Organic matter compartments in an Ultisol under integrated agricultural and livestock production systems in the Cerrado / Compartimentos da matéria orgânica em Argissolo sob sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária no Cerrado

Integrated agricultural production systems have the potential to increase organic matter content, which is reflected in the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. Here, we evaluated the C and N stocks and its compartments in a typical distro cohesive yellow Ultisol under the no-till (NT) and crop-livestock integration (CLI) systems, in eastern Maranhão. Five areas with different management strategies were evaluated, more specifically, one area was managed under the NT system in succession for 14 years (soybean/millet), three areas had different CLI system adoption histories (i.e., CLI was adopted 2, 4, or 8 years prior to sample collection); and finally, one area consisted of native Cerrado (savannah) vegetation. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.30-0.50 m,to analyze the content and total stocks of carbon (C) and its compartments (physical and chemical), N content, soil microbial biomass, and basal respiration. Results revealed higher content and stock of C and N in areas with CLI. The principal humic substance reported was humin, and higher concentrations of C associated with minerals were present in areas under more recent CLI adoption (2 and 4 years). We demonstrated that the adoption of CLI, even if recent, leads to immediate increases in the concentrations of C and its fractions as a result of using forage crops. NT for 14 years and CLI for 8 years exhibited higher levels of C management and higher soil biological activity due to the greater stability of these systems.

Os sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária possuem potencial de incrementar a matéria orgânica, com reflexos nas concentrações de carbono e de nitrogênio no solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e seus compartimentos em um Argissolo Amarelo Distrocoeso típico sob plantio direto e integração lavoura-pecuária no Leste maranhense. Os manejos avaliados foram: sistema de plantio direto em sucessão há 14 anos (soja/milheto), três áreas com diferentes históricos de sucessão com a adoção do sistema integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), sendo dois, quatro e oito anos, além de uma área de Cerrado nativo. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30; 0,30-0,50 metros para análise de teores e estoques totais de carbono (C) e de seus compartimentos (físico e químico), nitrogênio (N) e da biomassa microbiana do solo e respiração basal. Os resultados revelam maior teor e estoque de C e N nas áreas com ILP. A substância húmica predominante foi a humina e maiores concentrações do carbono associado a minerais estiveram presentes na área sob ILP mais recente (dois e quatro anos). A adoção da ILP, mesmo que recente, proporciona incrementos imediatos nas concentrações de C e suas frações em função do emprego de forrageiras. O plantio direto há 14anos e ILP há oito anos são sistemas com maior índice de manejo do C, como, também, apresentam maior atividade biológica do solo, devido à maiores estabilidade destes sistemas.

Characterization and effects of DDG on the intake and digestibility of finishing bulls in feedlots

The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.(AU)

Characterization and effects of DDG on the intake and digestibility of finishing bulls in feedlots

The aim of this study was to characterize four corn and sorghum co-products (DDG) in terms of their protein and carbohydrate fractions; we also evaluated the effects of substituting the protein source of the conventional supplement by DDG on consumption and nutrient digestibility in confined finishing cattle. Thirty-six male Nellore cattle with a mean age of 24 months were used. The treatments were: FA: concentrate with corn as an energy source and cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG50: concentrate with a 50% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG; DDG100: concentrate with 100% substitution of the FA protein source by DDG. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates (pens) containing four animals per pen. We found that the use of DDG in the finishing phase did not interfere with the animals’ food intake or the digestibility of the nutrients (p > 0.05). Nutrients were used by the animals; therefore, DDGs may be viable substitutes of cottonseed meal. We conclude that the bromatological composition of this co-product is influenced a lot during processing; therefore, the nutritional values of this co-product present in the composition tables may not be true.

Estimation of soil phosphorus availability via visible and near-infrared spectroscopy

Spectroscopic techniques have great potential to evaluate soil properties. However, there are still questions regarding the applicability of spectroscopy to analyze soil phosphorous (P) availability, especially in tropical soils with low nutrient contents. Therefore, this study evaluated the possibility to estimate P availability in soil and its pools (labile, moderately labile and non-labile) via Vis-NIR spectroscopy based on intra-field calibration. We used soils from two different locations, a plot experiment that received application of phosphate fertilizers (Field-A) and a cultivated field where a grid soil sampling was performed (Field-B). We used the technique of diffuse reflectance in the visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) to obtain the spectra of soil samples. Predictive modeling for P availability and labile, moderately labile and non-labile pools of P in soil were obtained via partial least squares (PLS) regression; classification modeling was performed via Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) on three P availability levels in order to overcome the limitation on quantifying P via Vis-NIR spectroscopy. We found that isolating P contents as the only variable (Field-A), Vis-NIR spectroscopy does not allow estimating P pools in the soil. In addition, quantification of P available in the soil via predictive modeling has limitations in tropical soils. On the other hand, estimating P content in soil through classes of availability is a feasible and promising alternative.

Estimation of soil phosphorus availability via visible and near-infrared spectroscopy

Spectroscopic techniques have great potential to evaluate soil properties. However, there are still questions regarding the applicability of spectroscopy to analyze soil phosphorous (P) availability, especially in tropical soils with low nutrient contents. Therefore, this study evaluated the possibility to estimate P availability in soil and its pools (labile, moderately labile and non-labile) via Vis-NIR spectroscopy based on intra-field calibration. We used soils from two different locations, a plot experiment that received application of phosphate fertilizers (Field-A) and a cultivated field where a grid soil sampling was performed (Field-B). We used the technique of diffuse reflectance in the visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) to obtain the spectra of soil samples. Predictive modeling for P availability and labile, moderately labile and non-labile pools of P in soil were obtained via partial least squares (PLS) regression; classification modeling was performed via Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) on three P availability levels in order to overcome the limitation on quantifying P via Vis-NIR spectroscopy. We found that isolating P contents as the only variable (Field-A), Vis-NIR spectroscopy does not allow estimating P pools in the soil. In addition, quantification of P available in the soil via predictive modeling has limitations in tropical soils. On the other hand, estimating P content in soil through classes of availability is a feasible and promising alternative.(AU)

Germination and initial in vitro development of explants of red strawberry-guava / Germinação e desenvolvimento inicial in vitro de explantes de araçá-vermelho

Among the native fruit trees of the South of Brazil, the red strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) of the Myrtaceae family and it is considered a native forest species of great importance in this region. The strawberry guava is usually propagated through sexual reproduction, however, few studies have been done to optimize the propagation of this native species. In addition to this problem, many studies with woody plants have shown positive results with propagation through tissue culture techniques. In this way, the objective was to verify the in vitro germination of red strawberry guava and the initial development of the explants with the use of the micropropagation technique. A completely randomized design with 3 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with three forms of seed fractionation (without cutting, longitudinal and transverse cutting) and two conditions of light intensities (presence and absence of light), totaling six treatments with 10 replications of four seeds each. After 14 days of the experiment were evaluated oxidation (%) and sowing (cm). The seeds germination rate (%), mean root length (cm), length of the largest root (cm), length of explant and number of roots and leaves were analyzed with 240 days. It was concluded that just a single seed of Psidium cattleyanum, when being fractionated, maintains the germinative capacity and can produce more than one n

Entre as fruteiras nativas do Sul do Brasil, destaca-se o araçazeiro vermelho (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) da família Myrtaceae e por isso, é considerado uma espécie florestal nativa de grande importância nessa região. O araçazeiro é propagado normalmente por via sexuada, entretanto são poucos os estudos que otimizem a propagação desta espécie nativa. Aliado a isso, para contornar esta problemática, muitos estudos com espécies florestais lenhosas demonstram resultados positivos com a propagação por meio de técnicas de cultura de tecidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo foi verificar a germinação in vitro de araçazeiro vermelho, assim como, o desenvolvimento inicial dos explantes com o uso da técnica de micropropagação. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três formas de fracionamento de sementes (sem corte, longitudinal e transversal) e duas condições de intensidades luminosas (presença de luz e obscuridade), totalizando seis tratamentos com 10 repetições de quatro sementes cada. Após 14 dias da instalação do experimento, as variáveis analisadas foram: oxidação (%) e estiolamento (%) e transcorridos 240 dias, avaliou-se a taxa germinativa das sementes (%), comprimento médio de raízes (cm), da maior raiz (cm) e do explante (cm) e número de raízes e de folhas. Concluiu-se com esse estudo, que uma única semente de Psidium cattleyanum Sabi

Characterization of Breast Meat Collected from Spent Lohmann Brown Layers in Comparison to Commercial Ross Broilers

The objective of this study was to compare characteristics and properties of breast meat from spent Lohmann Brown layers (SP, 90 weeks old, n = 24) and those of commercial broilers (BR, 6 weeks old, n = 24). The breasts of both SP and BR were collected from a local processing plant, vacuum-packed in a plastic bag, and stored at -18ºC until further analyses. The SP showed a greater water-holding capacity, tougher and chewier texture (p 0.05). Both raw and cooked SP breasts comprised the greater total collagen but lower soluble collagen than those of BR (p 0.05). Muscle fibers of the SP, observed under scanning electron microscope, were small, with average fiber diameter of 37.85±1.40 m, densely packed and surrounded by complex networks of connective tissue. The lower myofibril fragmentation index and alkaline-soluble protein fractions of the SP (p 0.05) suggested lesser degree of postmortem fragmentation and protein denaturation in SP compared to BR. Based on differential scanning calorimetry, multiple endothermic transitions were observed in both raw BR and SP breast samples. While BR thermograms comprise five transitions at 57.7ºC, 64.2ºC, 67.6ºC, 72.3ºC and 77.6ºC with total H of 15.31 J/g dry meat, the SP samples exhibited four transitions at 55.1ºC, 62.1ºC, 70.5ºC and 77.7ºC and total H of 17.62 J/g dry meat. Overall, the findings indicated that cooked meat toughness of SP was attributed by the high total and heat-stable collagen content, densely packing of small muscle fibers, and the superior myofibril integrity.(AU)

Characterization of Breast Meat Collected from Spent Lohmann Brown Layers in Comparison to Commercial Ross Broilers

The objective of this study was to compare characteristics and properties of breast meat from spent Lohmann Brown layers (SP, 90 weeks old, n = 24) and those of commercial broilers (BR, 6 weeks old, n = 24). The breasts of both SP and BR were collected from a local processing plant, vacuum-packed in a plastic bag, and stored at -18ºC until further analyses. The SP showed a greater water-holding capacity, tougher and chewier texture (p 0.05). Both raw and cooked SP breasts comprised the greater total collagen but lower soluble collagen than those of BR (p 0.05). Muscle fibers of the SP, observed under scanning electron microscope, were small, with average fiber diameter of 37.85±1.40 m, densely packed and surrounded by complex networks of connective tissue. The lower myofibril fragmentation index and alkaline-soluble protein fractions of the SP (p 0.05) suggested lesser degree of postmortem fragmentation and protein denaturation in SP compared to BR. Based on differential scanning calorimetry, multiple endothermic transitions were observed in both raw BR and SP breast samples. While BR thermograms comprise five transitions at 57.7ºC, 64.2ºC, 67.6ºC, 72.3ºC and 77.6ºC with total H of 15.31 J/g dry meat, the SP samples exhibited four transitions at 55.1ºC, 62.1ºC, 70.5ºC and 77.7ºC and total H of 17.62 J/g dry meat. Overall, the findings indicated that cooked meat toughness of SP was attributed by the high total and heat-stable collagen content, densely packing of small muscle fibers, and the superior myofibril integrity.

Germinação e desenvolvimento inicial in vitro de explantes de araçá-vermelho / Germination and initial in vitro development of explants of red strawberry-guava

Entre as fruteiras nativas do Sul do Brasil, destaca-se o araçazeiro vermelho (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) da família Myrtaceae e por isso, é considerado uma espécie florestal nativa de grande importância nessa região. O araçazeiro é propagado normalmente por via sexuada, entretanto são poucos os estudos que otimizem a propagação desta espécie nativa. Aliado a isso, para contornar esta problemática, muitos estudos com espécies florestais lenhosas demonstram resultados positivos com a propagação por meio de técnicas de cultura de tecidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo foi verificar a germinação in vitro de araçazeiro vermelho, assim como, o desenvolvimento inicial dos explantes com o uso da técnica de micropropagação. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três formas de fracionamento de sementes (sem corte, longitudinal e transversal) e duas condições de intensidades luminosas (presença de luz e obscuridade), totalizando seis tratamentos com 10 repetições de quatro sementes cada. Após 14 dias da instalação do experimento, as variáveis analisadas foram: oxidação (%) e estiolamento (%) e transcorridos 240 dias, avaliou-se a taxa germinativa das sementes (%), comprimento médio de raízes (cm), da maior raiz (cm) e do explante (cm) e número de raízes e de folhas. Concluiu-se com esse estudo, que uma única semente de Psidium cattleyanum...

Among the native fruit trees of the South of Brazil, the red strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) of the Myrtaceae family and it is considered a native forest species of great importance in this region. The strawberry guava is usually propagated through sexual reproduction, however, few studies have been done to optimize the propagation of this native species. In addition to this problem, many studies with woody plants have shown positive results with propagation through tissue culture techniques. In this way, the objective was to verify the in vitro germination of red strawberry guava and the initial development of the explants with the use of the micropropagation technique. A completely randomized design with 3 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with three forms of seed fractionation (without cutting, longitudinal and transverse cutting) and two conditions of light intensities (presence and absence of light), totaling six treatments with 10 replications of four seeds each. After 14 days of the experiment were evaluated oxidation (%) and sowing (cm). The seeds germination rate (%), mean root length (cm), length of the largest root (cm), length of explant and number of roots and leaves were analyzed with 240 days. It was concluded that just a single seed of Psidium cattleyanum, when being fractionated, maintains the germinative capacity and can produce more than one...

Influence of summer crop residues on 15N present in organic matter fractions under two lowland soils / Influência de resíduos de culturas de verão sobre o 15 N em frações da matéria orgânica de dois solos de terras baixas

The state of Rio Grande do Sul has about 20% of the total area as lowland soils, suitable for flooded rice (Oryza sativa). In order to mitigate damage caused by rice monoculture, new crops such as sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and soybean (Glycine max) have been cultivated in these areas. With different qualities of crop residues, it is expected a change in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and consequently, nitrogen (N) availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of rice, soybean and sorghum crop residues on the N present in physical fractions of SOM of two lowland soils, using labeled 15N technique, under incubation for 180 days in aerobic condition and more 180 days in anaerobic condition. At 30, 180 and 360 days of incubation the remaining N of the plant residues and N destination from the residues in both soils were quantified in the physical fractions of SOM >250 μm, 250-53 μm and <53 μm. The soil with higher amount of clay+silt received a larger quantity of 15N from residues, while flooding of the soil after 180 days caused a loss of N added to the soil by the soybean and sorghum residues. In general, larger amounts of 15N were reported in the fraction <53 μm, associated with clay minerals, throughout the incubation period. These N losses should be considered in N fertilization for the following crops in rotation with flooded rice.(AU)

O Rio Grande do Sul possui cerca de 20% da área total de solos de terras baixas, propícias para o cultivo do arroz (Oryza sativa) irrigado por inundação. Buscando mitigar danos ocasionados com o monocultivo de arroz, novas culturas, como o sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) e a soja (Glycine max), têm sido cultivadas nestas áreas. Com diferentes qualidades de resíduos culturais, espera-se uma alteração na dinâmica da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e, consequentemente, do nitrogênio (N). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de resíduos culturais de arroz, soja e sorgo na quantidade de N em frações físicas da MOS de dois solos de terras baixas, utilizando a técnica de marcação isotópica de 15N das culturas e uma incubação por um ciclo de 180 dias em condição aeróbica e mais 180 dias em condição anaeróbica. Aos 30, 180 e 360 dias de incubação foi quantificado o N remanescente dos resíduos vegetais e destino do N proveniente dos resíduos nos dois solos em frações físicas da MOS >250 μm, 250-53 μm e <53 μm. O solo com maior quantidade de argila+silte recebeu maior quantidade de 15N dos resíduos, enquanto que o alagamento do solo após 180 dias de incubação ocasionou uma perda do N adicionado ao solo pelos resíduos de soja e sorgo. De maneira geral, foram encontradas maiores quantidades de 15N na fração <53 μm, associado aos argilominerais. As perdas de N devem ser consideradas na adubação nitrogenada para as culturas sequentes nos sistemas de rotação de culturas com arroz irrigado.(AU)

Germinação e desenvolvimento inicial in vitro de explantes de araçá-vermelho / Germination and initial in vitro development of explants of red strawberry-guava

Entre as fruteiras nativas do Sul do Brasil, destaca-se o araçazeiro vermelho (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) da família Myrtaceae e por isso, é considerado uma espécie florestal nativa de grande importância nessa região. O araçazeiro é propagado normalmente por via sexuada, entretanto são poucos os estudos que otimizem a propagação desta espécie nativa. Aliado a isso, para contornar esta problemática, muitos estudos com espécies florestais lenhosas demonstram resultados positivos com a propagação por meio de técnicas de cultura de tecidos. Dessa forma, o objetivo foi verificar a germinação in vitro de araçazeiro vermelho, assim como, o desenvolvimento inicial dos explantes com o uso da técnica de micropropagação. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três formas de fracionamento de sementes (sem corte, longitudinal e transversal) e duas condições de intensidades luminosas (presença de luz e obscuridade), totalizando seis tratamentos com 10 repetições de quatro sementes cada. Após 14 dias da instalação do experimento, as variáveis analisadas foram: oxidação (%) e estiolamento (%) e transcorridos 240 dias, avaliou-se a taxa germinativa das sementes (%), comprimento médio de raízes (cm), da maior raiz (cm) e do explante (cm) e número de raízes e de folhas. Concluiu-se com esse estudo, que uma única semente de Psidium cattleyanum...(AU)

Among the native fruit trees of the South of Brazil, the red strawberry guava (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) of the Myrtaceae family and it is considered a native forest species of great importance in this region. The strawberry guava is usually propagated through sexual reproduction, however, few studies have been done to optimize the propagation of this native species. In addition to this problem, many studies with woody plants have shown positive results with propagation through tissue culture techniques. In this way, the objective was to verify the in vitro germination of red strawberry guava and the initial development of the explants with the use of the micropropagation technique. A completely randomized design with 3 x 2 factorial arrangement was used, with three forms of seed fractionation (without cutting, longitudinal and transverse cutting) and two conditions of light intensities (presence and absence of light), totaling six treatments with 10 replications of four seeds each. After 14 days of the experiment were evaluated oxidation (%) and sowing (cm). The seeds germination rate (%), mean root length (cm), length of the largest root (cm), length of explant and number of roots and leaves were analyzed with 240 days. It was concluded that just a single seed of Psidium cattleyanum, when being fractionated, maintains the germinative capacity and can produce more than one...(AU)

Natural abundance of 15N of N derived from the atmosphere by different strains of Bradyrhizobium in symbiosis with soybean plants / Abundância natural de 15 N do N derivado da atmosfera por diferentes estirpes de Bradyrhizobium em simbiose com plantas de soja

To quantify the BNF contribution to legumes using the 15N natural abundance technique, it is important to know the abundance of 15N of the plants grown entirely dependent on BNF (value ‘B’). The aim of the study was to determine the 15N natural abundance of N2 fixed by different Bradyrhizobium strains in symbiosis with one soybean cultivar. Treatments consisted of soybean plants cultivated with and without inoculation with ten Bradyrhizobium strains, in five replicates planted in Leonard jars in a sand/vermiculite mixture. Plants were harvested after 46 days. The ‘B’ values of the aerial tissue (‘Bs’) ranged from -2.6 to -3.9 ‰. There was a tendency for the ‘Bs’ values of plants inoculated with strains of B. elkanii to be more negative than plants inoculated with other strains. All ‘B’ values of the whole plant were less than 1 unit of δ15N (‰) different from zero, suggesting that the symbioses have little tendency to show significant isotopic fractionation during N2 fixation, but there is considerable depletion in 15N of the N translocated to the shoot tissue.

Para quantificar a FBN em leguminosas, através da técnica de abundância natural de 15N, é importante conhecer a abundância de 15N da planta leguminosa crescida inteiramente dependente da FBN (valor ‘B’). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a abundância natural de 15N do N2 fixado por diferentes estirpes de Bradyrhizobium em simbiose com uma cultivar de soja. Os tratamentos consistiram de plantas cultivadas sem e com inoculação com dez estirpes de Bradyrhizobium, em cinco repetições. Foram utilizados vasos de Leonard, substrato de areia e vermiculita. As plantas foram colhidas após 46 dias. Os valores de ‘B’ parte aérea (‘Bpa’) variaram entre -2.6 to -3.9 ‰. Houve tendência para a abundância de 15N dos valores de ‘Bpa’ das plantas inoculadas com estirpes de B. elkanii a serem mais negativos que as plantas inoculadas com as outras estirpes. Todos os valores de ‘B’ da planta inteira foram menos de 1 unidade de δ 15N (‰) diferente de zero, sugerindo que as simbioses têm pouca tendência de mostrar fracionamento isotópico significativo, mas houve considerável empobrecimento do isótopo 15N no N translocado a parte aérea.

Natural abundance of 15N of N derived from the atmosphere by different strains of Bradyrhizobium in symbiosis with soybean plants / Abundância natural de 15 N do N derivado da atmosfera por diferentes estirpes de Bradyrhizobium em simbiose com plantas de soja

To quantify the BNF contribution to legumes using the 15N natural abundance technique, it is important to know the abundance of 15N of the plants grown entirely dependent on BNF (value ‘B). The aim of the study was to determine the 15N natural abundance of N2 fixed by different Bradyrhizobium strains in symbiosis with one soybean cultivar. Treatments consisted of soybean plants cultivated with and without inoculation with ten Bradyrhizobium strains, in five replicates planted in Leonard jars in a sand/vermiculite mixture. Plants were harvested after 46 days. The ‘B values of the aerial tissue (‘Bs) ranged from -2.6 to -3.9 ‰. There was a tendency for the ‘Bs values of plants inoculated with strains of B. elkanii to be more negative than plants inoculated with other strains. All ‘B values of the whole plant were less than 1 unit of δ15N (‰) different from zero, suggesting that the symbioses have little tendency to show significant isotopic fractionation during N2 fixation, but there is considerable depletion in 15N of the N translocated to the shoot tissue.(AU)

Para quantificar a FBN em leguminosas, através da técnica de abundância natural de 15N, é importante conhecer a abundância de 15N da planta leguminosa crescida inteiramente dependente da FBN (valor ‘B). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a abundância natural de 15N do N2 fixado por diferentes estirpes de Bradyrhizobium em simbiose com uma cultivar de soja. Os tratamentos consistiram de plantas cultivadas sem e com inoculação com dez estirpes de Bradyrhizobium, em cinco repetições. Foram utilizados vasos de Leonard, substrato de areia e vermiculita. As plantas foram colhidas após 46 dias. Os valores de ‘B parte aérea (‘Bpa) variaram entre -2.6 to -3.9 ‰. Houve tendência para a abundância de 15N dos valores de ‘Bpa das plantas inoculadas com estirpes de B. elkanii a serem mais negativos que as plantas inoculadas com as outras estirpes. Todos os valores de ‘B da planta inteira foram menos de 1 unidade de δ 15N (‰) diferente de zero, sugerindo que as simbioses têm pouca tendência de mostrar fracionamento isotópico significativo, mas houve considerável empobrecimento do isótopo 15N no N translocado a parte aérea.(AU)

Changes in the stocks of C and N in organic matter fractions in soil cropped with coffee and fertilized with sunn hemp and ammonium sulfate / Alterações dos estoques de C e N nas frações da matéria orgânica de solo cultivado com cafeeiro e adubado com crotalária e sulfato de amônio

Despite the potential to provide N to crops, the rapid incorporation of green manure nutrients into stable fractions of organic matter in the soil (SOM) may reduce the efficiency of green manuring. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize the changes of C and N stocks in fractions of SOM cultivated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and fertilized with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and ammonium sulfate. To study the changes in organic C (OC) and total N (TN) in soil and fractions of SOM over time, soil samples were collected in the 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers, with the initial sampling done prior to the application of sunn hemp residues and ammonium sulfate. Five samples were collected every 2 months after the application of the legume and ammonium sulfate. The soil samples were submitted to densimetric and granulometric fractionation, obtaining the free light organic matter (F-LOM), particulate organic matter (POM), and organic matter associated with minerals (MAM). OC and TN stocks were then determined in soil and the SOM fractions. The changes in the stocks of OC (ΔStcC) in the soil in relation to time zero were positive in the evaluations carried out in the two layers. The fractions of SOM showed positive ΔStcC at almost all of the evaluated times. The N supplied to the soil in the form of mineral and organic fertilizer promoted an increase of 0.24 Mg ha-¹ of N in the 0–5 cm layer until after 60 days. Of this total, 0.03 Mg ha-¹ was associated with F-LOM, 0.07 Mg ha-¹ with POM, and the remainder was associated with MAM. Nearly 60% of the N that was supplied to the soil was drawn to the stable fractions of the SOM, indicating a rapid stabilization of this nutrient in the most recalcitrant organic compartments. Despite that, the variations in N stocks of MAM became smaller over time, and eventually became negative, in relation to time zero.[...](AU)

Apesar do potencial para fornecer N aos cultivos, a rápida incorporação dos nutrientes do adubo verde em frações estáveis da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) pode reduzir a eficiência da adubação verde. Portanto, objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar as alterações temporais dos estoques de C e N em frações da matéria orgânica de solo cultivado com cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) e adubado com crotalária (Crotalaria juncea) e sulfato de amônio. Para estudar o comportamento do C orgânico (CO) e N total (NT) no solo e nas frações da MOS ao longo do tempo, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0–5 e 5–10 cm, sendo a primeira amostragem antes da aplicação dos resíduos de crotalária e sulfato de amônio. Outras cinco amostras foram coletadas a cada dois meses após a aplicação da leguminosa e sulfato de amônio. As amostras de solo foram submetidas ao fracionamento densimétrico e granulométrico, obtendo-se as frações matéria orgânica leve livre (MOLL), matéria orgânica particulada (MOP) e matéria orgânica associada aos minerais (MAM). Foram determinados os estoques de CO e NT no solo e nas frações da MOS. As variações nos estoques de C (ΔEstC) orgânico no solo, em relação ao tempo zero, foram positivas nas avaliações realizadas nas duas camadas. As frações da MOS apresentaram ΔEstC positivas em quase todos os tempos de avaliação. O N aportado ao solo na forma de fertilizante mineral e orgânico promoveu incremento de 0,24 Mg ha-¹ de N na camada de 0–5 cm até os 60 dias. Desse total, 0,03 Mg ha-¹ estavam associados à MOLL, 0,07 Mg ha-¹ à MOP e o restante estava associado à MAM. Quase 60% do N que foi aportado ao solo teve como destino frações estáveis da MOS, indicando rápida estabilização desse nutriente nos compartimentos orgânicos mais recalcitrantes. Apesar disso, com o passar do tempo as variações nos estoques de N da MAM tornaram-se menores, e posteriormente negativas, em relação ao tempo zero, indicando a mineralização do N desse compartimento.[...](AU)

Quantity and quality of soil organic matter as a sustainability index under different land uses in Eastern Amazon

Soil organic matter (SOM), which influences chemical, physical and biological soil attributes, is the main form of C found in the soil which can also be used as a soil sustainability index. The aim of this study was to use the quantity and quality of SOM as an indicator to determine the sustainability of different land uses (native vegetation, secondary vegetation, fruit orchards, horticultural areas, degraded pasture, improved pasture, and fields with annual crops) in the eastern Amazon. Improved pasture had higher soil C stock than the other land uses and was similar to the native vegetation, and also presented the highest quantity of C in a stable form in the soil (fraction < 53 μm). According to the C management index, improved pasture is the most similar in use to native vegetation. Changes in land use reduced the soil microbial C content, although the more conservationist systems (fruit orchards, secondary vegetation, and improved pasture) had contents similar to those of the native vegetation. The highest soil microbial quotients were found in fruit orchards and horticultural areas. Well-managed pastures were effective in accumulating C as stable forms in the soil, which demonstrates the sustainability of this land use in the region studied.

Quantity and quality of soil organic matter as a sustainability index under different land uses in Eastern Amazon

Soil organic matter (SOM), which influences chemical, physical and biological soil attributes, is the main form of C found in the soil which can also be used as a soil sustainability index. The aim of this study was to use the quantity and quality of SOM as an indicator to determine the sustainability of different land uses (native vegetation, secondary vegetation, fruit orchards, horticultural areas, degraded pasture, improved pasture, and fields with annual crops) in the eastern Amazon. Improved pasture had higher soil C stock than the other land uses and was similar to the native vegetation, and also presented the highest quantity of C in a stable form in the soil (fraction < 53 μm). According to the C management index, improved pasture is the most similar in use to native vegetation. Changes in land use reduced the soil microbial C content, although the more conservationist systems (fruit orchards, secondary vegetation, and improved pasture) had contents similar to those of the native vegetation. The highest soil microbial quotients were found in fruit orchards and horticultural areas. Well-managed pastures were effective in accumulating C as stable forms in the soil, which demonstrates the sustainability of this land use in the region studied.(AU)

Oxidizable fractions of soil organic carbon in Caatinga forest submitted to different forest managements / Frações oxidáveis do carbono orgânico do solo em Caatinga arbórea submetida a manejo florestal

One of the main alternatives for the rational exploitation of the Caatinga biomes natural resources is sustainable forest management. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and its fractions can be used to evaluate the conservation status of forest ecosystems after anthropic interventions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of different forest management practices on the distribution of SOC fractions in the Caatinga area located in Contendas do Sincorá National Forest (BA). Three forest management practices (clear cutting, selective cutting by diameter and selective cutting by species) were evaluated, using the unmanaged Caatinga as a control. Soil samples were collected at the 0-10cm depth. The SOC was fractionated into four fractions (F1, F1, F2 and F3), adopting the chemical wet oxidation method based on increasing degrees of oxidation. The forest management caused a short-term change in the oxidizable fraction distribution of the SOC, which was reflected by a reduction of the most labile fractions.(AU)

Umas das principais alternativas para a exploração racional dos recursos naturais da Caatinga é o manejo florestal sustentável. O carbono orgânico do solo (COS) e suas frações podem ser utilizados para avaliar o estado de conservação de ecossistemas florestais após intervenções antrópicas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de curto prazo de diferentes práticas de manejo florestal sobre a distribuição das frações do COS em área de Caatinga arbórea, localizada na Floresta Nacional Contendas do Sincorá (BA). Foram avaliadas três práticas de manejo florestal (corte raso, corte seletivo por diâmetro e corte seletivo por espécie), utilizando como testemunha a Caatinga não manejada. As amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0-10cm. O COS foi fracionado em quatro frações (F1, F1, F2 e F3), adotando-se o método químico da oxidação úmida baseada em graus crescentes de oxidação. O manejo florestal ocasionou alteração em curto prazo na distribuição das frações oxidáveis do COS, que se refletiu em redução das frações mais lábeis.(AU)

Compartments of organic matter in an Oxisol under different types of no-tillage systems / Compartimentos da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo sob diferentes tipos de semeadura direta

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in soil carbon (C) as well as its fractions ofphysical (particulate organic carbon associated with minerals), chemical (fulvic and humic acids andhumins), and oxidizable (F1, F2, F3, and F4) forms of an Oxisol under no-tillage systems (SPD) underdifferent successions and crop rotations in the Cerrado area. In order to do this, the areas of consolidatedSPD (10 to 20 years) under the same soil and climatic conditions were selected in Montividiu (GO),with soybean-corn succession (SSM), soybean-millet succession (SSMt), soybean-millet-bean-cottonrotation (RSMFA), crop-livestock integration (ILP), and a native cerrado (CE) area used as a controltreatment In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.40 m, respectively. The no-tillage system with crop rotation, followed by no-tillage system withcrop-livestock integration, were the ones that presented the greatest potential to increase total carboncontent in soil, presenting higher C contents of the granulometric, humic, and oxidizable fractions ofthe soil organic matter (SOM), compared with the other areas of no-tillage systems with succession ofthe respective evaluated crops. The no-tillage areas with corn and soybean/millet succession systemsshowed a similar pattern in soil C accumulation, as well as in the compartments of SOM evaluated.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações no carbono do solo, bem como, suas frações físicas(carbono orgânico particulado e associado aos minerais), químicas (ácido fúlvico, húmico e humina),e oxidáveis (F1, F2, F3 e F4) de um Latossolo Vermelho em áreas de sistema de plantio direto (SPD)sob diferentes sucessões e rotações de culturas no cerrado goiano. Para isso, em Montividiu (GO)foram selecionadas áreas de SPD consolidado (10 a 20 anos) sob mesmas condições edafoclimáticascom: sucessão soja-milho (SSM), sucessão soja-milheto (SSMt), rotação soja-milho-milheto-feijãoalgodão(RSMFA), integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e uma área de cerrado nativo (CE) utilizada comoreferência. Em cada uma das áreas, foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0,0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40 m. O sistema de plantio direto com rotação de culturas seguido do sistemade plantio direto com integração lavoura-pecuária foram aqueles que apresentaram maior potencialde aumento do carbono total do solo, apresentando maiores teores de C das frações granulométricas,húmicas e oxidáveis da MOS (matéria orgânica do solo) em relação as demais áreas de sistema deplantio direto com sucessão de culturas avaliadas. As áreas de sistema de plantio direto com sucessãosoja/milho e soja/milheto exibiram padrão semelhante no acúmulo de C do solo, bem como, nos compartimentos da MOS avaliados.

Compartments of organic matter in an Oxisol under different types of no-tillage systems / Compartimentos da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo sob diferentes tipos de semeadura direta

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in soil carbon (C) as well as its fractions ofphysical (particulate organic carbon associated with minerals), chemical (fulvic and humic acids andhumins), and oxidizable (F1, F2, F3, and F4) forms of an Oxisol under no-tillage systems (SPD) underdifferent successions and crop rotations in the Cerrado area. In order to do this, the areas of consolidatedSPD (10 to 20 years) under the same soil and climatic conditions were selected in Montividiu (GO),with soybean-corn succession (SSM), soybean-millet succession (SSMt), soybean-millet-bean-cottonrotation (RSMFA), crop-livestock integration (ILP), and a native cerrado (CE) area used as a controltreatment In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0.0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.40 m, respectively. The no-tillage system with crop rotation, followed by no-tillage system withcrop-livestock integration, were the ones that presented the greatest potential to increase total carboncontent in soil, presenting higher C contents of the granulometric, humic, and oxidizable fractions ofthe soil organic matter (SOM), compared with the other areas of no-tillage systems with succession ofthe respective evaluated crops. The no-tillage areas with corn and soybean/millet succession systemsshowed a similar pattern in soil C accumulation, as well as in the compartments of SOM evaluated.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações no carbono do solo, bem como, suas frações físicas(carbono orgânico particulado e associado aos minerais), químicas (ácido fúlvico, húmico e humina),e oxidáveis (F1, F2, F3 e F4) de um Latossolo Vermelho em áreas de sistema de plantio direto (SPD)sob diferentes sucessões e rotações de culturas no cerrado goiano. Para isso, em Montividiu (GO)foram selecionadas áreas de SPD consolidado (10 a 20 anos) sob mesmas condições edafoclimáticascom: sucessão soja-milho (SSM), sucessão soja-milheto (SSMt), rotação soja-milho-milheto-feijãoalgodão(RSMFA), integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e uma área de cerrado nativo (CE) utilizada comoreferência. Em cada uma das áreas, foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0,0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40 m. O sistema de plantio direto com rotação de culturas seguido do sistemade plantio direto com integração lavoura-pecuária foram aqueles que apresentaram maior potencialde aumento do carbono total do solo, apresentando maiores teores de C das frações granulométricas,húmicas e oxidáveis da MOS (matéria orgânica do solo) em relação as demais áreas de sistema deplantio direto com sucessão de culturas avaliadas. As áreas de sistema de plantio direto com sucessãosoja/milho e soja/milheto exibiram padrão semelhante no acúmulo de C do solo, bem como, nos compartimentos da MOS avaliados.(AU)

Extracts and semi-purified fractions of Tagetes patula flowers in the control of root-knot nematodes / Extratos e frações semipurificadas de flores de Tagetes patula no controle do nematoide-das-galhas

The genus Tagetes constitutes a group of antagonistic plant species that are cytotoxic against plant pathogenic nematodes, with T. patula being particularly efficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of extracts and semi-purified fractions of T. patula flowers on eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. paranaensis, as well as to verify the nematicidal effect of the flavonoids present in T. patula flowers. Extracts and semi-purified fractions were obtained from dried T. patula flowers after maceration and liquidification, yielding crude aqueous (CAE) and crude ethanol-water (CEWE) extracts. Dried flowers were also treated with n-hexane to obtain a crude defatted aqueous extract (CDAE) and a crude ethanol-water defatted extract (CEWDE). Then, the CEWE was fractionated, and the ethyl acetate (EAF), ethanol (EF), methanol (MF), and ethanol:water (EWF) fractions were obtained. CAE, CEWE, CDAE, and CEWDE were tested to evaluate their effects on hatching, mobility, and mortality of J2 of M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. paranaensis. EAF, EF, MF, and EWF fractions were tested on the same variables of M. incognita. All extracts significantly reduced J2 hatching of M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. paranaensis when compared to water and water + DMSO. CEWE had nematicidal effects on the three evaluated species, whereas CEWDE demonstrated nematicidal effects against M. incognita and M. javanica, and nematostatic effects on M. paranaensis. This toxic effect showed by CEWE may be related to the high content of quercetin, a major substance present in this sample. It was also observed that EAF accentuated the nematicidal response on Meloidogyne spp., suggesting that other medium polarity (methoxylated) flavonoids act as nematotoxic substances. Thus, these results suggest that quercetin contributes significantly to the nematicidal activity of CEWE and EAF.

Entre as espécies de plantas antagonistas, as do gênero Tagetes apresentam citotoxicidade contra fitonematoides, sendo que T. patula mostra-se eficiente. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito in vitro de extratos e frações semipurificadas de flores de T. patula sobre ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica e M. paranaensis, e a capacidade nematicida dos flavonoides presentes nas flores de T. patula. Os extratos e frações semipurificadas foram preparados a partir de flores secas de T. patula, que após maceração foram submetidas à turbólise, obtendo-se os extratos bruto aquoso (EBA) e bruto etanol-água (EBEA). Também houve tratamento de flores secas com n-hexano para a obtenção do extrato bruto aquoso desengordurado (EBAD) e do extrato bruto etanol-água desengordurado (EBEAD). Em seguida, o EBEA foi fracionado, sendo obtidas as frações acetato de etila (FAE), etanólica (FE), metanólica (FM) e etanol:água (FEA). O efeito dos extratos EBA, EBEA, EBAD e EBEAD foram avaliados sobre a eclosão, mobilidade e mortalidade de J2 de M. incognita, M. javanica e M. paranaensis. As frações FAE, FE, FM e FEA foram avaliadas frente a M. incognita usando as mesmas variáveis. Os extratos reduziram significativamente a taxa de eclosão de J2 de M. incognita, M. javanica e M. paranaensis, quando comparados com água e água + DMSO. Quanto ao efeito dos extratos, observou-se que EBEA apresentou efeito nematicida para as três espécies avaliadas, e EBEAD demonstrou capacidade nematicida contra M. incognita e M. javanica, e sendo nematostático para M. paranaensis. Tal capacidade pode estar relacionada com o alto teor de quercetina (substância majoritária no EBEA). Observou-se, também, que o fracionamento químico e a obtenção da FAE acentuaram a resposta nematicida sobre Meloidogyne spp., sugerindo que outros flavonoides de média polaridade (metoxilados) atuam como substâncias nematotóxicas.