Potential envenomation by the aglyphous pseudoxyrhophiine snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis and description of its dentition

We report on a case of potential envenomation caused by multiple bites by the aglyphous opisthodont snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis in the left thumb of a healthy adult man, which is among the most serious snakebites hitherto reported from Madagascar. The adult snake (total length > 1 meter) was unusually aggressive before and during capture. The symptoms included extensive bleeding, severe local pain, and substantial swelling of the hand and the distal part of the lower arm. The swelling disappeared entirely after five days, but pain in the thumb (when moved) was recognizable even longer. Although L. madagascariensis is widespread and common in anthropogenic habitats in eastern and western Madagascar, this case report seems to be the first description of long-lasting symptoms of its bite. Since aglyphous snakes are relatively rarely involved in "envenomation" and because hemolytic activity has been recorded in the secretions of the Duvernoy's glands of Leioheterodon, we describe its dentition using microcomputed tomography and discuss the potential mode of envenomation in this case.(AU)

Potential envenomation by the aglyphous pseudoxyrhophiine snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis and description of its dentition

We report on a case of potential envenomation caused by multiple bites by the aglyphous opisthodont snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis in the left thumb of a healthy adult man, which is among the most serious snakebites hitherto reported from Madagascar. The adult snake (total length > 1 meter) was unusually aggressive before and during capture. The symptoms included extensive bleeding, severe local pain, and substantial swelling of the hand and the distal part of the lower arm. The swelling disappeared entirely after five days, but pain in the thumb (when moved) was recognizable even longer. Although L. madagascariensis is widespread and common in anthropogenic habitats in eastern and western Madagascar, this case report seems to be the first description of long-lasting symptoms of its bite. Since aglyphous snakes are relatively rarely involved in envenomation and because hemolytic activity has been recorded in the secretions of the Duvernoys glands of Leioheterodon, we describe its dentition using microcomputed tomography and discuss the potential mode of envenomation in this case.(AU)

Potential envenomation by the aglyphous pseudoxyrhophiine snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis and description of its dentition

We report on a case of potential envenomation caused by multiple bites by the aglyphous opisthodont snake Leioheterodon madagascariensis in the left thumb of a healthy adult man, which is among the most serious snakebites hitherto reported from Madagascar. The adult snake (total length > 1 meter) was unusually aggressive before and during capture. The symptoms included extensive bleeding, severe local pain, and substantial swelling of the hand and the distal part of the lower arm. The swelling disappeared entirely after five days, but pain in the thumb (when moved) was recognizable even longer. Although L. madagascariensis is widespread and common in anthropogenic habitats in eastern and western Madagascar, this case report seems to be the first description of long-lasting symptoms of its bite. Since aglyphous snakes are relatively rarely involved in envenomation and because hemolytic activity has been recorded in the secretions of the Duvernoys glands of Leioheterodon, we describe its dentition using microcomputed tomography and discuss the potential mode of envenomation in this case.

FARINHA DE BARATA DE MADAGASCAR (Gromphadorhina portentosa) EM DIETAS PARA CALOPSITAS (Nymphicus hollandicus) MANTIDAS EM CATIVEIRO

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de farinha de barata de madagascar (Gromphadorhina portentosa) na alimentação de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) em cativeiro e sua influência nas características reprodutivas e no crescimento e desenvolvimento de filhotes. Dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro experimento doze casais foram utilizados durante um período experimental de 130 dias, dividido em quatro fases: postura, incubação, criação dos filhotes até 30 dias de idade e retorno à nova postura. Os casais foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo um controle, que recebeu uma ração comercial para psitacídeos + uma mistura de sementes, e o grupo teste que recebeu a mesma dieta do grupo controle, porém adicionada da farinha de barata de madagascar na proporção de 14g de ração comercial para 1g de farinha de barata. Após a eclosão, os filhotes permaneceram com os pais até os 30 dias de vida, quando foram transferidos para uma outra sala e acompanhados até o 90° dia de vida. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 28 filhotes de calopsitas durante o período experimental de 90 dias, dividido em duas fases: criação dos filhotes até 30 dias e criação dos filhotes de 31 a 90 dias. Os filhotes receberam a mesma dieta da gaiola dos pais durante todo o período experimental. O desenvolvimento corporal das aves foi avaliado a cada três dias do primeiro até o 30º dia de idade e a cada 15 dias do 31º ao 90º dia de idade. A inclusão de farinha de barata não influenciou (P>0,05) o consumo de ração comercial e de sementes durante as fases reprodutivas avaliadas dos casais, com exceção do consumo de ração na fase de retorno à reprodução, porém, aumentou (P<0,05) o teor de colesterol na gema, a largura dos ovos, índice de forma, o número de filhotes viáveis com 1 dia de vida e reduziu o número de dias para o retorno à postura. Não houve influência (P>0,05) na porcentagem de eclosão, nos teores da maioria dos ácidos graxos presentes na gema e na taxa de sobrevivência dos filhotes aos 30 e 90 dias de idade. A farinha de barata não influenciou (P>0,05) a taxa de sobrevivência, o peso, o comprimento total e os comprimentos do bico, da asa e da cauda dos animais, porém, aumentou o consumo de sementes do 31º ao 90º dia de idade. Conclui-se que a inclusão de farinha de barata de madagascar (Gromphadorhina portentosa) na dieta melhora as características reprodutivas de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus), sendo que na dieta dos filhotes não causou prejuízos no crescimento e desenvolvimento dessa espécie em cativeiro e pode ser utilizada como fonte alternativa de proteína para essa espécie em substituição à ração comercial em 6,6%.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of madagascar cockroach meal (Gromphadorhina portentosa) in the feeding of calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) in captivity and its influence on the reproductive characteristics and the growth and development of pups. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment twelve couples were used during an experimental period of 130 days, divided in four phases: posture, incubation, rearing of the pups until 30 days of age and return to the new posture. The couples were divided into two groups, one control, which received a commercial feed for psittacids + a mixture of seeds, and the test group that received the same diet as the control group, but added the madagascar cockroach meal in the ratio of 14g of feed for 1g of cockroach meal. After hatching, the pups remained with the parents until the 30 days of life, when they were transferred to another room and accompanied until the 90th day of life. In the second experiment, 28 pups were used during the experimental period of 90 days, divided in two phases: rearing pups up to 30 days and rearing pups from 31 to 90 days. The pups received the same diet from their parents' cage throughout the experimental period. The body development of the birds was evaluated every three days from the first to the 30th day of age and every 15 days from the 31st to the 90th day of age. The inclusion of cockroach meal did not influence the consumption of commercial and seed rations during the evaluated reproductive phases of the couples (P> 0.05), with the exception of feed consumption in the return to reproductive phase, however, the cholesterol content in the yolk increased (P <0.05), the width of eggs, shape index and the number of viable pups with 1 day of life. There was no influence (P> 0.05) on the percentage of hatching, on the contents of most of the fatty acids present in the yolk and on the survival rate of the pups at 30 and 90 days of age. The cockroach meal did not influence (P> 0.05) the survival rate, weight, total length and length of the beak, wing and tail of the animals, however, increased the consumption of seeds from the 31st to the 90th day of age. It is concluded that the inclusion of madagascar cockroach meal (Gromphadorhina portentosa) in the diet improves the reproductive characteristics of Nymphicus hollandicus, and in the diet of the pups did not cause damage to the growth and development of this species in captivity and can be used as an alternative source of protein for this species to replace commercial feed by up 6.6%.

New species of Cyamops (Diptera: Opomyzoidea: Periscelididae) from the old and new world tropics

Two new species of Cyamops Melander are described, one from the Afrotropical and one from the Neotropical Region. The newly described species are (type locality in parenthesis): Cyamops mathisi sp. nov. (Province Fianarantsoa, Madagascar) and Cyamops manauensis sp. nov. (state of Amazonas, Brazil). Both species can be separated from congeners based on characters of the male genitalia, particularly the shape of the surstyli. A new country, the Ivory Coast, is added to the distribution records of Cyamops nigeriensis, previously known only from Nigeria and Namibia. Updated keys to the Afrotropical and Neotropical species of the genus are also given.

New species of Cyamops (Diptera: Opomyzoidea: Periscelididae) from the old and new world tropics

Two new species of Cyamops Melander are described, one from the Afrotropical and one from the Neotropical Region. The newly described species are (type locality in parenthesis): Cyamops mathisi sp. nov. (Province Fianarantsoa, Madagascar) and Cyamops manauensis sp. nov. (state of Amazonas, Brazil). Both species can be separated from congeners based on characters of the male genitalia, particularly the shape of the surstyli. A new country, the Ivory Coast, is added to the distribution records of Cyamops nigeriensis, previously known only from Nigeria and Namibia. Updated keys to the Afrotropical and Neotropical species of the genus are also given.

New species of Cyamops (Diptera: Opomyzoidea: Periscelididae) from the old and new world tropics

Two new species of Cyamops Melander are described, one from the Afrotropical and one from the Neotropical Region. The newly described species are (type locality in parenthesis): Cyamops mathisi sp. nov. (Province Fianarantsoa, Madagascar) and Cyamops manauensis sp. nov. (state of Amazonas, Brazil). Both species can be separated from congeners based on characters of the male genitalia, particularly the shape of the surstyli. A new country, the Ivory Coast, is added to the distribution records of Cyamops nigeriensis, previously known only from Nigeria and Namibia. Updated keys to the Afrotropical and Neotropical species of the genus are also given.

Envenomation by the Malagasy colubrid snake Langaha madagascariensis

This report documents a case of envenomation by a Malagasy opisthoglyphous snake, Langaha madagascariensis. The snake bit the finger of a healthy adult man who was attempting to record its morphological measurements as part of a biodiversity survey which was being conducted in the extreme north of Madagascar. Symptoms of this case included severe local pain accompanied by observable swelling which lasted for several days. The present observations indicate that bite by L. madagascariensis potentially causes notable physiological effects in humans although the snake is generally calm and reluctant to bite unless provoked.(AU)

Envenomation by the Malagasy colubrid snake Langaha madagascariensis

This report documents a case of envenomation by a Malagasy opisthoglyphous snake, Langaha madagascariensis. The snake bit the finger of a healthy adult man who was attempting to record its morphological measurements as part of a biodiversity survey which was being conducted in the extreme north of Madagascar. Symptoms of this case included severe local pain accompanied by observable swelling which lasted for several days. The present observations indicate that bite by L. madagascariensis potentially causes notable physiological effects in humans although the snake is generally calm and reluctant to bite unless provoked.

Envenomation by the madagascan colubrid snake, Ithycyphus miniatus

We report two cases of envenomation by a Madagascan opisthoglyphous snake, Ithycyphus miniatus. In both cases, the snake bit the finger of a human who was preparing an experiment by tying a string around the snake body. Symptoms of the first case included temporal severe local pain and extensive bleeding. In the second case, severe pain accompanying obvious local swelling was caused and lasted for several hours. The present observations indicate that bite by I. miniatus potentially causes serious physiological effects in humans although the snake is basically calm and reluctant to bite.

Envenomation by the madagascan colubrid snake, Ithycyphus miniatus

We report two cases of envenomation by a Madagascan opisthoglyphous snake, Ithycyphus miniatus. In both cases, the snake bit the finger of a human who was preparing an experiment by tying a string around the snake body. Symptoms of the first case included temporal severe local pain and extensive bleeding. In the second case, severe pain accompanying obvious local swelling was caused and lasted for several hours. The present observations indicate that bite by I. miniatus potentially causes serious physiological effects in humans although the snake is basically calm and reluctant to bite.