Footpad dermatitis in broilers: differences between strains and gender

Pododermatitis, also known as "bumblefoot", is an inflammatory lesion of the footpad. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic strain and sex on the incidence of footpad lesions in broilers. The experiment was carried out at São Paulo State University, using 480 broilers distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 2X2 factorial arrangement (2 strains X2 sexes), with four replicates of 30 broilers each, totaling 16 experimental units. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and livability were evaluated at 21, 35 and 42 days of age; production efficiency factor was determined at the end of the rearing period. On day 42, the footpads of 100 broilers were grossly examined and assigned a lesion score in a 1-3 scale (Almeida Paz & Martins, 2014). Three samples per score within treatment were collected for microscopic evaluation. Analysis of variance was applied and performance parameter means were compared by Tukey's test. Footpad lesion incidence was analyzed by the c2 test using SAS (version8.2). Ross(r) broilers presented higher feed intake during all evaluated periods, and higher weight gain only in the period 1 to 21 days compared with Cobb(r) broilers. On the other hand, Cobb(r) presented better feed conversion ratio in the periods of 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days. The incidence of foot pad lesions was statistically different (p < 0.05) between strains and sexes, but there were no interactions between these factors. The lesion scores assigned were compatible with the histopathological results, showing that the higher the score, the more severe were the dermal and epidermal lesions.

Footpad dermatitis in broilers: differences between strains and gender

Pododermatitis, also known as "bumblefoot", is an inflammatory lesion of the footpad. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of genetic strain and sex on the incidence of footpad lesions in broilers. The experiment was carried out at São Paulo State University, using 480 broilers distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 2X2 factorial arrangement (2 strains X2 sexes), with four replicates of 30 broilers each, totaling 16 experimental units. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and livability were evaluated at 21, 35 and 42 days of age; production efficiency factor was determined at the end of the rearing period. On day 42, the footpads of 100 broilers were grossly examined and assigned a lesion score in a 1-3 scale (Almeida Paz & Martins, 2014). Three samples per score within treatment were collected for microscopic evaluation. Analysis of variance was applied and performance parameter means were compared by Tukey's test. Footpad lesion incidence was analyzed by the c2 test using SAS (version8.2). Ross(r) broilers presented higher feed intake during all evaluated periods, and higher weight gain only in the period 1 to 21 days compared with Cobb(r) broilers. On the other hand, Cobb(r) presented better feed conversion ratio in the periods of 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days. The incidence of foot pad lesions was statistically different (p < 0.05) between strains and sexes, but there were no interactions between these factors. The lesion scores assigned were compatible with the histopathological results, showing that the higher the score, the more severe were the dermal and epidermal lesions.(AU)

Ação trófica de aditivos fitogênicos, glutamina e ácido glutâmico sobre a Bursa de Fabrícius e intestino delgado de frangos de corte / Trophic action of phytogenic additives, glutamine and glutamic acid on Bursa Fabricii and small intestine of broilers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e da glutamina mais ácido glutâmico, associados ou não, sobre a histomorfometria da Bursa de Fabricius e intestino delgado, sobre contagem de oocistos e escores de lesão e sobre o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente infectadas com Eimeria acervulina. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta controle (DC); DC + Vacina de coccidiose; DC + antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidiano (AMD/AC); DC + glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln/Glu); DC + sditivos fitogênicos (AFs); DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. As aves do tratamento DC + Vacina foram vacinadas via água de bebida, aos três dias de idade, contra coccidiose. Aos 16 dias de idade todas as aves de todos os tratamentos foram inoculadas oralmente e individualmente com 500.000 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para escore de lesão no epitélio intestinal das aves. O menor número de oocistos excretados foi observado nos grupos de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo AMD/AC e AFs. Foram observados melhores resultados para altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno e ílio das aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, aos 7 dias de idade e Gln/Glu e AFs aos 21 dias de idade. Maior porcentagem de área cortical dos folículos bursais foi observada em aves alimentadas com dieta suplementada com Gln/Glu e AFs aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de idade. Maior turnover da mucosa intestinal foi observada em aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, indicando aceleração do desenvolvimento e regeneração do tecido lesado. Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos podem oferecer melhorias à estrutura e, consequentemente, à função do intestino, bem como melhores condições para resposta imune frente à desafios infecciosos...(AU)

ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DOS EFEITOS DO VENENO BRUTO DE SERPENTES Crotalus durissus terrificus (LAURENTI, 1768) E Crotalus durissus collilineatus (AMARAL, 1926) EM LESÕES TECIDUAIS OCASIONADAS PELA INTOXICAÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL EM RATOS WISTAR

Estudo comparativo dos efeitos do veneno bruto de serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurenti, 1768) e Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Amaral, 1926) em lesões teciduais ocasionadas pela intoxicação experimental em ratos wistar Crotalus durissus é a única espécie do gênero que habita o Brasil e é responsável pelo maior número de mortes por acidentes ofídicos. O veneno crotálico é uma mistura complexa de proteínas ativas, enzimas, toxinas e polipeptídeos. Esses componentes possuem ações neurotóxicas, miotóxicas, nefrotóxicas, hepatotóxicas e coagulantes, no entanto, estudos mostram variações no efeito do veneno. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar, qualificar e diferenciar as lesões teciduais sistêmicas produzidas pelo veneno das serpentes Crotalus durissus terrificus e Crotalus durissus collilineatus em ratos Wistar. Utilizou-se ratos machos Wistar (n = 60). Os animais foram alocados em três grupos (n = 20 cada): Grupo Controle (GC); Grupo C. durissus terrificos (CdtG); e, grupo de serpentes C. durissus collilineatus (CdcG). Após a eutanásia, cérebro, pulmão, coração, fígado, jejuno, cólon, baço, rins, músculo esquelético e testículos foram coletados para análises histopatológicas e um escore de lesão por animal foi estabelecido. No sistema nervoso central, escores significativos das lesões (p <0,05) foram observados no CdcG e no CdtG. O maior escore lesional foi observado no CdtG. No tecido muscular, o CdcG apresentou maior escore de lesão no coração, enquanto no músculo esquelético o maior escore foi encontrado no CdtG. No rim, lesões significativas foram observadas no CdcG e no CdtC com o escore lesional médio mais alto no CdcG. O maior escore de lesão hepática foi no CdtG. No pulmão, maior lesional elevado foi observado apenas no CdcG. No baço, baixos escores lesionais foram evidenciados. Nos intestinos, o cólon apresentou baixos escores de lesão, porém diferenças significativas (p <0,05) foram observadas. O único órgão que apresentou diferença significativa (p <0,05) entre os três grupos foi o jejuno. Nos testículos escores lesionais significativos foram encontrados em ambos os grupos. Nossos resultados mostram que o veneno crotálico tem um efeito deletério em todos os sistemas orgânicos. Ao abordar um paciente com suspeita de picada de cascavel, o clínico deve considerar variações nos sinais clínicos em virtude da composição, bem como diferenças no desempenho de cada subespécie em diferentes tecidos. Os dados obtidos em nosso estudo fornecem subsídios para novas pesquisas sobre a toxicidade do veneno crotálico das diferentes subespécies do gênero Crotalus durissus. Palavras-chave: Escores Lesionais, Cascavéis e Histopatologia

Comparative study of the effects of the raw venom of snakes Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurenti, 1768) and Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Amaral, 1926) on tissue injury caused by experimental intoxication in wistar rats Crotalus durissus is the only species of the genus that inhabits Brazil and is responsible for the highest number of deaths from ophidian accidents. Crotalic venom is a complex mixture of active proteins, enzymes, toxins, and polypeptides. These components have neurotoxic, myotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic and coagulant actions, however, studies show variations in the effects of the poison. The objective of this study was to quantify, characterize and differentiate the systemic tissue lesions produced by venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Crotalus durissus collilineatus snakes in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 60) were used. The animals were allocated into three groups (n = 20 each): Control Group (CG); C. durissus terrificus group (CdtG); and C. durissus collilineatus group (CdcG). After euthanasia, brain, lung, heart, liver, jejunum, colon, spleen, kidneys, skeletal muscle and testes were collected for histopathological analysis and a lesion score per animal was established. In the central nervous system, significant lesion scores (p <0.05) were observed in the CdcG and CdtG. The highest lesion score was observed in the CdtG. In muscle tissue, the CdcG presented a higher lesion score in the heart, whereas in the skeletal muscle the highest score was found in the CdtG. In the kidney, significant lesions were observed in the CdcG and CdtC with the highest mean lesion score in the CdcG. The highest hepatic injury score was in the CdtG. In the lungs, a higher lesion score was observed only in the CdcG. In the spleen, low lesion scores were evidenced. In the intestines, the colon presented low lesion scores, but significant differences (p <0.05) were observed. The only organ that presented significant differences (p <0.05) between the three groups was the jejunum. In the testis, significant lesion scores were found in both groups (p<0,05). Our results show that crotalic venom has a deleterious effect on all organic systems. When addressing a patient whit a suspected rattlesnake bit, the clinician should consider variations in clinical signs by virtue of the composition as well as differences in the performance of each subspecies in different tissues. The data obtained in our study provide subsidies for new research on the toxicity of crotalic venom of the different subspecies of the genus Crotalus durissus.