Multiple colors in anteaters: review and description of chromatic disorders in Tamandua (Xenarthra: Pilosa) with reports of new and rare coat colorations

Tamandua Gray, 1825 contains two species of anteaters: Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860), which occurs in southern Mexico, throughout Central America and south to the west of the Andes in South America, and Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), widely distributed in South America, from Venezuela to northern Argentina, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. Historically, different coloration patterns have been attributed to the coat of Tamandua, with T. mexicana typically showing a partial or complete dark "vest" on the dorsal portion of the body, whereas T. tetradactyla can show a complete, partial, or absent vest and a coat varying from golden, pale yellow and pale gray to brown or black. These different coat colors are sometimes treated as inherent characteristics of subspecies of Tamandua. Here, we review color variation in Tamandua and describe six chromatic disorders for the genus: albinism, leucism, "brown" variation, melanism (partial and total), xanthochromism (partial and total) and, for the first time for anteaters, erythrism. In addition, we detail the morphological expression and geographic distribution of these anomalies in populations of Tamandua from Central and South America.(AU)

Taxonomy as the first step towards conservation: an appraisal on the taxonomy of medium- and large-sized Neotropical mammals in the 21st century

The Anthropocene brought an accelerated risk of extinction for species across the globe. However, extinction proneness is not even across groups. Past and current events show large-sized mammals at greater extinction risk than smaller ones. For practical reasons, conservation actions tend to focus on the species level; therefore, well-founded species limits are pivotal. Since 2005, the number of known mammal species is about 20% higher but largely due to taxonomic discoveries in small-sized taxa. Here we review the recent taxonomic advances on medium- and large-sized mammals (MLM) from the Neotropics, and discuss misperceptions concerning the taxonomy stability in this group and how this may hinder proper conservation actions. We advocate that apparent taxonomic inertia toward large-sized mammals is partly related to limited systematic inquiry rather than representing an accurate knowledge of their diversity. Fortunately, this scenario has slowly changed in recent years. Linked to integrative analyses that took place during the 21st century, the Neotropical region represents a major example of recent growth in MLM diversity. Taxonomic novelties were found in eight orders of MLM and occurred across taxonomic ranks, from family to subspecies. Most changes comprise subspecies or synonyms elevated to full species, but new taxa of Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Lagomorpha, Pilosa, Primates, Perissodactyla, and large rodents have also been discovered. Recent reshuffles in MLM classification clearly illustrate the risk that bias in taxonomy studies can bring to conservation. Considering the new findings, some species previously labeled as "least concern" for conservation, stand now in some level of threat. This appraisal challenges the misperception of MLM as well-known and shows that taxonomy is a conservation issue.(AU)

High richness of non-volant mammals in a seasonal forest fragment in southeastern Brazil

The seasonal forest formations of the Atlantic Forest are a threatened and poorly known habitat. We present here a list of the non-volant mammals occurring in a 515­ha forest fragment known as Santa Maria and located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Our surveys are based on live trap captures, camera traps, and active searches for footprints, as well as secondary data. We list 29 species of non-volant mammals in the fragment, recorded between 1996 and 2021. One species found in the fragment, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, is globally endangered. Two species are classified as "vulnerable" in the global red list: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, and Tapirus terresris. One species, Panthera onca, is classified as "critically endangered" in São Paulo state. The red howler, Alouatta guariba, was not recorded after 1999 and has probably been extirpated in the fragment. We show that the number of non-volant mammal species in Santa Maria fragment is high, in relation to its size. The fragment is also in a strategic position, between the Morro do Diabo state park and the Black Lion Tamarin Ecological station, the two largest protected areas in the region. Considering its high mammal richness and its possible role as stepping stone for the local fauna, we recommend that the fragment become a protected area.(AU)

Protocolos para contenção química e eletroejaculação para coleta de sêmen de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) / Chemical restraining and electroejaculation protocols for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Background: In order to reverse the White-lipped peccary decline, besides protecting its habitat and controlling hunting,it is necessary a captive breeding program. There are reports, however, on the low fertility of white-lipped peccary, makingit difficult its reproduction in captivity, making artificial insemination one of the main tools to prevent the loss of geneticdiversity of species kept in captivity. Information on safe methods of anesthesia and the collection of semen should beinvestigated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of the anesthetic protocols acepromazine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine, as well as electroejaculation protocols, for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult male white-lipped peccaries were submitted both to the xylazine/ketamineand acepromazine/ketamine anesthetic protocols. The anesthetic induction time and duration, the degree of muscle relaxation, the time for anesthetic recovery and the quality of the animals’ recovery were evaluated. Additionally, the qualityof the sedation was evaluated based on the animal’s behavior. We also evaluated the effect of drugs on erectile functionsas well as the efficiency of 3 electroejaculation protocols with increasing or fixed voltages (2 to 4 V; 5 to 12 V; 12 V). Theacepromazine/ketamine combination promotes shorter induction time, duration and recovery from anesthesia than thexylazine/ketamine association. There were no differences, however, between the tested anesthetic protocols in relation toheart rate, respiratory rate and temperature. Ejaculate was obtained from only 2 animals when using the xylazine/ketamineprotocol and adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage. In turn, ejaculate was obtained from4 animals submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, 3 of them with the adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V...

Protocolos para contenção química e eletroejaculação para coleta de sêmen de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) / Chemical restraining and electroejaculation protocols for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Background: In order to reverse the White-lipped peccary decline, besides protecting its habitat and controlling hunting,it is necessary a captive breeding program. There are reports, however, on the low fertility of white-lipped peccary, makingit difficult its reproduction in captivity, making artificial insemination one of the main tools to prevent the loss of geneticdiversity of species kept in captivity. Information on safe methods of anesthesia and the collection of semen should beinvestigated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of the anesthetic protocols acepromazine/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine, as well as electroejaculation protocols, for semen collection in white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari).Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve adult male white-lipped peccaries were submitted both to the xylazine/ketamineand acepromazine/ketamine anesthetic protocols. The anesthetic induction time and duration, the degree of muscle relaxation, the time for anesthetic recovery and the quality of the animals recovery were evaluated. Additionally, the qualityof the sedation was evaluated based on the animals behavior. We also evaluated the effect of drugs on erectile functionsas well as the efficiency of 3 electroejaculation protocols with increasing or fixed voltages (2 to 4 V; 5 to 12 V; 12 V). Theacepromazine/ketamine combination promotes shorter induction time, duration and recovery from anesthesia than thexylazine/ketamine association. There were no differences, however, between the tested anesthetic protocols in relation toheart rate, respiratory rate and temperature. Ejaculate was obtained from only 2 animals when using the xylazine/ketamineprotocol and adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V, with 10 stimuli at each voltage. In turn, ejaculate was obtained from4 animals submitted to the acepromazine/ketamine protocol, 3 of them with the adoption of stimuli between 5 and 12 V...(AU)

Range extension to Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province and revised distribution of Platyrrhinus chocoensis (Phyllostomidae: Chiroptera) in western Ecuador

We report the first record of the Choco broad-nosed bat (Plathyrrhinus chocoensis Alberico & Velazco, 1991) in Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province in northwestern Ecuador. This voucher specimen represents the southernmost record of the species and expands its distribution ca. 120 km south. The animal was caught at a farm, specifically in a live fence consisting of several tree species. Preservation of bat species occurring in agricultural landscapes requires local policies and environmental education.

Range extension to Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province and revised distribution of Platyrrhinus chocoensis (Phyllostomidae: Chiroptera) in western Ecuador

We report the first record of the Choco broad-nosed bat (Plathyrrhinus chocoensis Alberico & Velazco, 1991) in Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province in northwestern Ecuador. This voucher specimen represents the southernmost record of the species and expands its distribution ca. 120 km south. The animal was caught at a farm, specifically in a live fence consisting of several tree species. Preservation of bat species occurring in agricultural landscapes requires local policies and environmental education.(AU)

Abundância relativa de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na região do Parque Nacional das Emas-GO / Species richness and relative abundance of large mammals in Emas National Park region

Due the advancement of human population growth, there is an increase in the areas of agricultural production. This increase leads to landscape fragmentation and habitat reduction for wild animals. The aim of this work was to verify which species of mammals occur in the region of the Emas National Park (ENP). The data were collected through a camera trap, which are activated by a motion and heat sensor when an animal passes in front of the camera, recording the species, date and time of registration. The survey of mammals of the ENP region was carried out in 10 samplings between the years of 2001 and 2012. Relative abundance values are the ratio between the number of records of each species and the total hours of operation of the cameras. The results show that 33 species occur in the region and it can be concluded that the Emas National Park plays a fundamental role in the conservation of mammals threatened by extinction in the region. The fragments of native vegetation represented by the Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of the rural properties required by the Brazilian Forest Code are important for the species studied and the negative impacts present in the agricultural production areas in the surroundings can be reduced with the appropriate management, mainly with the fulfillment of the requirements of the new forest code in order to provide higher quality of the agricultural production area.

Com o aumento do crescimento populacional humano, observa-se o avanço das áreas de produção agrícola. Esse avanço acarreta a fragmentação da paisagem e a redução do habitat para os animais silvestres. Objetivou-se verificar quais espécies de mamíferos ocorrem na região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE). Os dados foram coletados por meio de armadilhas fotográficas (AF), as quais são ativadas por um sensor de movimentoe calor quando algum animal passa em frente à câmera, registrando o animal, data e hora do registro. Foi considerado o intervalo de 1 hora para independência dos registros. O levantamento de mamíferos da regiãodo PNE foi realizado através de 10 amostragens entre os anos de 2001 e 2012. Os valores das abundâncias relativas foram obtidos pela razão entre o número de registros de cada espécie e o total de horas de funciovoadonamentodas câmeras. Os resultados mostram que 33 espécies ocorrem na região e conclui-se que o Parque Nacional das Emas apresenta papel fundamental na conservação de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção na região devido a seus registros em todos os anos de coleta, juntamente com os fragmentos de vegetação nativa, representados pelas Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente das propriedades rurais exigidos no Código Florestal Brasileiro. Os fragmentos são importantes para as espécies estudadas e os impactos negativos presentes nas áreas de produção agrícola no entorno podem ser reduzidos com o manejo apropriado dessas áreas, principalmente com o cumprimento das exigências do novo código florestal de maneira a proporcionar maior qualidade do fragmento de vegetação nativa associado à agricultura.

Abundância relativa de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na região do Parque Nacional das Emas-GO / Species richness and relative abundance of large mammals in Emas National Park region

Due the advancement of human population growth, there is an increase in the areas of agricultural production. This increase leads to landscape fragmentation and habitat reduction for wild animals. The aim of this work was to verify which species of mammals occur in the region of the Emas National Park (ENP). The data were collected through a camera trap, which are activated by a motion and heat sensor when an animal passes in front of the camera, recording the species, date and time of registration. The survey of mammals of the ENP region was carried out in 10 samplings between the years of 2001 and 2012. Relative abundance values are the ratio between the number of records of each species and the total hours of operation of the cameras. The results show that 33 species occur in the region and it can be concluded that the Emas National Park plays a fundamental role in the conservation of mammals threatened by extinction in the region. The fragments of native vegetation represented by the Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of the rural properties required by the Brazilian Forest Code are important for the species studied and the negative impacts present in the agricultural production areas in the surroundings can be reduced with the appropriate management, mainly with the fulfillment of the requirements of the new forest code in order to provide higher quality of the agricultural production area.(AU)

Com o aumento do crescimento populacional humano, observa-se o avanço das áreas de produção agrícola. Esse avanço acarreta a fragmentação da paisagem e a redução do habitat para os animais silvestres. Objetivou-se verificar quais espécies de mamíferos ocorrem na região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE). Os dados foram coletados por meio de armadilhas fotográficas (AF), as quais são ativadas por um sensor de movimentoe calor quando algum animal passa em frente à câmera, registrando o animal, data e hora do registro. Foi considerado o intervalo de 1 hora para independência dos registros. O levantamento de mamíferos da regiãodo PNE foi realizado através de 10 amostragens entre os anos de 2001 e 2012. Os valores das abundâncias relativas foram obtidos pela razão entre o número de registros de cada espécie e o total de horas de funciovoadonamentodas câmeras. Os resultados mostram que 33 espécies ocorrem na região e conclui-se que o Parque Nacional das Emas apresenta papel fundamental na conservação de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção na região devido a seus registros em todos os anos de coleta, juntamente com os fragmentos de vegetação nativa, representados pelas Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente das propriedades rurais exigidos no Código Florestal Brasileiro. Os fragmentos são importantes para as espécies estudadas e os impactos negativos presentes nas áreas de produção agrícola no entorno podem ser reduzidos com o manejo apropriado dessas áreas, principalmente com o cumprimento das exigências do novo código florestal de maneira a proporcionar maior qualidade do fragmento de vegetação nativa associado à agricultura.(AU)

Parasitos de animais de animais selvagens de vida livre resgatados na baixada norte catarinense.

A recorrente destruição e fragmentação do bioma Mata Atlântica pela antropização, poluição e superexploração dos recursos naturais, predispõe o contato entre animais silvestres, domésticos e o homem. Essa maior proximidade entre espécies favorece a disseminação de patógenos causando impacto econômico e sanitário. O objetivo do presente estudo foi a identificação dos parasitos e estruturas parasitárias encontrados em animais selvagens de vida livre na região norte catarinense e a relação entre os parasitos e o estado de saúde dos hospedeiros selvagens. Para a identificação dos parasitos coletou-se amostras de fezes, sangue e exemplares de ectoparasitos de animais selvagens de vida livre, encaminhados à uma clínica veterinária no município de Joinville/SC para atendimento clínico. Foram coletadas amostras biológicas de 87 animais (58 aves e 29 mamíferos), sendo que 49 animais (56%) apresentaram algum tipo de parasitismo. Para a Classe Aves, 37 indivíduos (63,8%) apresentaram exames parasitológicos positivos. Dentre os mamíferos avaliados 12 estavam parasitados (41,4%). Nas aves observou-se maior incidência de infestação por ectoparasitos (46,5%) e, nos mamíferos, predominaram as infecções gastrintestinais (38%). Nas análises de regressão logística, evidenciou-se neste estudo que as aves possuem 2,49 maiores chances de serem parasitadas que os mamíferos. Piolhos malófagos e moscas da família Hipoboscidade foram responsáveis pelos maiores níveis de infestação nas aves. Carrapatos ixodídeos foram encontrados parasitando gambás-de-orelha-preta (Didelphis aurita), graxaim (Cerdocyon thous) e um filhote de capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Houve predomínio de infecções gastrintestinais por coccídeos em aves de hábitos alimentares onívoros, frugívoros e granívoros, que, devido ao seu comportamento de se alimentar e defecar no mesmo local, são mais predispostas a estas infecções. Foi identificado em indivíduo da espécie Egretta thula (garça-branca-pequena) metacercárias de Clinostomum complanatum em sua cavidade oral, sendo este um parasito de importância para a saúde pública, pois parasitam algumas espécies de peixes e podem ser transmitidas aos humanos por meio da ingestão de peixe cru. Em animais sinantrópicos e em graxains foram identificados parasitos gastrintestinais comumente encontrados em animais domésticos como ascarídeo, Ancylostoma sp. e Trichuris sp., o que pode evidenciar a aproximação entre espécies domésticas e selvagens. Nas amostras de sangue de aves foram identificados o parasitismo por Haemoprotheus sp., nos mesmos indivíduos que estavam parasitados por hipoboscídeos, sendo estes os prováveis vetores deste hemoparasito. Os animais selvagens estudados apresentaram uma diversidade de parasitos, sendo alguns com potencial zoonótico, evidenciando que estudos com a fauna selvagem permitem compreender sobre o comportamento das espécies e sua capacidade de adaptação as mudanças ambientais.

Ther recurrent destruction and fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest biome by anthropization, pollution and exploration of natural resources predisposes the contact between wild, domestic and man. This bigger proximity between species favors the spread os pathogens causing economic and sanitary impact. The aim of the presente study was to identify the parasites and parasitic structures found in wild animals in the northern region of Santa Catarina and the relationship between the parasites and the health status of wild hosts. For the identification of the parasites were collected samples of feces, blood and ectoparasites from wild animals sent to a veterinary clinic in the city of Joinville/SC for clinical care. Biological samples were collected from 87 animals (58 birds and 29 mammals), and 49 animals (56%) showed some type of parasitismo. For the Birds Class, 37 individuals (63,8%) had positive parasitological tests. Among the evaluated mammals, 12 were parasitized (41,4%). In birds there was a higher incidence of infestation by ectoparasites (46,5%) and, in mammals, gastrintestinal infections predominated (38%). In logistic regression analyses, this study showed that birds have 2.49 greater chances of being parasitized than mammals. Malophagous lice and flies of the Hipoboscidae family were responsible for the higest levels of infestation in birds. Ixodid ticks were found parasitizing black-eared opossum (Didelphis aurita), graxains (Cerdocyon thous) and a young capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). There was a predominance of gastrointestinal infections by coccidia in birds with omnivorous, frugivorous and granivorous feeding habits, which, due to their behavior of feeding and defecating in the same place, are more prone to these infections. Metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum were identified in an individual of the species Egretta thula (small white egret) in its oral cavity, which is a parasite of public health importance, as they parasitize some species of fish and can be transmitted to humans through intake of raw fish. In synanthropic animals and in graxains, gastrointestinal parasites commonly found in domestic animals such as ascarid, Ancylostoma sp were identified, and Trichuris sp., which can show the approximation between domestic and wild species. In bird blood samples, parasitism by Haemoprotheus sp. was identified in the same individuals that were parasitized by flies of the Hipoboscidae family, which are the probable vectors of hemoparasites. The wild animals studied showed a diversity of parasites, some with zoonotic potential, showing that studies with wild fauna allow us to understand the behavior of species and their ability to adapt to environmental changes.

HELMINTOFAUNA DE PEQUENOS ROEDORES DA MATA ATLÂNTICA BRASILEIRA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ, BRASIL

Este estudo descreve a composição e estrutura da comunidade de helmintos de pequenos mamíferos terrestres em áreas fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica no estado do Paraná, Brasil. Sessenta e oito roedores e dezoitos marsupiais foram coletados nos municípios de Cascavel e Corbélia, entre 2017 e 2018. Os animais foram necropsiados tendo suas vísceras examinadas para recuperação de parasitos. Um total de 21 espécies de helmintos foram coletados: dez em Akodon montensis, quatro em Mus musculus, duas em Thaptomys nigrita, duas em Oligoryzomys nigripes, uma em Delomys dorsalis, cinco em Marmosa paraguayana e duas em Monodelphis dimidiata. As seguintes espécies de parasitas foram registrados para a ordem Rodentia: Rodentolepis akodontis, Angiostrongylus sp., Protospirura numidica criceticola, Trichuris navonae, Syphacia alata, Syphacia criceti, Syphacia evaginata, Trichofreitasia lenti, Stilestrongylus aculeata, Stilestrongylus eta, Stilestrongylus gracielae, Stilestrongylus franciscanus, Stilestrongylus moreli, Stilestrongylus sp., e Pentastomida gen. sp (ninfa). Para ordem Didelphimorphia foram registradas as seguintes espécies: Viannaia hamata, Travassostrongylus sextus, Gracilloxyuris agilisis, Oncicola luehei, Trichohelix tuberculata e Pritchardia boliviensis. Quatro espécies foram comuns entre os roedores e uma entre os marsupiais, com baixo grau de similaridade entre as infracomunidades. Não foram observados helmintos comuns a roedores e marsupiais. O roedor Akodon montensis teve uma maior riqueza média parasitária. Foi observada correlação positiva entre intensidade parasitária de T. navonae e T. lenti e índice de condição corporal do hospedeiro A. montensis. Para todas as espécies de helmintos é um novo registro de localidade e para quinze delas de novo hospedeiro.

This study describes the composition and structure of the helminth community of small terrestrial mammals of the Atlantic Forest in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Sixty-eight rodent and eighteen marsupial specimens were collected in the municipality of Cascavel and Corbelia, Paraná between 2017 and 2018. The animals were necropsied and their viscera examined for helminth recovery. A total of 21 helminth species were collected: ten in Akodon montensis, four in Mus musculus, two in Thaptomys nigrita, two in Oligoryzomys nigripes, one in Delomys dorsalis, five in Marmosa paraguayana and two in Monodelphis dimidiata. The following species of parasites were recorded in the order Rodentia: Rodentolepis akodontis, Angiostrongylus sp., Protospirura numidica criceticola, Trichuris navonae, Syphacia alata, Syphacia criceti, Syphacia evaginata, Trichofreitasia lenti, Stilestrongylus aculeata, Stilestrongylus eta, Stilestrongylus greta Stilestrongylus franciscanus, Stilestrongylus moreli, Stilestrongylus sp., and nymph Pentastomida gen. sp. For the order Didelphimorphia the following parasites were collected: Viannaia hamata, Travassostrongylus sextus, Gracilloxyuris agilisis, Oncicola luehei, Trichohelix tuberculata and Pritchardia boliviensis. Four species were common to all rodent species and one among marsupials, with a low degree of similarity between infracommunities. Helminths common to rodents and marsupials weren t observed. The rodent Akodon montensis had a higher average parasitic richness. Positive correlation was observed between parasitic intensity of T. navonae and T. lenti and body condition index of host A. montensis. For all species of helminths it is a new locality record and for fifteen of them new host.

Chigger mites (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) of small mammals from Brazil: morphological studies and investigation of the presence of pathogens

Trombiculídeo é o nome popular do estágio larval de ácaros da família Trombiculidae que parasitam vertebrados, e durante o parasitismo, podem causar uma reação cutânea no hospedeiro, conhecida como trombiculíase. Algumas espécies são vetores de tsutsugamushi, uma riquetsiose humana, causada pela bactéria Orientia tsusugamushi. A presença de alguns patógenos tem sido detectada em ácaros trombiculídeos, como Coxiella, Hepatozoon e Rickettsia. Para o Brasil, apenas a bactéria Ricekttsia felis-like foi detectada no ácaro da espécie Blankaartia sinamaryi coletada parasitando uma ave. Na região Neotropical, os trombiculídeos são pouco estudados e existem lacunas na taxonomia, biodiversidade e associação com hospedeiros. Considerando a carência de conhecimento, e que existem indícios da possibilidade de as larvas participarem da transmissão de patógenos em outras regiões do mundo, torna-se relevante a análise investigativa de Coxiella, Hepatozoon e Rickettsia neste grupo de ácaros no Brasil. Coleções nacionais e internacionais foram consultadas e os espécimes coletados parasitando mamíferos foram examinados. Larvas recentemente coletadas nos hospedeiros foram mantidas vivas, em colônias, para o conhecimento das ninfas e todos os estágios foram posteriormente utilizados em estudos moleculares e na detecção de patógenos. Ao final deste estudo, foram registradas 73 espécies de trombiculídeos, sendo que 17 espécies representam novos registros de localidade, dez foram relatadas pela primeira vez no país, deutoninfa de uma espécie foi descrita, novas associações (24) de larvas parasitando mamíferos no Brasil foram fornecidas, duas novas espécies foram descritas e o gênero Arisocerus foi sinonimizado com o gênero Herpetacarus. Além disso, fornecemos o primeiro registro da detecção de Rickettsia sp. nos ácaros das espécies A. hertigi, Q. trapezoides e T. bakeri coletados em roedores no território nacional, incluindo a obtenção de sequências do gene 18S para as espécies A. hertigi, Kymocta sp., Q. pazca, Q. trapezoides e T. bakeri pela primeira vez, contribuindo com o banco de genes desse grupo de ácaros tão diverso mas ainda pouco conhecido no Brasil.

Chiggers are the popular name of larval stage of mites of the family Trombiculidae that parasite vertebrates, and during the parasitism, can cause a skin reaction in the host, known as trombiculiasis. Some species are vectors of tsutsugamushi, a human rickettsiosis, caused by the bacteria Orientia tsusugamushi. Furthermore, the presence of some pathogens has been detected in chiggers, as Coxiella, Hepatozoon and Rickettsia. To Brazil only the bacteria Ricekttsia felis-like was detected in the chigger species Blankaartia sinamaryi collected parasitizing a bird. In the Neotropical region this group of mites is currently poorly studied and there are gaps in taxonomy, biodiversity, and association with vertebrate. Considering in the lack of knowledge, and that there are indications of the possibility of the larvae participating in the transmission of pathogens in other regions of the world, the investigative analysis of Coxiella, Hepatozoon and Rickettsiain this group of mites in Brazil becomes relevant. National and international collections were consulted and the specimens collected parasitizing mammals were examined. Besides that, chigger mites collected recently were kept in colonies for the knowledge of nymph stages and all stages were used for molecular studies and in pathogen detection. By the end of this study, for the national territory 73 species are recorded, 17 species has been recorded in new localities in Brazil, 10 species are reported for the first time in the country, the deutonymph stage for one species was described, 24 new associations of chiggers parasitizing mammals in Brazil have been provided, two new species were described and the genus Arisocerus was synonymized with the genus Herpetacarus. In addition, we provide the first report of the detection of strains of Rickettsia sp. in the chigger mites A. hertigi, Q. trapezoides, and T. bakeri collected on rodents in Brazil, including sequences of 18S gene of the species A. hertigi, Kymocta sp., Q. pazca, Q. trapezoides, and T. bakeri for the first time, increasing the genebank for this group of mites so diverse but still little known in Brazil

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA, CITOGENÉTICA E MOLECULAR DE Mazama gouazoubira (ARTIODACTYLA, CERVIDAE) A PARTIR DE UM TOPÓTIPO ATUAL

O gênero Mazama é circundado de incertezas taxônomicas devido à sua alta diversidade cariotípica inter e intra-específica, origem polifilética e convergência morfológica. O veado-catingueiro é a espécie com a maior distribuição geográfica do gênero, ocorre no Brasil (com exceção da Amazônia), Paraguai, Uruguai, Bolívia e norte da Argentina, e, por causa desta abrangência, aliada ao fato de que apresenta alta variabilidade genética, morfológica e alta frequência de polimorfismos cromossômicos, ainda restam dúvidas sobre sua taxonomia com respeito ao número de subespécies existentes e o possível desdobramento destas em espécies. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor um neótipo para a espécie, através da caracterização de um espécime coletado na localidade tipo (topótipo), e assim auxiliar no esclarecimento da taxonomia de Mazama gouazoubira. O topótipo foi caracterizado por técnicas de morfologia tradicional (medidas cranianas e do pós-crânio, coloração da pelagem, biometria corporal), por análises citogenéticas (banda C, banda G, coloração Ag-RON, coloração convencional Giemsa) e moleculares (análises filogenéticas de genes mitocondriais). Pesquisas feitas em museus internacionais confirmam que o holótipo da espécie não existe, cumprindo requisito necessário para a proposta de neotipificação. O topótipo corroborou com os padrões morfológicos, citogenéticos e moleculares já descritos para o veado-catingueiro e por meio das análises comparativas com outros indivíduos da espécie e outros táxons do gênero, ficou claro que pertence à M. gouazoubira, permitindo a proposta de um neótipo para o táxon.

The genus Mazama is surrounded by taxonomic uncertainties due to its polyphyletic origin, high inter and intra-specific karyotype diversity and morphological convergence. The brown brocket deer is the species with the highest geographic distribution of the group due to its high ecological plasticity and because of this range, ally to the fact that presents high morfological and genetic divergence and high frequency of chromosomal polymorphisms, there are still doubts about the number of subspecies existing and the unfolding of these in species. Therefore, the objective of this work was to propose a neotype for M. gouazoubira through a characterization of a specimen collected in the type locality (topotype), and in this way, help to clarify the taxonomy of Mazama gouazoubira. The topotype was characterized by traditional morphological techniques (cranial measurements, skin color and body biometry), as well as by cytogenetic (C band, G band, Ag-NOR staining, conventional Giemsa staining) and molecular analyzes (phylogenetic analyzes of mitochondrial genes). After an extensive research in scientific collections, the results confirm the holotype does not exists, filling a necessary prerequisit for neotypification. The topotype corroborates the morphological, cytogenetic and molecular patterns already described in the literature for the brown brocket deer and through comparative analysys with other specimens and other taxons of the genus it is clear that the topotype belongs to M. gouazoubira, allowing the proposal of a neotype for the taxon.

Manejo, reabilitação e soltura de mamíferos selvagens / Captive management, rehabilitation and release of wild mammals / Manejo, rehabilitación y soltura de mamíferos salvajes

Com o objetivo de otimizar o trabalho desempenhado por centros de reabilitação e triagem de animais selvagens, este artigo apresenta sugestões para manejo dos representantes da classe Mammalia formulada com base em visitas a estes centros, pesquisa bibliográfica e consulta a especialistas. Para tanto, são discutidos protocolos de recebimento, manejo, ambientação e enriquecimento de recintos, reabilitação, adequação alimentar, soltura, reintrodução ou destinação para cativeiro.(AU)

In order to optimize the activities conducted by institutions which receive and treat apprehended wild animals, this article presents suggestions for the management of members of the Class Mammalia based on visits to some of these institutions, literature review and by consulting several specialists. Thus, protocol receiving, captive management, enclosure enrichment and environmentation, rehabilitation, diet, either reintroduction or other destination are discussed.(AU)

Con el objetivo de optimizar el trabajo desempeñado por centros de rehabilitación y de tría de animales salvajes, este trabajo presenta propuestas de rutina de trabajo para los representantes de la clase Mammalia, teniendo como base la realización de visitas a los centros, revisión bibliográfica y de consulta a especialistas. Para tanto, son sugeridos protocolos de recibimiento, manejo, ambientación y enriquecimiento de recintos, rehabilitación, adecuación alimentar, soltura y reintroducción o destinación para cautiverio.(AU)

First report of Diphyllobothrium mansoni (Cestoda, Diphyllobothridae) infecting Cerdocyon thous (Mammalia, Canidae) in Brazil / Ocorrência de Diphyllobothrium mansoni (Cestoda, Diphyllobothridae) parasitando Cerdocyon thous (Mammalia, Canidae) no Brasil

O trabalho descreve a ocorrência de Diphyllobothrium mansoni (Cestoda, Diphyllobothridae) no intestino delgado de um exemplar de Cerdocyon thous (Mammalia, Canidae), proveniente da região de Itatinga, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Este é o primeiro relato da presença desse cestódeo em C. thous.(AU)

Dieta de Mazama gouazoubira (Mammalia, Cervidae) en un ambiente secundario de Yungas, Argentina

The trophic spectrum of the Brown brocket deer, Mazama gouazoubira Fischer, 1814, was analyzed between September 1993 to February 1994, in a secondary environment of Yungas, Argentina and in semicaptivity conditions. Seventy three vegetable species and two fungi species were recorded. It was registered also the consumption of ticks, salt, land, bricks and scats of another animals. The main vegetable parts consumed in order of importance were young leaves and outbreaks (green parts), fruit and flowers.

Dieta de Mazama gouazoubira (Mammalia, Cervidae) en un ambiente secundario de Yungas, Argentina

The trophic spectrum of the Brown brocket deer, Mazama gouazoubira Fischer, 1814, was analyzed between September 1993 to February 1994, in a secondary environment of Yungas, Argentina and in semicaptivity conditions. Seventy three vegetable species and two fungi species were recorded. It was registered also the consumption of ticks, salt, land, bricks and scats of another animals. The main vegetable parts consumed in order of importance were young leaves and outbreaks (green parts), fruit and flowers.

Dieta de Mazama gouazoubira (Mammalia, Cervidae) en un ambiente secundario de Yungas, Argentina

The trophic spectrum of the Brown brocket deer, Mazama gouazoubira Fischer, 1814, was analyzed between September 1993 to February 1994, in a secondary environment of Yungas, Argentina and in semicaptivity conditions. Seventy three vegetable species and two fungi species were recorded. It was registered also the consumption of ticks, salt, land, bricks and scats of another animals. The main vegetable parts consumed in order of importance were young leaves and outbreaks (green parts), fruit and flowers.

A new case of complete albinism in a bat from Brazil / A new case of complete albinism in a bat from Brazil

Albinism has been observed in many vertebrate taxa, but is a rare phenomenon in bats. A recent review reports records of complete albinism in 38 species among the 1,045 bat species occurring in the world. We sampled the area of the Ecological Station of Aguas Emendadas, in Planaltina, northeast of Brasilia, Federal District of Brazil, in October of 2007 and January of 2008. Bats were captured using nine mist nets set at ground level, opened for six hours each night. Here we describe the first record of true albinism in an individual of Artibeus cinereus in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Albinism has been observed in many vertebrate taxa, but is a rare phenomenon in bats. A recent review reports records of complete albinism in 38 species among the 1,045 bat species occurring in the world. We sampled the area of the Ecological Station of Aguas Emendadas, in Planaltina, northeast of Brasilia, Federal District of Brazil, in October of 2007 and January of 2008. Bats were captured using nine mist nets set at ground level, opened for six hours each night. Here we describe the first record of true albinism in an individual of Artibeus cinereus in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Ecological analysis of three bat assemblages from conservation units in the Lowland Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

In the present study we made a preliminary ecological analysis of the bat assemblages from threeconservation units in Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil: Reserva Biológica Poço das Antas, Fazenda RioVermelho and Reserva Biológica União. Two samples of bats were taken from each area, one during the rainyseason, and the other during the dry season. We described assemblages by species lists, richness, evenness,abundance distribution, and rarefaction curves. In all areas, Carollia perspicillata was the most frequent batspecies, presenting a relative abundance far superior from others. Rio Vermelho was the richest area, followed byUnião and Poço das Antas. Differences in spatial heterogeneity of the areas might explain differences found indiversity patterns.