Population suppression of phylloxera gallicolae and radicicolae forms on grapevines with the use of synthetic insecticides / Supressão populacional de fase galícola e radícola da filoxera em videira com a utilização de inseticidas sintéticos

ABSTRACT: The grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) is the main insect pest of viticulture globally. Infestations can occur in the aerial part of the plant (gallicolae form) and roots (radicicolae form). In this study, the effect of insecticides on the populations suppression of the gall and root forms of phylloxera one vine was evaluated. For the gallicolous form, the thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g c.p./100L-1), flupyradifurone (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL c.p./100L-1), and sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL c.p./100L-1) were evaluated in the field, under natural infestation, using rootstock plants 'Paulsen 1103' (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). For the root stage, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using rooted seedlings of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera) grown in pots artificially infested with 200 phylloxera eggs per plant. After 80 days of infestation, the thiamethoxam (0.2g p.c./plant), flupyradifurone (0.8mL p.c./plant), sulfoxaflor (0.3mL/plant) and imidacloprid (Proved 200 SC, 0.7 mL/plant) were applied via drench. For the gallicolae form, an application of the flupyradifurone provided a gall reduction of 90% at 28 days after the first application (DAFA). While for thiamethoxam, 3 applications were needed at weekly intervals to maintain the same level of control. For sulfoxaflor, a second application at 14 DAFA was necessary to provide a level of control above 90%. For the root stage, the insecticides sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid showed the best results, with 96 and 89% of control over nymphs and adults, respectively. The insecticides flupiradifurone and sulfoxaflor are suitable for the chemical control of phylloxera in the vine.

RESUMO: A filoxera-da-videira Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) é o principal inseto-praga da viticultura mundial. As infestações podem ocorrer na parte aérea (forma galícola) e raízes (forma radícola). Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito de inseticidas na supressão de populações da forma galícola e radícola da praga em videira. Para a fase galícola, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (Actara 250 WG®, 40g p.c/100L-1), flupiradifurona (Sivanto® Prime 200 SL, 75mL p.c/100L-1) e sulfoxaflor (Closer® SC, 40mL p.c/100L-1) foram avaliados a campo, sob infestação natural, utilizando plantas do porta-enxerto 'Paulsen 1103' (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris). Para a fase radícola foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação a partir de mudas enraizadas de 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera) cultivadas em vasos infestados artificialmente com 200 ovos da filoxera por planta. Após 80 dias da infestação, os inseticidas thiamethoxam (0,2g p.c./planta), flupiradifurona (0,8mL p.c. /planta), sulfoxaflor (0,3mL/planta) e imidacloprido (Provado 200 SC, 0,7 mL/planta) foram aplicados via drench. Para a fase galícola, uma aplicação do inseticida flupiradifurona proporcionou uma redução de galhas de 90% aos 28 dias após a primeira aplicação (DAPA). Enquanto que para o thiamethoxam, foram necessárias três aplicações em intervalos semanais para manter o mesmo nível de controle. Para o sulfoxaflor, foi necessária uma segunda aplicação aos 14 DAPA, para proporcionar um nível de controle acima de 90%. Para a fase radícola, os inseticidas sulfoxaflor e imidacloprido apresentaram os melhores resultados, com 96 e 89% de controle sobre ninfas e adultos respectivamente. Os inseticidas flupiradifurona e sulfoxaflor são alternativas aos neonicotinoides (imidacloprido e thiametoxam) para a supressão populacional da filoxera na cultura da videira.

A new cecidogenous species of many-plumed moth (Alucitidae) associated with Cordiera A. Rich. ex DC. (Rubiaceae) in the Brazilian Cerrado

Larvae of many-plumed moths (Alucitidae), especially in the world-wide genus Alucita Linnaeus, 1758 are known as borers or gall-inducers on flowers, fruits and shoots of a few dicotyledonous families, including Bignoniaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Rubiaceae. However, there is no study available on the biology of the monotypic, Neotropical genus Prymnotomis Meyrick, 1931 except for its original description that was based on a single male, the holotype of Prymnotomis crypsicroca Meyrick, 1931 from Espirito Santo, Brazil. We describe here a second species for this genus, Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. whose larvae induce galls on Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae), a dioecious plant with dimorphic inflorescences found in the Brazilian Cerrado, Planaltina City, Federal District. Adults, larvae, pupae and galls are illustrated under light and scanning electron microscopy. Galls are green, spherical, unilocular and develop individually on C. elliptica flower buds. During development they look like fruits in shape and colour but are larger, do not have style scars when on female plants, and are induced also in male inflorescences. Pupation occurs outside the gall within a silk cocoon, presumably in the litter. A preliminary analysis of DNA barcode sequences including putative members of other alucitid lineages and Neotropical BINs (Barcode Index Number) supports Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. as an independent phylogenetic unit, with 12 to 18% divergence. Its nearest-neighbour was the BIN cluster 5 (BOLD:AAA0842) that includes specimens from Costa Rica.

Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality

In the present study, we inventoried gall-inducing arthropod species and evaluated the effects of habitat anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality on this group in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The gall-inducing fauna was sampled between April 2017 and February 2018 from 20 plots distributed in anthropized and preserved habitats. A total of 29 morphospecies of gall-inducing arthropods and 21 species of host plants were recorded. The Fabaceae plant family had the highest number of gall morphospecies (n = 10), while the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) insect family induced the most galls (41.3%). Mean gall richness did not differ between preserved and anthropized plots, but was negatively affected by mean vegetation height and density. The total number of gall morphospecies recorded during each sampling did not differ between dry and rainy seasons, but the mean richness of galls per plot was higher in the rainy season. In conclusion, natural factors, such as vegetation structure and seasonality, were more important for the distribution of gall-inducing species than anthropic factors, such as vegetation anthropization level.

New distribution record, host plant and notes on natural history of Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, there are few records of geographical distribution and host plants to species of Tomoplagia Coquillett, as well as other genera of Tephritidae, especially those associated with plants of the family Asteraceae. Here, we report the first occurrence of Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, inducing stem galls in Vernonanthura tweediana (Baker) H. Rob. (Asteraceae, Vernonieae), whose plant becomes a new host record for this species. In this way, is increased to nine species of Tomoplagia recorded for Rio Grande do Sul. Biological and morphological data and photos of gall, larvae, pupae at new host and distribution map of the species in Brazil are provided.

Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality

In the present study, we inventoried gall-inducing arthropod species and evaluated the effects of habitat anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality on this group in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. The gall-inducing fauna was sampled between April 2017 and February 2018 from 20 plots distributed in anthropized and preserved habitats. A total of 29 morphospecies of gall-inducing arthropods and 21 species of host plants were recorded. The Fabaceae plant family had the highest number of gall morphospecies (n = 10), while the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) insect family induced the most galls (41.3%). Mean gall richness did not differ between preserved and anthropized plots, but was negatively affected by mean vegetation height and density. The total number of gall morphospecies recorded during each sampling did not differ between dry and rainy seasons, but the mean richness of galls per plot was higher in the rainy season. In conclusion, natural factors, such as vegetation structure and seasonality, were more important for the distribution of gall-inducing species than anthropic factors, such as vegetation anthropization level.(AU)

New distribution record, host plant and notes on natural history of Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, there are few records of geographical distribution and host plants to species of Tomoplagia Coquillett, as well as other genera of Tephritidae, especially those associated with plants of the family Asteraceae. Here, we report the first occurrence of Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, inducing stem galls in Vernonanthura tweediana (Baker) H. Rob. (Asteraceae, Vernonieae), whose plant becomes a new host record for this species. In this way, is increased to nine species of Tomoplagia recorded for Rio Grande do Sul. Biological and morphological data and photos of gall, larvae, pupae at new host and distribution map of the species in Brazil are provided.(AU)

A new cecidogenous species of many-plumed moth (Alucitidae) associated with Cordiera A. Rich. ex DC. (Rubiaceae) in the Brazilian Cerrado

Larvae of many-plumed moths (Alucitidae), especially in the world-wide genus Alucita Linnaeus, 1758 are known as borers or gall-inducers on flowers, fruits and shoots of a few dicotyledonous families, including Bignoniaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Rubiaceae. However, there is no study available on the biology of the monotypic, Neotropical genus Prymnotomis Meyrick, 1931 except for its original description that was based on a single male, the holotype of Prymnotomis crypsicroca Meyrick, 1931 from Espirito Santo, Brazil. We describe here a second species for this genus, Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. whose larvae induce galls on Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae), a dioecious plant with dimorphic inflorescences found in the Brazilian Cerrado, Planaltina City, Federal District. Adults, larvae, pupae and galls are illustrated under light and scanning electron microscopy. Galls are green, spherical, unilocular and develop individually on C. elliptica flower buds. During development they look like fruits in shape and colour but are larger, do not have style scars when on female plants, and are induced also in male inflorescences. Pupation occurs outside the gall within a silk cocoon, presumably in the litter. A preliminary analysis of DNA barcode sequences including putative members of other alucitid lineages and Neotropical BINs (Barcode Index Number) supports Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. as an independent phylogenetic unit, with 12 to 18% divergence. Its nearest-neighbour was the BIN cluster 5 (BOLD:AAA0842) that includes specimens from Costa Rica.(AU)

Structure and development of root gall induced by Meloidogyne javanica in Glycine max L / Estrutura e desenvolvimento da galha radicular induzida por Meloidogyne javanica em Glycine max L

Galls formed by root-knot nematodes have been studied in several cultivated species focusing on understanding the intimate relationship between parasite and the host plant. Species of Meloidogyne induce the development of a feeding site in the cortex or vascular cylinder of the host plant and are totally dependent on this site formation to complete their life cycle. Therefore, we focused on anatomical, cytological and histochemical changes during the establishment and development of galls and giant cells induced by Meloidogyne javanica in the roots of Glycine max. Seeds of soybean (susceptible cultivar M8372 IPRO) were sown in trays with coconut fibre substrate and the seedlings were removed ten days after the seeds emerged for nematode inoculation. The roots from inoculated and non-inoculated (control) were sampled at different stages of development until 55 days after inoculation. Histological, cytological, histochemical analysis were performed in light and electron microscopy in non-galled tissue and galls induced by M. javanica. The galls showed different shapes and abundance in the roots inoculated by M. javanica. The induction of galls occurs by hypertrophy of the root cortex shortly after the initial infection process. Giant cells were formed 18 days after nematode inoculation. These giant or nourishing cells are multinucleated, and have a dense cytoplasm, a thick wall with invaginations, many mitochondria and small vacuoles. The anatomical sections indicated a disorganisation of the cells of the cortex and vascular cylinder in relation to the control root.(AU)

Galhas radiculares induzidas por nematoides têm sido estudadas em diversas espécies cultivadas, fornecendo subsídios para a compreensão da íntima relação entre parasita e hospedeiro. O estabelecimento do nematoide das galhas passa, necessariamente, pelo processo de formação das células gigantes, que garantem a nutrição do nematoide. As espécies de Meloidogyne estabelecem um sitio de alimentação no córtex ou cilindro vascular da raiz, sendo esses organismos totalmente dependentes deste sítio de indução. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações anatômicas, citológicas e histoquímicas durante o desenvolvimento de galhas induzidas por Meloidogyne javanica em raízes de Glycine max. A variedade de soja utilizada foi a M8372 IPRO, susceptível ao nematoide M. javanica. As sementes foram semeadas em bandejas e depois colocadas em tubetes, onde foram realizadas coletas de amostras radiculares em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, tanto de plantas inoculadas com o nematoide quanto de plantas controle. As amostras de galhas e raízes não galhadas foram utilizadas para as análises histológicas, citológicas e histoquímicas, em microscopia óptica e eletrônica. Verificou-se a presença de galhas após a inoculação de M. javanica, com variação na quantidade e na forma. A indução das galhas ocorre pela hipertrofia do córtex da raiz, logo após o processo inicial de infecção. Aos18 dias após a inoculação do nematoide já é possível observar a formação de células gigantes. Estas células gigantes ou nutridoras são multinucleadas, possuem citoplasma denso, parede espessa com invaginações, muitas mitocôndrias e pequenos vacúolos. As secções anatômicas indicaram uma desorganização das células do córtex e cilindro vascular em relação à raiz não inoculada (controle).(AU)

Structure and development of root gall induced by Meloidogyne javanica in Glycine max L / Estrutura e desenvolvimento da galha radicular induzida por Meloidogyne javanica em Glycine max L

Galls formed by root-knot nematodes have been studied in several cultivated species focusing on understanding the intimate relationship between parasite and the host plant. Species of Meloidogyne induce the development of a feeding site in the cortex or vascular cylinder of the host plant and are totally dependent on this site formation to complete their life cycle. Therefore, we focused on anatomical, cytological and histochemical changes during the establishment and development of galls and giant cells induced by Meloidogyne javanica in the roots of Glycine max. Seeds of soybean (susceptible cultivar M8372 IPRO) were sown in trays with coconut fibre substrate and the seedlings were removed ten days after the seeds emerged for nematode inoculation. The roots from inoculated and non-inoculated (control) were sampled at different stages of development until 55 days after inoculation. Histological, cytological, histochemical analysis were performed in light and electron microscopy in non-galled tissue and galls induced by M. javanica. The galls showed different shapes and abundance in the roots inoculated by M. javanica. The induction of galls occurs by hypertrophy of the root cortex shortly after the initial infection process. Giant cells were formed 18 days after nematode inoculation. These giant or nourishing cells are multinucleated, and have a dense cytoplasm, a thick wall with invaginations, many mitochondria and small vacuoles. The anatomical sections indicated a disorganisation of the cells of the cortex and vascular cylinder in relation to the control root.

Galhas radiculares induzidas por nematoides têm sido estudadas em diversas espécies cultivadas, fornecendo subsídios para a compreensão da íntima relação entre parasita e hospedeiro. O estabelecimento do nematoide das galhas passa, necessariamente, pelo processo de formação das células gigantes, que garantem a nutrição do nematoide. As espécies de Meloidogyne estabelecem um sitio de alimentação no córtex ou cilindro vascular da raiz, sendo esses organismos totalmente dependentes deste sítio de indução. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações anatômicas, citológicas e histoquímicas durante o desenvolvimento de galhas induzidas por Meloidogyne javanica em raízes de Glycine max. A variedade de soja utilizada foi a M8372 IPRO, susceptível ao nematoide M. javanica. As sementes foram semeadas em bandejas e depois colocadas em tubetes, onde foram realizadas coletas de amostras radiculares em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento, tanto de plantas inoculadas com o nematoide quanto de plantas controle. As amostras de galhas e raízes não galhadas foram utilizadas para as análises histológicas, citológicas e histoquímicas, em microscopia óptica e eletrônica. Verificou-se a presença de galhas após a inoculação de M. javanica, com variação na quantidade e na forma. A indução das galhas ocorre pela hipertrofia do córtex da raiz, logo após o processo inicial de infecção. Aos18 dias após a inoculação do nematoide já é possível observar a formação de células gigantes. Estas células gigantes ou nutridoras são multinucleadas, possuem citoplasma denso, parede espessa com invaginações, muitas mitocôndrias e pequenos vacúolos. As secções anatômicas indicaram uma desorganização das células do córtex e cilindro vascular em relação à raiz não inoculada (controle).

Controle biológico de Meloidogyne incognita por isolados de actinomicetos / Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by isolates of actinomycetes

O Bioma Cerrado possui grande biodiversidade e também comporta parte da produção agrícola do Brasil, sendo utilizado para o cultivo de grandes culturas. A cotonicultura brasileira vem sendo praticada em alto grau de tecnificação, sendo que os principais estados produtores são o Mato Grosso e a Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita pode causar perdas significativas na cultura do algodoeiro. Dentre os micro-organismos com potencial para controle de fitopatógenos, os actinomicetos são conhecidos pela capacidade de produzir compostos com ação antimicrobiana. Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, isolar e avaliar o potencial antagônico de actinomicetos de solos de área nativa do Cerrado baiano contra M. incognita. Foram obtidos 18 isolados de actinomicetos e, dentre os isolados testados, AC. O apresentou o maior percentual (99,16) de imobilidade dos juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita e AC. R foi responsável pelo maior percentual (72,16) de mortalidade dos J2. Quando os isolados foram inoculados diretamente em plantas de algodão, dois dias antes da inoculação com os nematoides, não foi observado, in vivo, controle eficiente de M. incognita. Entretanto, o plantio do algodoeiro em solo que foi previamente utilizado para o cultivo da soja inoculada com os isolados de actinomicetos, foi verificado que no solo com o isolado AC. G reduziu significativamente os números de galhas e de ovos no sistema radicular do algodoeiro. Pelos resultados do presente trabalho, observa-se que existe potencial de controle deste fitopatógeno por actinomicetos testados in vitro e em casa de vegetação. Os resultados são interessantes, uma vez que, grande parte da produção de algodão é encontrada em áreas de Cerrado e esses micro-organismos foram isolados desse bioma. Entretanto, ensaios em campo são necessários visto que, embora esses actinomicetos façam parte dos solos do Cerrado, existe um microbioma que não é controlado como em condições laboratoriais.

The Cerrado Biome has great biodiversity and also includes part of the agricultural production of Brazil, being used for the cultivation of large crops. Brazilian cotton cultivation has been practiced in a high degree of technification, with the main producing states being Mato Grosso and Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita can cause significant losses in the cotton crop. Among the microorganisms with potential for phytopathogen control, actinomycetes are known for the ability to produce compounds with antimicrobial action. The objective of this work was to isolate and evaluate the antagonistic potential of actinomycetes of native soils of the Cerrado of Bahia state against M. incognita. It was obtained 18 isolates of actinomycetes and, among the isolates tested, AC. O presented the highest percentage (99.16) of immobility of juveniles of second stage (J2) of M. incognita and AC. R was responsible for the highest percentage (72.16) of J2 mortality. When the isolates were inoculated directly into cotton plants two days prior to nematoid inoculation, efficient control of M. incognita was not observed in vivo. However, planting of cotton in soil that was previously used for the cultivation of soybean inoculated with the actinomycete isolates, was verified in the soil with the isolate AC. G significantly reduced the numbers of galls and eggs in the cotton root system. From the results of the present study, it is observed that there is potential for control of this phytopathogen by actinomycetes tested in vitro and in greenhouse. The results are interesting, since much cotton production is found in Cerrado areas and these microorganisms have been isolated from this biome. However, field trials are necessary since, although these actinomycetes are part of Cerrado soils, there is a microbiome that is not controlled as in laboratory conditions.

Controle biológico de Meloidogyne incognita por isolados de actinomicetos / Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by isolates of actinomycetes

O Bioma Cerrado possui grande biodiversidade e também comporta parte da produção agrícola do Brasil, sendo utilizado para o cultivo de grandes culturas. A cotonicultura brasileira vem sendo praticada em alto grau de tecnificação, sendo que os principais estados produtores são o Mato Grosso e a Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita pode causar perdas significativas na cultura do algodoeiro. Dentre os micro-organismos com potencial para controle de fitopatógenos, os actinomicetos são conhecidos pela capacidade de produzir compostos com ação antimicrobiana. Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, isolar e avaliar o potencial antagônico de actinomicetos de solos de área nativa do Cerrado baiano contra M. incognita. Foram obtidos 18 isolados de actinomicetos e, dentre os isolados testados, AC. O apresentou o maior percentual (99,16) de imobilidade dos juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita e AC. R foi responsável pelo maior percentual (72,16) de mortalidade dos J2. Quando os isolados foram inoculados diretamente em plantas de algodão, dois dias antes da inoculação com os nematoides, não foi observado, in vivo, controle eficiente de M. incognita. Entretanto, o plantio do algodoeiro em solo que foi previamente utilizado para o cultivo da soja inoculada com os isolados de actinomicetos, foi verificado que no solo com o isolado AC. G reduziu significativamente os números de galhas e de ovos no sistema radicular do algodoeiro. Pelos resultados do presente trabalho, observa-se que existe potencial de controle deste fitopatógeno por actinomicetos testados in vitro e em casa de vegetação. Os resultados são interessantes, uma vez que, grande parte da produção de algodão é encontrada em áreas de Cerrado e esses micro-organismos foram isolados desse bioma. Entretanto, ensaios em campo são necessários visto que, embora esses actinomicetos façam parte dos solos do Cerrado, existe um microbioma que não é controlado como em condições laboratoriais.(AU)

The Cerrado Biome has great biodiversity and also includes part of the agricultural production of Brazil, being used for the cultivation of large crops. Brazilian cotton cultivation has been practiced in a high degree of technification, with the main producing states being Mato Grosso and Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita can cause significant losses in the cotton crop. Among the microorganisms with potential for phytopathogen control, actinomycetes are known for the ability to produce compounds with antimicrobial action. The objective of this work was to isolate and evaluate the antagonistic potential of actinomycetes of native soils of the Cerrado of Bahia state against M. incognita. It was obtained 18 isolates of actinomycetes and, among the isolates tested, AC. O presented the highest percentage (99.16) of immobility of juveniles of second stage (J2) of M. incognita and AC. R was responsible for the highest percentage (72.16) of J2 mortality. When the isolates were inoculated directly into cotton plants two days prior to nematoid inoculation, efficient control of M. incognita was not observed in vivo. However, planting of cotton in soil that was previously used for the cultivation of soybean inoculated with the actinomycete isolates, was verified in the soil with the isolate AC. G significantly reduced the numbers of galls and eggs in the cotton root system. From the results of the present study, it is observed that there is potential for control of this phytopathogen by actinomycetes tested in vitro and in greenhouse. The results are interesting, since much cotton production is found in Cerrado areas and these microorganisms have been isolated from this biome. However, field trials are necessary since, although these actinomycetes are part of Cerrado soils, there is a microbiome that is not controlled as in laboratory conditions.(AU)

Insect gall occurrence in savanna and forest remnant sites of Hidrolândia, GO, Brazil Central

In this study we perform an inventory of the insect galls in savanna and forest sites of Hidrolândia, Goiás, Brazil. We found 150 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 39 botanical families and 104 plant species. Among the insect galls, 81 gall morphotypes were recorded in the savanna site and 73 in the forest site. The plant taxa richest in insect galls were the family Fabaceae with 22 gall morphotypes, the genus Bauhinia (Fabaceae) with 15, and the species Siparuna guianensis (Siparunaceae) with seven gall morphotypes. We found gall-inducing insects belonging to orders Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. The galling insects of family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common inducing 48.1% of the gall morphotypes. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the city of Hidrolândia, being this the site with the higher insect gall diversity already cataloged to the Central region of Brazil.

Insect gall occurrence in savanna and forest remnant sites of Hidrolândia, GO, Brazil Central

In this study we perform an inventory of the insect galls in savanna and forest sites of Hidrolândia, Goiás, Brazil. We found 150 insect gall morphotypes, distributed on 39 botanical families and 104 plant species. Among the insect galls, 81 gall morphotypes were recorded in the savanna site and 73 in the forest site. The plant taxa richest in insect galls were the family Fabaceae with 22 gall morphotypes, the genus Bauhinia (Fabaceae) with 15, and the species Siparuna guianensis (Siparunaceae) with seven gall morphotypes. We found gall-inducing insects belonging to orders Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. The galling insects of family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the most common inducing 48.1% of the gall morphotypes. This is the first systematic survey of insect galls realized in the city of Hidrolândia, being this the site with the higher insect gall diversity already cataloged to the Central region of Brazil.(AU)

Natural history of Gynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) in galls of Ficus benjamina (Rosales, Moraceae) / História natural de Gynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) em galhas de Ficus benjamina (Rosales, Moraceae)

Galls induced by thrips are simple structures when compared to those of other groups of arthropods, and little is known regarding many of their aspects. This study aimed to investigate aspects of the natural history of Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 in galls of Ficus benjamina L., 1753 using seasonal sampling (summer and winter). Twenty trees were sampled and divided into quadrants. From each of them, five galls were collected, forming a total of 400 galls per collection. Thrips showed greater abundance at higher temperatures (25.7°C) and no precipitation. Sex ratio was biased towards females (0.022 males per female), pointing to an inbred mating structure. Arthropod fauna associated with galls was more abundant (N=798) in winter, and it included representatives of the orders Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera and Blattodea.(AU)

As galhas induzidas por tripes são estruturas simples quando comparadas com outros grupos de artrópodes e pouco conhecidas quanto a diversos aspectos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar aspectos da história natural de Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 em galhas de Ficus benjamina L., 1753 em coletas sazonais (verão e inverno). Vinte árvores escolhidas, aleatoriamente, foram divididas em quatro quadrantes, e em cada um deles coletadas cinco galhas, perfazendo um total de 400 galhas por coleta. Os tripes apresentaram uma maior abundância em temperaturas mais elevadas (25,7°C) e sem precipitação. A razão sexual (0,022 machos) encontrada foi baixa (tendenciosa às fêmeas), apontando para uma estrutura endogâmica de acasalamento. A fauna associada de artrópodes presentes nas galhas foi mais abundante (N=798) no período de inverno e incluiu representantes das ordens Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera e Blattodea.(AU)

Natural history of Gynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) in galls of Ficus benjamina (Rosales, Moraceae) / História natural de Gynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) em galhas de Ficus benjamina (Rosales, Moraceae)

Galls induced by thrips are simple structures when compared to those of other groups of arthropods, and little is known regarding many of their aspects. This study aimed to investigate aspects of the natural history of Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 in galls of Ficus benjamina L., 1753 using seasonal sampling (summer and winter). Twenty trees were sampled and divided into quadrants. From each of them, five galls were collected, forming a total of 400 galls per collection. Thrips showed greater abundance at higher temperatures (25.7°C) and no precipitation. Sex ratio was biased towards females (0.022 males per female), pointing to an inbred mating structure. Arthropod fauna associated with galls was more abundant (N=798) in winter, and it included representatives of the orders Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera and Blattodea.

As galhas induzidas por tripes são estruturas simples quando comparadas com outros grupos de artrópodes e pouco conhecidas quanto a diversos aspectos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar aspectos da história natural de Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 em galhas de Ficus benjamina L., 1753 em coletas sazonais (verão e inverno). Vinte árvores escolhidas, aleatoriamente, foram divididas em quatro quadrantes, e em cada um deles coletadas cinco galhas, perfazendo um total de 400 galhas por coleta. Os tripes apresentaram uma maior abundância em temperaturas mais elevadas (25,7°C) e sem precipitação. A razão sexual (0,022 machos) encontrada foi baixa (tendenciosa às fêmeas), apontando para uma estrutura endogâmica de acasalamento. A fauna associada de artrópodes presentes nas galhas foi mais abundante (N=798) no período de inverno e incluiu representantes das ordens Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera e Blattodea.

Natural history of G ynaikothrips uzeli (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) in galls of Ficus benjamina (Rosales, Moraceae)

ABSTRACT Galls induced by thrips are simple structures when compared to those of other groups of arthropods, and little is known regarding many of their aspects. This study aimed to investigate aspects of the natural history of Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 in galls of Ficus benjamina L., 1753 using seasonal sampling (summer and winter). Twenty trees were sampled and divided into quadrants. From each of them, five galls were collected, forming a total of 400 galls per collection. Thrips showed greater abundance at higher temperatures (25.7°C) and no precipitation. Sex ratio was biased towards females (0.022 males per female), pointing to an inbred mating structure. Arthropod fauna associated with galls was more abundant (N=798) in winter, and it included representatives of the orders Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera and Blattodea.

RESUMO As galhas induzidas por tripes são estruturas simples quando comparadas com outros grupos de artrópodes e pouco conhecidas quanto a diversos aspectos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar aspectos da história natural de Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 em galhas de Ficus benjamina L., 1753 em coletas sazonais (verão e inverno). Vinte árvores escolhidas, aleatoriamente, foram divididas em quatro quadrantes, e em cada um deles coletadas cinco galhas, perfazendo um total de 400 galhas por coleta. Os tripes apresentaram uma maior abundância em temperaturas mais elevadas (25,7°C) e sem precipitação. A razão sexual (0,022 machos) encontrada foi baixa (tendenciosa às fêmeas), apontando para uma estrutura endogâmica de acasalamento. A fauna associada de artrópodes presentes nas galhas foi mais abundante (N=798) no período de inverno e incluiu representantes das ordens Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera e Blattodea.

Los insectos galícolas en Schinus fasciculata (Anacardiaceae) en el Espinal del centro de Argentina / Galling insects in Schinus fasciculata (Anacardiaceae) in the Espinal from central Argentina

La más compleja de las interacciones que plantas e insectos han desarrollado durante el transcurso de su evolución, son las agallas. Las especies de insectos galícolas se encuentran en la mayoría de las regiones biogeográficas, principalmente en ambientes xéricos, de los cuales un ejemplo lo constituye la ecorregión del Espinal, ubicada en la Provincia Biogeográfica de la Pampa, Subregión Chaqueña. Schinus fasciculata (Griseb.) I.M. Johnst. (Anacardiaceae) es una especie arbórea o arbustiva representativa de la ecorregión del Espinal que presenta diversas agallas entomógenas. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son identificar las especies de insectos que producen agallas en hojas y tallos de Schinus fasciculata en un relicto de Espinal de la provincia de Córdoba y caracterizar exomorfológicamente las agallas. Se seleccionaron 18 ejemplares de S. fasciculata distribuidos en cuatro transectas de 100 m2. Se caracterizaron cinco morfotipos de agallas, tres en hojas, inducidas por insectos del orden Hemiptera y dos en tallos, originadas por insectos del orden Lepidoptera. Los insectos productores de las mismas fueron identificados a nivel de especie y los distintos morfotipos de agallas fueron únicos para cada especie de insecto inductor(AU)

Galls are the most complex interaction between plants and insects during the course of their evolution. The species of galling insects are found in the most of biogeographic regions, but mainly in xeric habitats, as the Espinal eco-region, located in the Pampa Biogeographic Region, Chacoan Subregion. Schinus fasciculata (Griseb.) I. M. Johnst. (Anacardiaceae) it is a tree or shrub, representative from the Espinal eco-region, which supports several kinds of galls. Our objectives are to identify the insect species that induce leaves and stem galls on Schinus fasciculata, in an Espinal relict from province of Córdoba and to describe the exomorphology of galls. In this Espinal relict 18 plants of Schinus fasciculata, in four transects of 100 m2 were selected. Five morphological types of galls were found, three on leaves, induced by insects belonging to Hemiptera Order, and two on stems, induced by insects of Lepidoptera Order. The galling insects were identified at species level and the different morphotypes of galls found were unique to each galling insect species(AU)

Los insectos galícolas en Schinus fasciculata (Anacardiaceae) en el Espinal del centro de Argentina / Galling insects in Schinus fasciculata (Anacardiaceae) in the Espinal from central Argentina

La más compleja de las interacciones que plantas e insectos han desarrollado durante el transcurso de su evolución, son las agallas. Las especies de insectos galícolas se encuentran en la mayoría de las regiones biogeográficas, principalmente en ambientes xéricos, de los cuales un ejemplo lo constituye la ecorregión del Espinal, ubicada en la Provincia Biogeográfica de la Pampa, Subregión Chaqueña. Schinus fasciculata (Griseb.) I.M. Johnst. (Anacardiaceae) es una especie arbórea o arbustiva representativa de la ecorregión del Espinal que presenta diversas agallas entomógenas. Los objetivos del presente trabajo son identificar las especies de insectos que producen agallas en hojas y tallos de Schinus fasciculata en un relicto de Espinal de la provincia de Córdoba y caracterizar exomorfológicamente las agallas. Se seleccionaron 18 ejemplares de S. fasciculata distribuidos en cuatro transectas de 100 m2. Se caracterizaron cinco morfotipos de agallas, tres en hojas, inducidas por insectos del orden Hemiptera y dos en tallos, originadas por insectos del orden Lepidoptera. Los insectos productores de las mismas fueron identificados a nivel de especie y los distintos morfotipos de agallas fueron únicos para cada especie de insecto inductor

Galls are the most complex interaction between plants and insects during the course of their evolution. The species of galling insects are found in the most of biogeographic regions, but mainly in xeric habitats, as the Espinal eco-region, located in the Pampa Biogeographic Region, Chacoan Subregion. Schinus fasciculata (Griseb.) I. M. Johnst. (Anacardiaceae) it is a tree or shrub, representative from the Espinal eco-region, which supports several kinds of galls. Our objectives are to identify the insect species that induce leaves and stem galls on Schinus fasciculata, in an Espinal relict from province of Córdoba and to describe the exomorphology of galls. In this Espinal relict 18 plants of Schinus fasciculata, in four transects of 100 m2 were selected. Five morphological types of galls were found, three on leaves, induced by insects belonging to Hemiptera Order, and two on stems, induced by insects of Lepidoptera Order. The galling insects were identified at species level and the different morphotypes of galls found were unique to each galling insect species

The insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: biome cerrado, rupestrian fields

An inventory of the insect gall from Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was elaborated based on samples of the collection of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on localities and host plants were obtained from the labels and information about the gall morphology (plant organ of occurrence, shape, and presence of trichomes) by observing the samples. The galling species was determined based on the literature. The collection includes 131 morphotypes of galls from Cerrado, obtained from 71 host plant species distributed in 50 genera and 30 botanical families (Table 1). All galls were collected in rupestrian fields (a rare vegetation physiognomy of the Brazilian Cerrado) in the state of Minas Gerais. As the collection comprises a great diversity of insect galls, it can be considered representative of this physiognomy.

Um levantamento de galhas de insetos do Cerrado brasileiro foi elaborado baseado em amostras da coleção do Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Dados de localidades e plantas hospedeiras foram obtidos das etiquetas e informações sobre a morfologia da galha (órgão vegetal de ocorrência, forma, e presença de tricomas) pela observação da amostra. As espécies galhadoras foram determinadas baseadas em literatura. A coleção inclui 131 morfotipos de galhas de Cerrado, obtidos de 71 espécies de plantas hospedeiras, distribuídas em 50 gêneros e 30 famílias botânicas (Tabela 1). Todas as galhas foram coletadas em campos rupestres (uma fisionomia vegetal rara do cerrado brasileiro) do Estado de Minas Gerais. Como a coleção compreende grande diversidade de galhas de insetos, pode ser considerada representativa para essa fisionomia.

The insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: biome cerrado, rupestrian fields / A coleção de galhas de insetos do Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: bioma cerrado, campos rupestres

An inventory of the insect gall from Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was elaborated based on samples of the collection of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on localities and host plants were obtained from the labels and information about the gall morphology (plant organ of occurrence, shape, and presence of trichomes) by observing the samples. The galling species was determined based on the literature. The collection includes 131 morphotypes of galls from Cerrado, obtained from 71 host plant species distributed in 50 genera and 30 botanical families (Table 1). All galls were collected in rupestrian fields (a rare vegetation physiognomy of the Brazilian Cerrado) in the state of Minas Gerais. As the collection comprises a great diversity of insect galls, it can be considered representative of this physiognomy.(AU)

Um levantamento de galhas de insetos do Cerrado brasileiro foi elaborado baseado em amostras da coleção do Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Dados de localidades e plantas hospedeiras foram obtidos das etiquetas e informações sobre a morfologia da galha (órgão vegetal de ocorrência, forma, e presença de tricomas) pela observação da amostra. As espécies galhadoras foram determinadas baseadas em literatura. A coleção inclui 131 morfotipos de galhas de Cerrado, obtidos de 71 espécies de plantas hospedeiras, distribuídas em 50 gêneros e 30 famílias botânicas (Tabela 1). Todas as galhas foram coletadas em campos rupestres (uma fisionomia vegetal rara do cerrado brasileiro) do Estado de Minas Gerais. Como a coleção compreende grande diversidade de galhas de insetos, pode ser considerada representativa para essa fisionomia.(AU)