mastectomia. As neoplasias mamárias foram histologicamente classificadas e graduadas. A DMV foi obtida por imunomarcação utilizando o anticorpo CD31. A análise estatística mostrou diferença na DMV entre os grupos, evidenciando redução quantitativa na microvasculatura tumoral no grupo tratado com quimioterapia metronômica. Com base neste resultado é possível afirmar que a DMV pode vir a ser um fator preditivo de importância para a seleção de cadelas portadoras de neoplasia mamária maligna que possam vir a se beneficiar da quimioterapia metronômica.(AU)

Microvessel density assessment in canine mammary carcinomas as a predictive factor for metronomic chemotherapy / Mensuração da densidade microvascular em carcinomas mamários caninos como fator preditivo à quimioterapia metronômica

The canine mammary tumor is the neoplasia that most commonly affects intact female dogs (not spayed) in routine veterinary practice. Canine mammary tumor therapy is a challenge because only few effective treatments have been described for high-grade tumors in veterinary medicine. One such therapeutic option that slows down tumor growth is metronomic chemotherapy (MC), a therapeutic modality that acts by decreasing tumor angiogenesis. Quantification of intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) has been proposed as a means to evaluate the effectiveness of MC in human and canine tumors. In this study, MVD is proposed as a predictive factor for the effectiveness of MC in canine mammary tumors. Twenty female dogs with mammary carcinoma were equally distributed into a mastectomy group treated only with mastectomy, and a MC group treated with MC (cyclophosphamide and piroxicam) orally and daily for 28 days followed by mastectomy. Mammary tumors were classified and graded histologically. MVD was ascertained by CD31 immunostaining. The analysis showed statistically significant difference in MVD scores between groups, corroborating a quantitative reduction in tumor microvasculature in the group treated with MC. Our findings suggest that MVD may be an important predictive factor for the selection of female dogs with malignant mammary tumors that may benefit from MC.

O tumor mamário canino é a neoplasia que mais comumente acomete cadelas não castradas na rotina veterinária. A terapia para a neoplasia mamária canina é um desafio, com poucos tratamentos eficazes descritos em medicina veterinária, especialmente para as neoplasias de alto grau. Uma opção terapêutica que diminui o crescimento tumoral é a quimioterapia metronômica (QM). A QM é uma modalidade terapêutica que age pelo decréscimo da angiogênese tumoral. Para avaliação da eficácia da QM tem sido proposta a quantificação da densidade microvascular (DMV) em neoplasias caninas. Neste estudo foi proposta a mensuração da DMV como fator preditivo à utilização da QM em neoplasias mamárias caninas. Foram utilizadas 20 (vinte) cadelas com carcinomas mamários malignos sendo um grupo mastectomia, tratado somente por mastectomia, e um grupo QM, em que foi empregada a QM (ciclofosfamida e piroxicam) ambos oralmente e de uso diário por 28 dias seguida de mastectomia. As neoplasias mamárias foram histologicamente classificadas e graduadas. A DMV foi obtida por imunomarcação utilizando o anticorpo CD31. A análise estatística mostrou diferença na DMV entre os grupos, evidenciando redução quantitativa na microvasculatura tumoral no grupo tratado com quimioterapia metronômica. Com base neste resultado é possível afirmar que a DMV pode vir a ser um fator preditivo de importância para a seleção de cadelas portadoras de neoplasia mamária maligna que possam vir a se beneficiar da quimioterapia metronômica.

VITRIFICAÇÃO E AUTOTRANSPLANTE DE TECIDO OVARIANO COMO FERRAMENTAS VISANDO A PRESERVAÇÃO E RESTAURAÇÃO DA FUNÇÃO OVARIANA NA ESPÉCIE CANINA

Os objetivos desse estudo foram: 1) Avaliar a preservação da morfologia e desenvolvimento folicular, densidades foliculares e estromal do tecido ovariano canino vitrificado usando o dispositivo OTC (Ovarian Tissue Cryosystem) (Fase1); 2) Avaliar o efeito das regiões subcutâneas da pina e pescoço sobre a normalidade, densidade folicular e estromal, fibrose e proliferação estromal após autoenxerto ovariano canino (Fase 2). Na Fase 1, os fragmentos foram coletados por punch e vitrificados usando o OTC. Na Fase 2, os fragmentos foram autotransplantado na pina (Pi) e pescoço (Pe) e recuperados após 7 e 15 dias. Na Fase 1, após vitrificação, a porcentagem média total de folículos foi reduzida (P < .05). No entanto, os folículos primordiais se conservaram, a densidade folicular se manteve (P > .05) e a densidade estromal foi reduzida (P < .05). Na Fase 2, houve manutenção (P > .05) da normalidade folicular na Pi-15 e Pe-7, densidade folicular e estromal reduzida (P < .05) quando comparadas ao controle. A fibrose, identificada pela fibronectina, e deposição de colágenos tipo I, determinado por picrosirius, aumentaram quando comparados ao controle (P < .05) e a taxa de proliferação (PCNA) estromal foi superior na Pi-15 (P < .05). Concluímos que o OTC foi capaz de manter taxas satisfatórias de folículos normais na vitrificação de tecido ovariano canino e o autotransplante na região da pina foi capaz de manter a normalidade folicular após 15 dias.

The objectives of this study were: 1) Assess the preservation of follicular morphology and development, follicular and stromal densities of vitrified canine ovarian tissue using the OTC (Ovarian Tissue Cryosystem) device (Phase1); 2) Evaluate the effect of subcutaneous regions of the pinna and neck on normality, follicular and stromal density, fibrosis and stromal proliferation after canine ovarian autograft (Phase 2). In Phase 1, the fragments were collected by punch and glazed using OTC. In Phase 2, the fragments were autotransplanted into the pinna (Pi) and neck (Ne) and recovered after 7 and 15 days. In Phase 1, after vitrification, the mean total percentage of follicles was reduced (P < .05). However, the primordial follicles have been preserved, follicular density was maintained (P > .05) and stromal density was reduced (P < .05). In Phase 2, there was maintenance (P > .05) of follicular normality in Pi-15 and Ne-7, reduced follicular and stromal density (P < .05) when compared to control. Fibrosis, identified by fibronectin, and type I collagen deposition, determined by picrosirius, increased when compared to the control (P < .05), and the stromal proliferation rate (PCNA) was higher in Pi-15 (P < .05). We conclude that OTC was able to maintain satisfactory rates of normal follicles in the vitrification of canine ovarian tissue and autotransplantation in the pina region was able to maintain follicular normality after 15 days.

PESQUISA DE CÉLULAS NEOPLÁSICAS EM MEDULA ÓSSEA DE CADELAS COM TUMOR DE MAMA

A glândula mamária é o segundo sítio mais comum de desenvolvimento tumoral em cadelas. Uma das formas de estadiamento destes tumores é avaliar a presença ou ausência de metástase à distância, inclusive na medula óssea. Este achado, na Medicina, associa-se a baixa sobrevida de mulheres com tumores mamários, porém na Medicina Veterinária esse estadiamento clínico é mais utilizado para pacientes com linfomas e mastocitomas. Estudos que utilizem a biópsia de medula óssea como método de pesquisa de estadiamento em tumores mamários são escassos. Desta forma o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar lesões mamárias e a medula óssea de 36 cadelas, buscando-se células tumorais disseminadas ou focos metastáticos. Para isso realizou-se a análise histopatológica dos tumores de mama, linfonodos e medula óssea dessas cadelas, corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina. Na medula óssea também foram utilizadas a coloração com Tricrômio de Masson, para avaliação de fibrose medular, e a imunohistoquímica, para a pesquisa de micrometástase. O carcinoma em tumor misto grau I fora o mais observado (18,08%), não havendo diferença estatística com relação ao tamanho tumoral e a presença de metástase em linfonodos. Na medula óssea de uma cadela com carcinossarcoma (4,35%) houve marcação citoplasmática de uma provável célula tumoral disseminada, de origem epitelial, com o anticorpo citoqueratina-19 pela imunohistoquímica. Nenhuma das cadelas que apresentou diminuição da celularidade ou fibrose medular (Tricrômio de Masson) ou tiveram marcação celular para citoqueratina. Conclui-se então que a avaliação da medula óssea pode ser utilizada como um método de estadiamento do tumor de mama em cadelas, pois células tumorais disseminadas apresentam potencial de se tornarem lesões secundárias bem como se disseminarem para focos distantes, causando metástases terciárias num período de tempo indeterminado.

The mammary glands are the second most common site of tumour development in female dogs. One way of staging these tumours is evaluate the presence or absence of distant metastasis, including those in the bone marrow. In Medicine, this finding is associated with the low survival of women with breast tumours, but in Veterinary Medicine this clinical staging is more used for patients with lymphomas and mast cells tumours. Studies using bone marrow biopsy as a method of staging research in breast tumours are scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate mammary lesions of 36 female dogs, as well as the bone marrow of them, searching for disseminated tumour cells or metastatic foci. For this, we performed histopathological analysis of mammary gland tumours, lymph node and bone marrow of these dogs, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. The Masson's trichrome staining was also used for the evaluation of bone marrow fibrosis and immunohistochemical technique for a micrometastasis research. Carcinoma in grade I mixed tumour was the most observed (18.08%), with no statistical difference between tumour size and lymph-node metastasis. In the bone marrow of a bitch with carcinosarcoma (4.35%) a probable disseminated tumor cell of epitelial origin was found using cytokeratin-19 antibody by immunohistochemistry technique. None of the female dogs presented decreased cellularity or bone marrow fibrosis (Masson's trichrome) or had cell labeling for cytokeratin. It is concluded that bone marrow evaluation can be used as a method of staging mammary tumour in female dogs, since disseminated tumor cells have the potential to become secondary lesions as well as spread to distant foci, causing tertiary metastases in an undetermined period of time.

EFEITOS DA RAPAMICINA SOBRE CÉLULAS DE TUMORES DE MAMA CANINO PRIMÁRIO E METASTÁTICO CULTIVADAS IN VITRO

As neoplasias estão se tornando cada vez mais comuns entre os animas domésticos, seja devido a maior expectativa de vida ou pelo avanço dos métodos diagnósticos e tratamentos. As neoplasias mamárias são o tipo mais comum de neoplasias entre as fêmeas caninas. A procura por novos tratamentos e/ou tratamentos específicos para os animais é cada vez mais comum frente à esse quadro. A rapamicina é um fármaco antifúngico com atividade antitumoral, que atua inibindo o complexo mTOR, já testada para o tratamento de neoplasias em diferentes órgãos em humanos, podendo ser uma alternativa no tratamento de neoplasias em cães. Devido ao grande número de repetições que os ensaios com fármacos necessitam, o cultivo celular in vitro é uma alternativa inicial para a descoberta de novos medicamentos eficazes no tratamento dessa espécie, além de também se tornar um ensaio pré-clínico. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito da rapamicina em células de tumores mamários primários e suas respectivas metástases de cadelas, cultivadas in vitro. Foram utilizados dois tipos histológicos tumores de mama, provenientes do tumor primário e suas respectivas metástases. Após a colheita, as amostras foram classificadas por histopatologia como carcinoma sólido grau III e carcinoma adenoescamoso, como tumores triplo negativos não basal pela imuno-histoquímica e tanto os tumores primários como suas metástases apresentaram expressão positiva para as proteínas PTEN, AKT, mTOR e 4EBP1 na imunofluorescência. Parte do tecido tumoral foi cultivado in vitro e as células foram avaliadas quanto a morfologia e fenótipo celular, expressão gênica (qPCR) e viabilidade celular (MTT). Os genes validados pela qPCR foram AKT, mTOR e PTEN, relacionados com a via AKT-mTOR. A expressão do gene PTEN estava diminuída e do mTOR aumentada nas células de tumores primários, quando comparadas as suas metastases. O tratamento com rapamicina e ensaio MTT foram realizados nas concentrações de 2, 5, 10 e 12 M, por 24, 48 e 72 h. O ensaio de MTT mostrou que para uma diminuição de 50% da viabilidade celular, a concentração de rapamicina deve ser 2 M para o carcinoma adenoescamoso e 10 M para metástase. Para o carcinoma sólido grau III e sua respectiva metástase, a concentração utilizada foi de 12 M. A rapamicina teve um resultado satisfatório na inibição do crescimento dos dois tipos celulares utilizados nesse estudo.

Neoplasms are becoming increasingly common among animals, whether due to longer life expectancy or new diagnostic methods and treatments. Breast neoplasms are the most common type of neoplasm among canine females. The search for new treatments and / or specific treatments for animals is increasingly common in this context. Rapamycin is an antifungal drug with antitumor activity, which acts to inhibit the mTOR comple. It was already tested for the treatment of neoplasms in different organs in humans and may be an alternative in the treatment of neoplasms in dogs. Due to the large number of replicates required by drug assays, in vitro cell culture is an early alternative for the discovery of new drugs that might be effective in treatment of this species, as well as becoming a preclinical assay. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rapamycin on primary and metastatic mammary dog tumor on in vitro cultured cells. Two histological types of neoplastic cells from the primary tumor and their respective metastases were used. After collection, the samples were classified by histopathology as grade III solid carcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma, as non-basal triple negative tumors by immunohistochemistry, and both the primary tumors and their metastases presented positive expression for PTEN, AKT, mTOR and 4EBP1 proteins in immunofluorescence. A fragment of the tumor tissue was cultured in vitro and the cells were evaluated for cell morphology and phenotype, gene expression (qPCR) and cell viability (MTT). The genes validated by qPCR were AKT, mTOR and PTEN, related to the AKT-mTOR pathway. PTEN gene expression was decreased and mTOR increased in primary tumor cells when compared to metastatic tumors. Treatment with rapamycin and MTT assay were performed at concentrations of 2, 5, 10 and 12 M for 24, 48 and 72 h. The MTT assay showed that for a 50% decrease in cell viability, the concentration of rapamycin should be 2 M for adenosquamous carcinoma and 10 M for its metastasis. For grade III solid carcinoma and its respective metastasis, the concentration used was 12 M. The treatment with rapamicyn inhibited the cell growth in the two cell types cultured in vitro.

Análise anatomopatológica de lesões encontradas em úteros de cadelas (Canis lúpus familiaris) e mulheres (Homo sapiens)

Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de descrever as patologias uterinas encontradas no sistema reprodutivo feminino. Os dados referentes a estas enfermidades são relacionados aos casos diagnosticados entre os anos de 2017 e 2018, de úteros encaminhados para exame anatomopatológico. Com base nesses achados foi elaborado um artigo científico. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as lesões encontradas em corpos uterinos, sendo 30 da espécie canina e 30 da espécie humana. As patologias observadas nas cadelas foram: hiperplasia endometrial cística (36,66%), adenomiose (13,33%) e leiomioma (3,33%). Nas mulheres, foram: hiperplasia simples sem atipia (36,66%), hiperplasia simples com atipia (10,00%), hiperplasia complexa sem atipia (6,66%), hiperplasia complexa com atipia (13,33%), adenocarcinoma endometrióide grau I (13,33%) e grau II (10,00%), adenomiose e miomatose (10,00%). Concluiu-se que a principal alteração uterina em ambas espécies foi a hiperplasia endometrial. Não há estudos que compare as patologias dos sistemas reprodutivos dessas espécies, porém há similaridade dessas patologias, em muitos casos, mostrando a importância de um estudo que as correlacione.

This dissertation was developed with the purpose of describing the uterine pathologies found in the female reproductive system. The data referring to these diseases are related to the cases diagnosed between the years 2017 and 2018, of uterus referred for anatomopathological examination. Based on these findings, a scientific article was elaborated. In this work the lesions found in uterine bodies were evaluated, being 30 of the canine species and 30 of the human species. The pathologies observed in dogs were cystic endometrial hyperplasia (36.66%), adenomyosis (13.33%) and leiomyoma (3.33%). In women, they were: simple hyperplasia without atypia (36.66%), simple hyperplasia with atypia (10.00%), complex hyperplasia without atypia (6.66%), complex hyperplasia with atypia (13.33%), adenocarcinoma endometrioid grade I (13.33%) and grade II (10.00%), adenomyosis and myomatosis (10.00%). It is concluded that the main uterine alteration in both species was endometrial hyperplasia. There are no studies that compare the pathologies of the reproductive systems of these species, but to the similarity of these pathologies, in many cases, showing the importance of a study that correlates them.

Hydrallantois in a female dog: a case report / Hidroalantoide em cadela: relato de caso

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, ultrasound and histological findings of hydrallantois in a Pug bitch. On the 56th day of pregnancy the patient presented pronounced abdominal distention, lethargy, anorexia and dyspnea. The ultrasound revealed the presence of abnormal fluid accumulation within the fetal membranes, especial in the allantois, which was incompatible with the 8th week of pregnancy in bitches. The macroscopic exam during the C-section, distention of the fetal membranes and accumulation of fluid within the allantois was observed. The precise amount of liquid could not be assessed due to the surgical procedure. All neonates of our case report were normal at the initial physical exam. The histologic exam revealed normal placenta. In conclusion, clinical and ultrasound assessment were able to diagnose hydrallantois in a canine patient.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a sintomatologia clínica e achados ultrassonográficos e histopatológicos em um caso de hidroalantoide em cadela Pug. Aos 56º dia de gestação, o animal apresentou distensão abdominal pronunciada, letargia, anorexia e dispneia. Por meio do exame ultrassonográfico, verificou-se o acúmulo anormal de líquido em membranas fetais, especialmente em alantoide, incompatível à oitava semana gestacional em cadelas. À inspeção macroscópica, verificou-se distensão de membranas fetais e acúmulo de líquido no interior do alantoide. A quantidade exata de líquido não pôde ser avaliada, devido ao procedimento cirúrgico. Todos os recém-nascidos do presente relato apresentavam-se normais ao exame físico inicial. Ao exame histopatológico, revelou-se placenta normal. Concluiu-se que a avaliação clínica e a ultrassonográfica foram capazes de diagnosticar a hidralantoide em uma cadela.(AU)

Identificação das bactérias envolvidas na sepse grave de fêmeas caninas com piometra submetidas a ováriohisterectomia terapêutica / Identification of the microorganisms involved in severe sepsis caused by pyometra in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy

A piometra é uma afecção reprodutiva comum que acomete fêmeas caninas, podendo se agravar e progredir para o quadro de sepse grave e choque séptico. A precocidade da instituição da antibioticoterapia é determinante para um melhor prognóstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os principais microrganismos envolvidos nos casos de sepse grave em cadelas acometidas por piometra e submetidas à ovário-histerectomia terapêutica, por meio de realização de hemocultura e cultura da secreção uterina e antibiograma. Foram avaliadas 33 fêmeas caninas e o principal agente envolvido com a sepse grave secundária à piometra foi a Escherichia coli, identificada em 57,57% dos casos. Também foram identificados Staphylococcus sp., com incidência de 9,09%, Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter faecalis, Eduardsiella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae e Streptococcus sp., com 3,03% de frequência cada. Após a realização do antibiograma pelo método de difusão, os antimicrobianos que apresentaram maior eficácia contra as cepas de Escherichia coli foram a gentamicina, a enrofloxacina, a cefalexina e a associação de amoxicilina com ácido clavulânico, nesta ordem. A cultura da secreção uterina foi mais sensível que a hemocultura para identificação do agente microbiano (p<0,0001). A identificação bacteriana é útil para direcionar a antibioticoterapia empírica mais específica, de acordo com o perfil de sensibilidade, minimizando assim o desenvolvimento de resistência, o custo do tratamento e o risco de reações adversas aos antimicrobianos utilizados.(AU)

Pyometra is a common reproductive disorder that affects female dogs. It can represent a serious clinical entity and progress to severe sepsis and septic shock. The premature antibiotic therapy is crucial for a better prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify the most frequent microorganisms involved in the context of pyometra and severe sepsis in animals undergoing ovariohysterectomy, by blood and uterine secretion culture and antibiogram. The tests were conducted in 33 female dogs with pyometra. The most frequent recovered bacteria were Escherichia coli in 57.57%. Staphylococcus sp. was also isolated, in 9.09%. Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter faecalis, Eduardsiella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae e Streptococcus sp. were also found with a 3.03% frequency each. After diffusion antibiotic test, the gentamicin was the most effective drug to E. coli, followed by enrofloxacin, cephalexin and the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. Uterine secretions cultures were more sensitive than blood culture to identify the bacterial (p<0.0001). The bacterial identification followed by an antibiogram allows to choose a better therapy in the presented disease in dogs.(AU)

Características clinicopatológicas e prognóstico das neoplasias mamárias produtoras de matriz em cadelas

Tumores produtores de matriz são neoplasias caracterizadas pela presença de estroma mesenquimal com produção de matriz mixoide, condroide e/ou óssea. Essas neoplasias podem ocorrer na mama da cadela e são classificadas como tumores mistos (tumor misto benigno, carcinoma em tumor misto, carcinossarcoma, sarcomas em tumores mistos) e sarcomas. Apesar da frequência desses tipos histológicos, em especial dos tumores mistos benignos e carcinomas em tumores mistos, pouco se conhece a respeito do prognóstico, devido à escassez de estudos com seguimento clínico e diferentes nomenclaturas e critérios de classificação empregados ao longo do tempo, o que torna difícil a comparação dos trabalhos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as implicações das características clinicopatológicas no prognóstico dos tumores mamários produtores de matriz que acometem as cadelas. Foram avaliadas cadelas admitidas para tratamento cirúrgico de rotina para remoção dos tumores de mama no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (HCV) no período de novembro de 2014 a março de 2016. Foram obtidas informações sobre apresentação clínica do tumor como tempo de percepção dos tumores, localização, tamanho, número de mamas afetadas e ulceração além da pesquisa de metástases por meio de exames de imagem por meio de consulta aos prontuários clínicos. Aspectos morfológicos do tumor como grau histológico, invasão linfática, necrose intratumoral e o subtipo histológico do componente epitelial maligno dos tumores mistos também foram avaliados pelo exame histopatológico. Após o término do tratamento foram obtidas informações sobre a saúde dessas cadelas durante retorno ao HCV ou por meio de contato telefônico com os tutores por um período mínimo de um ano para determinação da sobrevida e da recorrência e recidiva dos tumores. A possível associação entre as variáveis clínicopatológicas e os tipos tumorais foi avaliada por meio de análise de regressão logística multivariada. Durante o período de estudo foram admitidas 289 cadelas e dessas 156 (53,97%), foram diagnosticadas com algum tipo de neoplasia produtora de matriz, sendo 29 (18,58%) tumores mistos benignos, 82 (52,56%) carcinomas em tumores mistos, 20 (12,82%) carcinossarcomas, 9 (5,76%) sarcomas e 14 (8,97%) carcinomas em tumores mistos concomitante a outros tumores mamários não produtores de matriz. Para estudo de prognóstico foram incluídas 118 cadelas, que não haviam feito tratamento anterior para neoplasia mamária, não presentavam tumores de pele ou outros sistemas e nem outros tumores mamários de pior prognóstico. Destas, 12 (10,16%) apresentavam tumores mistos benignos, 64 (54,23%) carcinomas em tumores mistos, 20 (16,94%) carcinossarcomas, 8 (6,77%) sarcomas. Houve associação entre tamanho tumoral mensurado durante o exame clínico e a ocorrência de tumores mistos benignos ( = 0,004). Comparando-se todos os tumores malignos, os carcinossarcomas foram associados a um tamanho maior do que 5,0 cm ( = 0,001). Entre os tumores malignos, os carcinomas em tumores mistos apresentam maior sobrevida, em comparação com os carcinossarcomas ( = 0,034) sarcomas ( < 0,000). As cadelas que apresentavam tumores menores (< 3,0 cm) mensurado na patologia tiveram uma maior sobrevida ( = 0,017) e as que apresentavam metástase em linfonodo regional tiveram sobrevida menor ( = 0,043). Quando avaliados apenas os carcinomas em tumores mistos, as cadelas com tumores com tamanho menor na avaliação clínica (< 3,0 cm) apresentaram maior sobrevida, o mesmo acontecendo quando foi considerado o tamanho do tumor analisado na macroscopia durante o exame histopatológico ( = 0,045). As pacientes que apresentavam estadio mais avançado tiveram uma sobrevida mais curta ( = 0,036). Os carcinomas em tumores mistos com proliferação epitelial sólida, micropapilar ou anaplásica foram associados com graus histológicos mais altos quando comparados com aqueles com proliferação tubular, túbulo-papilar ou papilar, além de apresentarem uma tendência à sobrevida mais curta quando avaliada a curva de sobrevida. Tais aspectos devem ser levados em consideração para estabelecimento de prognóstico e escolha do tratamento mais efetivo para cadelas com tumores mamários produtores de matriz.

Matrix-producing tumors are characterized by the presence of mesenchymal stroma with production of myxoid, chondroid and / or bone matrix. These neoplasms may occur in the mammary gland of female dogs and are classified as mixed tumors (benign mixed tumor, carcinomas in mixed tumors, carcinosarcoma, sarcomas in mixed tumors) and sarcomas. Despite the frequency of these histological types, especially of benign mixed tumors and carcinomas in mixed tumors, little is known about the prognosis, due to the scarcity of studies evaluating the clinical follow-up of these tumors. In addition, the existing studies are difficult to compare due to the evaluation of few cases and the different histological classification systems used over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implications of the clinicopathological characteristics in the prognosis of the mammary tumors producing matrix that affect the female dogs. We assessed the female dogs admitted for routine surgical treatment for removal of mammary tumors at the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (HCV) from November 2014 to March 2016. In the pre-surgical clinical evaluation, information about clinical presentation of the tumor was obtained, such as time of tumor perception, location, size, number of affected mammary glands and ulceration, besides the metastasis search through imaging tests. Morphological aspects of the tumor such as histological grade, lymphatic invasion and intratumoral necrosis and the histological subtype of the malignant epithelial component of mixed tumors were also evaluated through histopathology. After end treatment, information on the health of these dogs was obtained through a return to HCV or telephone contact with the tutors for a minimum of one year to determine the survival, and recurrence or relapse of tumors. The possible association between clinical and morphological variables and tumor types was evaluated through multivariate logistic regression analysis. During the study period, 289 female dogs were admitted, and of these, 156 (53.97%) were diagnosed with some type of matrix-producing neoplasia, of which 29 (18.58%) were benign mixed tumors, 82 (52.56%) carcinomas in mixed tumors, 20 (12.82%) carcinosarcomas, 9 (5.76%) sarcomas and 14 (8.97%) carcinomas in mixed tumors concomitant with other non-matrix mammary tumors. For the prognostic study, 118 female dogs were included, which had not undergone previous treatment for mammary neoplasia, had no skin tumors or other systems and no other mammary tumor with a worse prognosis. Of these, 12 (10.16%) had mixed benign tumors, 64 (54.23%) carcinomas in mixed tumors, 20 (16.94%) carcinosarcomas, 8 (6.77%) sarcomas. The association between tumor size measured during the clinical examination and the occurrence of benign mixed tumors ( = 0.004) was verified. Comparing all malignant tumors, carcinosarcomas were associated with a size larger than 5 cm ( = 0.001). Among malignant tumors, carcinomas in mixed tumors had a longer survival compared to carcinosarcomas ( = 0.034) and sarcomas ( < 0.000). Female dogs with smaller tumors (<3.0 cm) measured in the pathology had a longer survival ( = 0.017) and those with regional lymph node metastasis had a shorter survival ( = 0.043). When only carcinomas in mixed tumors were evaluated, Tumors with a smaller size in the clinical evaluation (<3.0 cm) had a longer survival, as did the size of the tumor analyzed in the macroscopy during the histopathological examination ( = 0.045). Patients with more advanced stage had a shorter survival ( = 0.036). Carcinomas in mixed tumors with solid, micropapillary or anaplastic epithelial proliferation were associated with higher histological grades when compared to those with tubular, tubulopapillary or papillary proliferation, and presented a trend towards shorter survival when the survival curve was evaluated. Such aspects should be considered for establishing prognosis and choosing the most effective treatment for female dogs with matrix-producing mammary tumors.

Immunoexpression of maspin and KI-67 as prognostic markers for benign characterization of a canine mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia: case report / Imunoexpressão de maspin e KI-67 como marcadores prognósticos da caracterização benigna da hiperplasia fibroepitelial mammária canina

Mammary hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the whole mammary gland, considered benign and with a good prognosis. A two-year-old dog showed a volume increase in the entire mammary chain after hormone stimulation. To characterize the process prognosis, a immunohistochemical procedure was used to evaluate the Maspin staining, considered good prognosis marker, and the Ki-67, a proliferation marker, whose high expression indicates malignancy. As a result, we obtained a low expression of Ki-67 and a high expression of Maspin, suggesting an excellent prognosis for the animal.

Immunoexpression of maspin and KI-67 as prognostic markers for benign characterization of a canine mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia: case report / Imunoexpressão de maspin e KI-67 como marcadores prognósticos da caracterização benigna da hiperplasia fibroepitelial mammária canina

Mammary hyperplasia is characterized by an increase in the whole mammary gland, considered benign and with a good prognosis. A two-year-old dog showed a volume increase in the entire mammary chain after hormone stimulation. To characterize the process prognosis, a immunohistochemical procedure was used to evaluate the Maspin staining, considered good prognosis marker, and the Ki-67, a proliferation marker, whose high expression indicates malignancy. As a result, we obtained a low expression of Ki-67 and a high expression of Maspin, suggesting an excellent prognosis for the animal.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DO INFILTRADO MACROFÁGICO NOS CARCINOMAS MAMÁRIOS DE CADELAS E SUA CORRELAÇÃO COM A TAXA DE SOBREVIDA

O infiltrado inflamatório no microambiente tumoral, em especial nos tumores mamários, tem despertado grande interesse na oncologia, por desempenhar diferentes funções na progressão ou regressão tumoral a depender dos tipos e subtipos celulares envolvidos. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar (1) a presença e intensidade de infiltrado macrofágico no microambiente tumoral; (2) a expressão das proteínas SOCS1 e SOCS3 nos macrófagos; e (3) a possível relação destes parâmetros com a evolução tumoral e a sobrevida, como um possível fator prognóstico em cadelas portadoras de carcinomas mamários. Foram estudadas 22 cadelas com diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma em tumor misto benigno de mama (CaTMB), divididas em dois grupos, sendo G1 constituído por cadelas sem metástase (11) e G2 com metástase (11); em G1 e G2 os animais foram subclassificados de acordo com a utilização ou não do tratamento quimioterápico. As cadelas foram submetidas a análise clínico-patológica (tamanho do tumor; presença de metástase em linfonodo; estadiamento clínico; graduação histológica; distribuição e intensidade do infiltrado inflamatório; quantificação e verificação do estado de ativação de macrófagos no infiltrado por análise imunoistoquímica da expressão de SOCS1 e SOCS3), imunofenotipagem de leucócitos do sangue periférico por citometria de fluxo com marcadores celulares CD14, MHCI e MHCII, e avaliação da taxa de sobrevida. A morfometria do infiltrado inflamatório associado ao tumor revelou, em todos os grupos, predominância da distribuição multifocal e intensidade moderada. A maior proporção de macrófagos no infiltrado inflamatório (400) foi associada a uma maior taxa de sobrevida. A imunomarcação revelou maiores proporções de macrófagos SOCS3 positivos nas cadelas que não apresentavam metástases para linfonodo, enquanto que os macrófagos SOCS1 positivos predominaram nas cadelas com metástase (p<0,05). Adicionalmente, a análise multivariada revelou associações entre estadiamento clínico, graduação histológica, sobrevida, tratamento quimioterápico e expressão de moléculas MHCI em monócitos circulantes. Os resultados das análises quantitativa e qualitativa dos macrófagos no infiltrado inflamatório indicam que o estado de ativação, sugerido pela maior expressão das proteínas SOCS3 e 1, define a relação do infiltrado macrofágico com a resposta imune antitumoral ou com a progressão tumoral associada ao desenvolvimento de metástases, respectivamente.

The inflammatory infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment, particularly in breast tumors, has aroused great interest in oncology due to their different roles in tumor progression or regression depending on the types and cell subsets involved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence and intensity of macrophage infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment; the expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 proteins in these macrophages; and the relation of the former parameters to tumor development and survival, as possible prognostic factors of breast carcinomas evolution in female dogs. Were studied 22 female dogs with histopathological diagnosis of carcinoma in benign mixed tumor (CaTMB), divided into two groups consisting of animals without metastasis (G1=11) and animals with metastasis (G2=11); in G1 and G2, the dogs were graded according with the use or not of chemotherapy. All animals underwent clinicopathological analysis (tumor size, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage, histological grade, distribution and intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate, especially macrophages, as well as their possible activation state by immunohistochemical analysis anti-SOCS1 and anti-SOCS3) immunophenotyping by flow cytometry of PBMC for cell markers CD14, MHCI and MHCII, and assessment of survival rate. The morphology of the inflammatory infiltrate associated with tumor showed, in all groups, prevalence of multifocal distribution and moderate intensity. The higher intensity of the macrophage infiltrate (400) was associated with a higher survival rate. The immunostaining revealed a higher proportion of positive macrophages for SOCS3 in dogs who had no metastasis to lymph node, while the positive SOCS1 macrophages predominated in animals with metastases (p <0.05). In addition, the multivariate analysis revealed associations between clinical staging, graduation, survival, chemotherapy and expression of MHCI molecules in circulating monocytes. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the activation state, suggested by expression of SOCS3 and 1 proteins, defines the relationship of the macrophage infiltration with antitumor or immune response to tumor progression associated with the development of metastasis, respectively.

Hiperestrogenismo em cadela: dermatose secundária a hormôniosexual relato de caso / Hyperestrogenism in a female dog: dermatosis secondary to sex hormone - case report

O hiperestrogenismo em fêmeas caninas é uma condição raramente descrita que se apresenta como umaalopecia simétrica bilateral com início na região perineogenital e membros pélvicos, podendo se estenderaté o flanco, acompanhada de hipertrofia de vulva e ginecomastia. Seu diagnóstico é realizado atravésdos achados clínicos, exames laboratoriais, histopatologia para confirmação do quadro endócrino e resposta ao tratamento. Este artigo apresenta um caso de hiperestrogenismo em um cão fêmea inteira daraça Pinscher com 7 anos de idade.(AU)

The hyperestrogenism in a female dog is a condition that has rarely been described as a bilaterally symmetricalalopecia beginning in the perineogenital region and hindlimbs, and may extend to the flank, accompanied by hypertrophy of the vulva and gynecomastia. The diagnosis is made by clinical findings,laboratory tests, histopathology for confirmation of endocrine disease and response to treatment. Thisarticle presents a case of hyperestrogenic in a female dog of breed Pinscher, 7 years old, not spayed. (AU)