Characterization of the antagonism of the mycorrhizal fungus Waitea circinata against Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens and Sarocladium oryzaerice pathogens / Caracterização do antagonismo do fungo micorrízico Waitea circinata contra os patógenos do arroz Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens e Sarocladium oryzae

Rice production is affected by important pathogens such as Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens and Sarocladium oryzae, and orchid mycorrhizal fungi can contribute to the biocontrol of these diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the antagonism mechanisms of W. circinata against rice pathogens. The indoleacetic acid (IAA) and lytic enzymes of W. circinata were quantified. The effectiveness of the bioagent and its metabolites was assessed in vitro. Antagonism in vivo against rice blast was also investigated. Waitea circinata produced IAA (2.3 µg ml¹), cellulase and polyphenol oxidase in a qualitative test. Glucanase, chitinase and protease were also produced in culture with cell walls and in co-culture with pathogens to explain antibiosis. W. circinata acts on direct antagonism by antibiosis and volatile metabolites. Mycelial suspension reduced M. oryzae conidial germination, appressorium formation, and rice blast by 61, 82 and 84%, respectively. W. circinata, a unique bioagent, controls four rice pathogens from mechanisms of parasitism and antibiosis. The results could contribute to new formulations containing this fungus, enzymes as well as its volatile metabolites.

A produção de arroz é afetada por patógenos importantes como Magnaporthe oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens e Sarocladium oryzae, e fungos micorrízicos de orquídeas podem contribuir para o biocontrole dessas doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os mecanismos de antagonismo de W. circinata contra patógenos do arroz. O ácido indolacético (AIA) e as enzimas líticas de W. circinata foram quantificadas. A eficácia do bioagente e seus metabólitos foi avaliada in vitro. O antagonismo in vivo contra a brusone do arroz também foi investigado. Waitea circinata produziu AIA (2,3 µg ml¹), celulase e polifenol oxidase em teste qualitativo. Glucanase, quitinase e protease também foram produzidas em cultura com paredes celulares e em co-cultura com patógenos para explicar a antibiose. W. circinata atua no antagonismo direto por antibiose e metabólitos voláteis. A suspensão micelial reduziu a germinação de conídios de M. oryzae, a formação de apressórios e a brusone do arroz em 61, 82 e 84%, respectivamente. W. circinata, um bioagente único, controla quatro patógenos do arroz a partir de mecanismos de parasitismo e antibiose. Os resultados podem contribuir para novas formulações contendo este fungo, enzimas, bem como seus metabólitos voláteis.

Cover cropping system and mulching can shape soil microbial status in fruit orchards

The use of cover crop in agricultural fields has been well elucidated, especially regarding nitrogen fixation from legume crops and their function as weed protection. Furthermore, to cover crops can benefit the soil microbial community. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the benefits of mulching and cover cropping systems on soil microbial growth and activity, and their effects on plant mineral nutrition in pomelo (Citrus maxima ) and macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ) orchards. The treatments included: 1) control [Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup at 4 l per ha)], 2) manual weed control, 3) mulching with dead leaves from their respective trees (macadamia and pomelo), 4) millet, 5) faba bean, 6) millet + faba bean. All the treatments were applied for 120 days before soil and plant leaves were sampled for analyses. Plant mineral nutrition, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil microbial biomass N (MBN); basal respiration (BRA), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization (COL); number of AMF spores (SPO) in soil; total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were evaluated. Plant nutrition was not altered by the treatments; however, the MBC, COL and SPO markedly increased in response to mulching and faba bean + millet treatments. Especially in macadamia soils, these treatments had a great response to soil microbiology. Significant negative correlations were also detected for the COL, SPO, BRA and TOC with the Nutrient Balance Index (NBI). These results indicate that in short-term the cover cropping system is useful to improve the soil microbial growth and AMF formation in soils of pomelo and macadam orchards.

Cover cropping system and mulching can shape soil microbial status in fruit orchards

The use of cover crop in agricultural fields has been well elucidated, especially regarding nitrogen fixation from legume crops and their function as weed protection. Furthermore, to cover crops can benefit the soil microbial community. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the benefits of mulching and cover cropping systems on soil microbial growth and activity, and their effects on plant mineral nutrition in pomelo (Citrus maxima ) and macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ) orchards. The treatments included: 1) control [Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup at 4 l per ha)], 2) manual weed control, 3) mulching with dead leaves from their respective trees (macadamia and pomelo), 4) millet, 5) faba bean, 6) millet + faba bean. All the treatments were applied for 120 days before soil and plant leaves were sampled for analyses. Plant mineral nutrition, soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and soil microbial biomass N (MBN); basal respiration (BRA), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization (COL); number of AMF spores (SPO) in soil; total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were evaluated. Plant nutrition was not altered by the treatments; however, the MBC, COL and SPO markedly increased in response to mulching and faba bean + millet treatments. Especially in macadamia soils, these treatments had a great response to soil microbiology. Significant negative correlations were also detected for the COL, SPO, BRA and TOC with the Nutrient Balance Index (NBI). These results indicate that in short-term the cover cropping system is useful to improve the soil microbial growth and AMF formation in soils of pomelo and macadam orchards.(AU)

Produtividade da soja em associação ao fungo micorrízico arbuscular Rhizophagus clarus cultivada em condições de campo / Production of soybean in association with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus clarus cultivated in field conditions

A soja é fundamental para o progresso do agronegócio, porém sua produtividade pode ser afetada pelas mudanças climáticas. Assim, alternativas que aumentem o rendimento das plantas em condições adversas são fundamentais, e os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) destacam-se, pois, associam-se as raízes das plantas aumentando a absorção de água e nutrientes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de plantas de soja a campo experimental em associação com o FMA Rhizophagus clarus sob condição de sistema irrigado e não irrigado. Ao final, avaliou-se parâmetros agronômicos e de simbiose com o FMA. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, as médias obtidas foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas pelo teste Tukey (5%), utilizando software SISVAR. Plantas de soja quando associadas com FMA e cultivadas em condição não irrigada, obtiveram maior produtividade do que plantas no sistema irrigado, além de peso de 1000 grãos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a inoculação beneficia a produtividade da soja em condições de sistema não irrigado.(AU)

Soybeans are key to agribusiness progress, but their production can be affected by climate change. Thus, alternatives that increase the yield of the plants under adverse conditions are fundamental, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA) stand out. Therefore, they associate the roots of the plants, increasing the absorption of water and nutrients. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate soybean yield in the field experiment in association with FMA Rhizophagus clarus under conditions of irrigated and nonirrigated system. In the end, agronomic and symbiosis parameters were evaluated with FMA. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with subdivided plots, the means obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test (5%), using SISVAR software. Soybean plants when associated with FMA and cultivated in non-irrigated conditions, obtained higher productivity than plants in the irrigated system and weight of 1000 grains. In this way, it is concluded that inoculation benefits soybean yield under non-irrigated system conditions.(AU)

Produtividade da soja em associação ao fungo micorrízico arbuscular Rhizophagus clarus cultivada em condições de campo / Production of soybean in association with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus clarus cultivated in field conditions

A soja é fundamental para o progresso do agronegócio, porém sua produtividade pode ser afetada pelas mudanças climáticas. Assim, alternativas que aumentem o rendimento das plantas em condições adversas são fundamentais, e os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) destacam-se, pois, associam-se as raízes das plantas aumentando a absorção de água e nutrientes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de plantas de soja a campo experimental em associação com o FMA Rhizophagus clarus sob condição de sistema irrigado e não irrigado. Ao final, avaliou-se parâmetros agronômicos e de simbiose com o FMA. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, as médias obtidas foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas pelo teste Tukey (5%), utilizando software SISVAR. Plantas de soja quando associadas com FMA e cultivadas em condição não irrigada, obtiveram maior produtividade do que plantas no sistema irrigado, além de peso de 1000 grãos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a inoculação beneficia a produtividade da soja em condições de sistema não irrigado.

Soybeans are key to agribusiness progress, but their production can be affected by climate change. Thus, alternatives that increase the yield of the plants under adverse conditions are fundamental, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMA) stand out. Therefore, they associate the roots of the plants, increasing the absorption of water and nutrients. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate soybean yield in the field experiment in association with FMA Rhizophagus clarus under conditions of irrigated and nonirrigated system. In the end, agronomic and symbiosis parameters were evaluated with FMA. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with subdivided plots, the means obtained were submitted to analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test (5%), using SISVAR software. Soybean plants when associated with FMA and cultivated in non-irrigated conditions, obtained higher productivity than plants in the irrigated system and weight of 1000 grains. In this way, it is concluded that inoculation benefits soybean yield under non-irrigated system conditions.

Intercropping Acacia mangium stimulates AMF colonization and soil phosphatase activity in Eucalyptus grandis

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are very important to plant nutrition, mostly in terms of acquisition of P and micronutrients. While Acacia mangium is closely associated with AMF throughout the whole cycle, Eucalyptus grandis presents this symbiosis primarily at the seedling stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of AMF in these two tree species in both pure and mixed plantations during the first 20 months after planting. We evaluated the abundance, richness and diversity of AMF spores, the rate of AMF mycorrhizal root colonization, enzymatic activity and soil and litter C, N and P. There was an increase in AMF root colonization of E. grandis when intercropped with A. mangium as well as an increase in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase in the presence of leguminous trees. AMF colonization and phosphatase activities were both involved in improvements in P cycling and P nutrition in soil. In addition, P cycling was favored in the intercropped plantation, which showed negative correlation with litter C/N and C/P ratios and positive correlation with soil acid phosphatase activity and soil N and P concentrations. Intercropping A. mangium and E. grandis maximized AMF root colonization of E. grandis and phosphatase activity in the soil, both of which accelerate P cycling and forest performance.

Intercropping Acacia mangium stimulates AMF colonization and soil phosphatase activity in Eucalyptus grandis

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are very important to plant nutrition, mostly in terms of acquisition of P and micronutrients. While Acacia mangium is closely associated with AMF throughout the whole cycle, Eucalyptus grandis presents this symbiosis primarily at the seedling stage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of AMF in these two tree species in both pure and mixed plantations during the first 20 months after planting. We evaluated the abundance, richness and diversity of AMF spores, the rate of AMF mycorrhizal root colonization, enzymatic activity and soil and litter C, N and P. There was an increase in AMF root colonization of E. grandis when intercropped with A. mangium as well as an increase in the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase in the presence of leguminous trees. AMF colonization and phosphatase activities were both involved in improvements in P cycling and P nutrition in soil. In addition, P cycling was favored in the intercropped plantation, which showed negative correlation with litter C/N and C/P ratios and positive correlation with soil acid phosphatase activity and soil N and P concentrations. Intercropping A. mangium and E. grandis maximized AMF root colonization of E. grandis and phosphatase activity in the soil, both of which accelerate P cycling and forest performance.(AU)

Symbiotic compatibility between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (autoctone or exotic) and three native species of the Caatinga in different phosphorus levels / Compatibilidade simbiótica entre fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (autóctone ou exótico)e três espécies nativas da Caatinga em diferentes níveis de fósforo

The aim of this study was to evaluate three plant species native to Caatinga (Aspidosperma pyrifolium, Ziziphus joazeiro and Pseudobombax simplicifolium) in response to inoculation with two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (autoctone: Claroideoglomus etunicatum or exotic: Acaulospora longula) and phosphate fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design involving a factorial arrangement of three inoculation treatments (control, C. etunicatum or A. longula) and 4 levels of single superphosphate (0 - no added P2O5, 12, 24 and 48 mg dm-3) in 10 repetitions. Under the conditions of this study, the inoculum of C. etunicatum, autoctone to the semi-arid region, showed great compatibility and efficiency in promoting plant growth and nutrient intake when compared to the exotic inoculum of A. longula. Plants of A. pyrifolium were not responsive to mycorrhization and phosphate fertilization. In soil with low phosphorus content, mycorrhized plants of Z. joazeiro and P. simplicifolium presented better vegetative development with high shoot dry weight. Mycorrhized plants of Z. joazeiro had a proportional increase in the levels of macro- and micronutrients at the phosphorus doses applied. Mycorrhizal symbiosis may have a fundamental role in the development of these species from the Caatinga.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de três espécies vegetais nativas da Caatinga (Aspidosperma pyrifolium, Ziziphus joazeiro e Pseudobombax simplicifolium) em resposta à inoculação com dois fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (autóctone: Claroideoglomus etunicatum ou exótico: Acaulosporalongula) e adubação fosfatada. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial com três tratamentos de inoculação (Controle, C. etunicatum ou A. longula) e quatro doses de superfosfato simples (0 - sem adição de P2O5, 12, 24 e 48 mg dm-3), em dez repetições. Nas condições deste estudo, o inóculo de C. etunicatum, autóctone da região semiárida, demonstrou maior compatibilidade e eficiência na promoção do crescimento e nutrição das plantas quando comparado ao inóculo exótico de A. longula. Plantas de A. pyrifolium não foram responsivas à micorrização e adubação fosfatada. Em solo com menor teor de fósforo as plantas de Z. joazeiro e P. simplicifolium micorrizadas apresentaram melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo, com elevada produção de biomassa seca da parte aérea. Plantas de Z. joazeiro micorrizadas tiveram aumento nos teores de macro e micronutrientes proporcional às doses de fósforo aplicadas. Conclui-se que simbiose micorrízica pode ter papel fundamental no desenvolvimento destas espécies nativas da Caatinga.(AU)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and colonization stimulant in cotton and maize / Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e estimulante da colonização na cultura do algodoeiro e do milho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native to Cerrado, associated with the application of colonization stimulant (7-hydroxy, 4-methoxy-isoflavone) at the initial growth of cotton and maize plants in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design and 7x2 factorial scheme, with five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and combined inoculation (uniting all species in equal proportion) and native fungi, in the presence and absence of colonization stimulant in maize and cotton crops. Shoots dry matter (SDM), roots dry matter (RDM), mycorrhizal colonization and accumulation of calcium, zinc and phosphorus in the SDM were evaluated at flowering. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the use of colonization stimulant at low density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagules was beneficial to plant development. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi demonstrated different effects for the various parameters evaluated in cotton and maize, and the application of colonization stimulant promoted higher mycorrhizal colonization and initial growth in cotton, when associated with native AMF, and in corn, when associated with inoculation with Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Rhizophagus clarus.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com diferentes fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos do Cerrado, associados à aplicação de estimulante de colonização (7-hidroxi, 4-metoxi-isoflavona) no crescimento inicial de plantas de algodão e milho em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 7x2, com cinco espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e inoculação combinada (unindo todas as espécies em proporção igual) e fungos nativos, na presença e ausência de estimulante de colonização em culturas de milho e algodão. Avaliou-se a massa de matéria seca (SDM), matéria seca de raízes (RDM), colonização micorrízica e acúmulo de cálcio, zinco e fósforo na SDM. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o uso de estimulante de colonização em baixa densidade de propágulos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foi benéfico para o desenvolvimento da planta. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos mostrou efeitos diferentes para os vários parâmetros avaliados no algodão e no milho, e a aplicação de estimulante de colonização promoveu maior colonização micorrízica e crescimento inicial no algodão quando associado à fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativa e no milho quando associado à inoculação com Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita e Rhizophagus clarus.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and colonization stimulant in cotton and maize / Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e estimulante da colonização na cultura do algodoeiro e do milho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native to Cerrado, associated with the application of colonization stimulant (7-hydroxy, 4-methoxy-isoflavone) at the initial growth of cotton and maize plants in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design and 7x2 factorial scheme, with five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and combined inoculation (uniting all species in equal proportion) and native fungi, in the presence and absence of colonization stimulant in maize and cotton crops. Shoots dry matter (SDM), roots dry matter (RDM), mycorrhizal colonization and accumulation of calcium, zinc and phosphorus in the SDM were evaluated at flowering. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the use of colonization stimulant at low density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagules was beneficial to plant development. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi demonstrated different effects for the various parameters evaluated in cotton and maize, and the application of colonization stimulant promoted higher mycorrhizal colonization and initial growth in cotton, when associated with native AMF, and in corn, when associated with inoculation with Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Rhizophagus clarus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com diferentes fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos do Cerrado, associados à aplicação de estimulante de colonização (7-hidroxi, 4-metoxi-isoflavona) no crescimento inicial de plantas de algodão e milho em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 7x2, com cinco espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e inoculação combinada (unindo todas as espécies em proporção igual) e fungos nativos, na presença e ausência de estimulante de colonização em culturas de milho e algodão. Avaliou-se a massa de matéria seca (SDM), matéria seca de raízes (RDM), colonização micorrízica e acúmulo de cálcio, zinco e fósforo na SDM. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o uso de estimulante de colonização em baixa densidade de propágulos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foi benéfico para o desenvolvimento da planta. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos mostrou efeitos diferentes para os vários parâmetros avaliados no algodão e no milho, e a aplicação de estimulante de colonização promoveu maior colonização micorrízica e crescimento inicial no algodão quando associado à fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativa e no milho quando associado à inoculação com Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita e Rhizophagus clarus.(AU)

Enrichment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a contaminated soil after rehabilitation

Spore counts, species composition and richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and soil glomalin contents were evaluated in a soil contaminated with Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb after rehabilitation by partial replacement of the contaminated soil with non-contaminated soil, and by Eucalyptus camaldulensis planting with and without Brachiaria decumbens sowing. These rehabilitation procedures were compared with soils from contaminated non-rehabilitated area and non-contaminated adjacent soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities attributes were assessed by direct field sampling, trap culture technique, and by glomalin contents estimate. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was markedly favored by rehabilitation, and a total of 15 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi morphotypes were detected in the studied area. Species from the Glomus and Acaulospora genera were the most common mycorrhizal fungi. Number of spores was increased by as much as 300-fold, and species richness almost doubled in areas rehabilitated by planting Eucalyptus in rows and sowing B. decumbens in inter-rows. Contents of heavy metals in the soil were negatively correlated with both species richness and glomalin contents. Introduction of B. decumbens together with Eucalyptus causes enrichment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species and a more balanced community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores in contaminated soil.(AU)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in saline soils: vertical distribution at different soil depth

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonize land plants in every ecosystem, even extreme conditions such as saline soils. In the present work we report for the first time the mycorrhizal status and the vertical fungal distribution of AMF spores present in the rhizospheric soil samples of four species of Chenopodiaceae (Allenrolfea patagonica, Atriplex argentina, Heterostachys ritteriana and Suaeda divaricata) at five different depths in two saline of central Argentina. Roots showed medium, low or no colonization (0-50%). Nineteen morphologically distinctive AMF species were recovered. The number of AMF spores ranged between 3 and 1162 per 100 g dry soil, and AMF spore number decreased as depth increased at both sites. The highest spore number was recorded in the upper soil depth (0-10 cm) and in S. divaricata. Depending of the host plant, some AMF species sporulated mainly in the deep soil layers (Glomus magnicaule in Allenrolfea patagonica, Septoglomus aff. constrictum in Atriplex argentina), others mainly in the top layers (G. brohultti in Atriplex argentina and Septoglomus aff. constrictum in Allenrolfea patagonica). Although the low percentages of colonization or lack of it, our results show a moderate diversity of AMF associated to the species of Chenopodiaceae investigated in this study. The taxonomical diversity reveals that AMF are adapted to extreme environmental conditions from saline soils of central Argentina.

Soil fungal and bacterial biomass determined by epifluorescence microscopy and mycorrhizal spore density in different sugarcane managements / Biomassa fúngica e bacteriana do solo determinada por microscopia de epifluorescência e densidade de esporos micorrízicos em diferentes manejos de cana de açúcar

Crop productivity and sustainability have often been related to soil organic matter and soil microbial biomass, especially because of their role in soil nutrient cycling. This study aimed at measuring fungal and bacterial biomass by epifluorescence microscopy and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spore density in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) fields under different managements. We collected soil samples of sugarcane fields managed with or without burning, with or without mechanized harvest, with or without application of vinasse and from nearby riparian native forest. The soil samples were collected at 10cm depth and storage at 4°C until analysis. Fungal biomass varied from 25 to 37µg C g-1 dry soil and bacterial from 178 to 263µg C g-1 dry soil. The average fungal/bacterial ratio of fields was 0.14. The AMF spore density varied from 9 to 13 spores g-1 dry soil. The different sugarcane managements did not affect AMF spore density. In general, there were no significant changes of microbial biomass with crop management and riparian forest. However, the sum of fungal and bacterial biomass measured by epifluorescence microscopy (i.e. 208-301µg C g-1 dry soil) was very close to values of total soil microbial biomass observed in other studies with traditional techniques (e.g. fumigation-extraction). Therefore, determination of fungal/bacterial ratios by epifluorescence microscopy, associated with other parameters, appears to be a promising methodology to understand microbial functionality and nutrient cycling under different soil and crop managements.(AU)

A produtividade e sustentabilidade das culturas têm sido frequentemente relacionadas com a matéria orgânica e a biomassa microbiana do solo, especialmente devido ao seu papel na ciclagem de nutrientes do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a biomassa de fungos e bactérias do solo por microscopia de epifluorescência e a densidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) em lavouras de cana de açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) sob diferentes manejos. Foram coletadas amostras de solo de lavouras manejadas com ou sem queima, com ou sem colheita mecanizada, com ou sem aplicação de vinhaça e de matas ciliares adjacentes. As amostras de solo foram coletadas a 10 cm de profundidade e mantidas a 4°C até o momento das análises. A biomassa fúngica variou de 25 a 37µg C g-1 de solo seco e a bacteriana, de 178 to 263µg C g-1 de solo seco. A razão média entre a biomassa fúngica e bacteriana do solo nos diferentes manejos de canaviais foi de 0,14. A densidade de esporos de FMAs variou de 9 a 13 esporos g-1 de solo seco. Os diferentes manejos da cana de açúcar não afetaram significativamente a densidade de esporos de FMAs. Em geral, não foram encontradas mudanças significativas na biomassa microbiana nos diferentes manejos de solo com cana de açúcar em comparação com a mata ciliar. Todavia, a soma das biomassas fúngicas e bacterianas (208 a 301µg C g-1 de solo seco) determinadas por microscopia de epifluorescência foram similares a resultados da biomassa total do solo encontrados em outros estudos com métodos tradicionais (e.g. fumigação-extração). Os resultados evidenciam que a determinação da razão fungo/bactéria por microscopia de epifluorescência, associada a outros parâmetros, é uma metodologia promissora para compreender a funcionalidade microbiana e ciclagem de nutrientes sob diferentes manejos do solo.(AU)

Potencial de inóculo de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em solo cultivado com aveia em Umuarama - PR / Infectivity potential of arbuscular my corrhizal fungi in soil cultivated with black oais in Umuarama - PR / Potencial inoculo de hongos micorrizas arbusculares en suelo cultivado con avena en Umuarana - PR

Os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) são importantes para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento das plantas e podem ser influenciados pelo manejo do solo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do cultivo da aveia preta na atividade microbiana do solo por isso da respiração basal do solo (RBS), o teor de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), a densidade de esporos, colonização radicular e o potencial de inóculo de FMAs em relação à mata ciliar adjacente localizada na Universidade Paranaense UNIPAR, Campus II Unidade de Umuarama PR. O potencial de infectividade do solo por FMAs foi definido a partir do método do número mais provável (NMP). O cultivo de aveia preta diminuiu a RBS em 22% quando comparado com o solo da mata ciliar, provavelmente devido ao maior teor de MOS na mata. A densidade de esporos dos FMAs apresentou diferenças significativas (p < 0,01), variando de 7,74 a 10,53 esporos g–1 em solo na mata ciliar e aveia preta, respectivamente. A colonização radicular por FMAs foi significativamente maior (p < 0,02) na aveia preta (36%) do que na mata ciliar (26%). O potencial de inóculo de FMAs foi maior no solo cultivado com aveia preta (1,09 propágulos g–1 de solo) do que no solo de mata ciliar (0,36 propágulos g–1). O cultivo do solo com aveia preta e baixo pH do solo aumentou a densidade de esporos, colonização radicular e potencial de inoculo de FMAs.(AU)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important for the survival and development of plants and may be influenced by the soil management. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of soil cultivation with black oats on soil microbial activity, basal soil respiration (BSR), soil organic matter (SOM), spore density, root colonization and infectivity potential of AMF in relation to a nearby riparian forest located at Universidade Paranaense, Campus II, Umuarama PR. The infectivity potential of the soil by AMF was defined by the most probable number method (MPN). Cultivation of black oats decreased BSR by 22% when compared with riparian forest, probably due to high SOM in the riparian forest. Mycorrhizal spore density had significant differences (p < 0.01) between sampled areas, 7.74 to 10.53 spores g–1 of soil cultivated by riparian forest and black oats, respectively. Mycorrhizal root colonization was significantly (p < 0.02) higher in back oats (36%) than in riparian forest (26%). The infectivity potential of the soil by AMF was higher for soil cultivated with black oats (1.09 propagules g–1 of soil) than riparian forest (0.36 propagules g–1 of soil). The soil cultivation with black oats and the low soil pH increased spore density, root colonization and infectivity potential of AMF.(AU)

Los hongos micorrizas arbusculares (HMA) son importantes para la supervivencia y desarrollo de las plantas y pueden ser influenciados por el manejo del suelo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos del cultivo de avena negra en la actividad microbiana del suelo, por respiración basal del suelo (RBS), el contenido de materia orgánica del suelo (MOS), la densidad de esporas, colonización radicular y potencial de inoculo de HMAs en comparación con la mata ciliar adyacente ubicada en la Universidad Paranaense - UNIPAR, Campus II - Unidad Umuarama - PR. El potencial de inefectividad del suelo por HMA se ha definido a partir del método de número más probable (NMP). El cultivo de avena negra disminuyó la RBS en 22% en comparación con el suelo de la mata ciliar, probablemente debido al mayor contenido de MOS en la mata. La densidad de esporas de los HMAs presentó diferencias significativas (p <0,01), variando de 7,74 a 10,53 esporas g-1 en suelo de la mata ciliar y avena negra. La colonización radicular por HMAs fue significativamente mayor (p <0,02) en la avena negra (36%), en comparación con la mata ciliar (26%). El potencial de inoculo de HMAs fue mayor en el suelo cultivado con avena negra (1,09 propágulos g-1 del suelo), en comparación con 0,36 propágulos g-1 del suelo de la mata ciliar. El suelo cultivado con avena negra es bajo en pH, aumentando la densidad de esporas, colonización radicular y potencial de inoculo de HMAs.(AU)

Triple inoculation with Bradyrhizobium, Glomus and Paenibacillus on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] walp.) development

The use of microorganisms to improve the availability of nutrients to plants is of great importance to agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of triple inoculation of cowpea with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and rhizobia to maximize biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and promote plant growth. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp cv. IPA 206). The treatments included inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. (BR 3267 and EI - 6) individually and as a mixture, an absolute control (AC) and mineral nitrogen control (NC), all combined with the presence or absence of native AMF (Glomus etunicatum) and PGPB (Paenibacillus brasilensis - 24) in a 5x2x2 factorial design. All treatments were replicated three times. Contrasts were performed to study the treatment of variables. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. (BR 3267 and EI - 6) and G. etunicatum favored nitrogen acquisition and phosphorus availability for the cowpea plants. Inoculation with P. brasilensis - 24 increased colonization by Bradyrhizobium sp. and G. etunicatum and promoted cowpea growth, while the nitrogen from symbiosis was sufficient to supply the plants nutritional needs.

Response of castor bean to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and levels of phosphorus / Resposta da mamoneira a fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e a níveis de fósforo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of castor bean inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and different levels of P in the soil. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse condition, in Londrina-PR, using disinfected sandy soil (LVd) as substrate, in pots with capacity of 4 kg. The treatments were conducted in a randomized factorial design, using Iris castor bean cultivar. The treatments with mycorrhizal were: Control, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum, and a mixture of species, and five levels of P (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg P kg soil-1), with four replicates. There were evaluated: dry mass, content of P in the shoot and mycorrhization. There was a significant effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on the dry mass and in the P content in the shoot. The addition of P influenced, significantly, the production of dry mass and P content in the plant tissue, however it decreases the root colonization and mycorrhizal sporulation. The castor bean show dependence of AMF in soil with low levels of P.

O objetivo no presente estudo foi avaliar a resposta da mamoneira inoculada com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e diferentes níveis de P no solo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em Londrina-PR, com a utilização de solo arenoso (LVd) autoclavado como substrato, em vasos com capacidade de 4 kg. Os tratamentos foram instalados em um esquema fatorial A x B, casualizados, sendo utilizado o híbrido de mamona Iris. Fator A: representado pela inoculação dos fungos micorrízicos: Controle, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus clarum, e uma mistura de espécies, e o fator B pelos cinco níveis de P (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg P kg solo-1), com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados: massa seca de plantas, micorrização e o teor de P na parte aérea. Houve efeito significativo da inoculação de fungos micorrizícos arbusculares na massa seca e no teor de P na parte área. A adição de doses de P influenciou de modo significativo a produção de matéria seca e os teores de P no tecido, porém diminuiu a colonização radicular e o número de esporos de FMA. A mamoneira mostrou-se dependente de FMA no solo com baixo nível de P.

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em sistema de aléias no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil / Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in an alley cropping system in the state of Maranhão, Brazil

Sistemas em aléias podem consistir numa solução para o uso da terra em regiões do Trópico Úmido. A relação dessa forma de manejo com a dinâmica dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) ainda é pouco compreendida. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a influência de leguminosas arbóreas em um sistema em aléias na capacidade infectiva e diversidade de FMA nativos em São Luís, Maranhão. Amostras de solo coletadas do sistema em aléias no campus experimental da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) - São Luís, em duas épocas do ano (Julho/2006 e Abril/2007), a duas distâncias (0 m e 0,5 m) do tronco de três leguminosas (Leucaena leucocephala, Clitoria fairchildiana e Acacia mangium) e em área testemunha (sem leguminosas) na profundidade de 0 - 20 cm. O solo coletado foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade infectiva dos FMA nativos, densidade e identificação de glomerosporos. O sistema em aléias aumenta o potencial de infectividade dos FMA nativos dependendo da espécie de leguminosa arbórea associada, estação de coleta e proximidades das árvores. Dezesseis espécies de FMA foram encontradas na área distribuídas em cinco gêneros, sendo Scutellospora o mais representativo.

Alley cropping systems may be a solution for land use in tropical regions. How land use is connected to mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (AMF) is poorly understood, especially in the tropics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of leguminous trees in an alley cropping system in regard to the infectivity and diversity of native AMF species in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in an experimental area of the Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) - São Luís, in two seasons (July/2006 and April/2007), two distances (0 m and 0.5 m) from the trunk of three leguminous trees (Leucaena leucocephala, Clitoria fairchildiana e Acacia mangium), and in a control area 0-20 cm deep. Soil samples were used to evaluate the infectivity of AMF, density and diversity of glomerospores. The alley cropping systems increased the infectivity of AMF which varied according to the leguminous tree species, raining season and distance from trees. Sixteen AMF species of five genera were identified in the area, and Scutellospora was the most representative genus.

Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em sistema de aléias no Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

Alley cropping systems may be a solution for land use in tropical regions. How land use is connected to mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (AMF) is poorly understood, especially in the tropics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of leguminous trees in an alley cropping system in regard to the infectivity and diversity of native AMF species in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Soil samples were collected in an experimental area of the Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) - São Luís, in two seasons (July/2006 and April/2007), two distances (0 m and 0.5 m) from the trunk of three leguminous trees (Leucaena leucocephala, Clitoria fairchildiana e Acacia mangium), and in a control area 0-20 cm deep. Soil samples were used to evaluate the infectivity of AMF, density and diversity of glomerospores. The alley cropping systems increased the infectivity of AMF which varied according to the leguminous tree species, raining season and distance from trees. Sixteen AMF species of five genera were identified in the area, and Scutellospora was the most representative genus.

Sistemas em aléias podem consistir numa solução para o uso da terra em regiões do Trópico Úmido. A relação dessa forma de manejo com a dinâmica dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) ainda é pouco compreendida. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a influência de leguminosas arbóreas em um sistema em aléias na capacidade infectiva e diversidade de FMA nativos em São Luís, Maranhão. Amostras de solo coletadas do sistema em aléias no campus experimental da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA) - São Luís, em duas épocas do ano (Julho/2006 e Abril/2007), a duas distâncias (0 m e 0,5 m) do tronco de três leguminosas (Leucaena leucocephala, Clitoria fairchildiana e Acacia mangium) e em área testemunha (sem leguminosas) na profundidade de 0 - 20 cm. O solo coletado foi utilizado para avaliar a capacidade infectiva dos FMA nativos, densidade e identificação de glomerosporos. O sistema em aléias aumenta o potencial de infectividade dos FMA nativos dependendo da espécie de leguminosa arbórea associada, estação de coleta e proximidades das árvores. Dezesseis espécies de FMA foram encontradas na área distribuídas em cinco gêneros, sendo Scutellospora o mais representativo.

Comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares associados ao amendoim forrageiro em pastagens consorciadas no Estado do Acre, Brasil / Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with peanut forage in mixed pastures in the state of Acre, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e estimar a diversidade de comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) autóctones associados ao amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), em monocultivo e consorciado com outras forrageiras. A amostragem foi realizada em sete áreas, em Rio Branco, AC, sendo coletadas quatro amostras de solo em cada área, na profundidade de 0-10 cm, nas estações seca (junho de 2004) e chuvosa (janeiro de 2005). As áreas cultivadas com A. pintoi foram: monocultivo, consórcio com pastagens de gramíneas e outras leguminosas e como cobertura do solo em cafeeiro, além de capoeira e mata adjacentes como testemunhas. Foi verificada a ocorrência de 21 espécies de FMAs nas duas estações, sendo 18 espécies no período seco e 16 no chuvoso. As espécies foram distribuídas em cinco gêneros: Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Glomus e Scutellospora. A densidade de esporos foi maior no consórcio A. pintoi x Brachiaria brizantha x Pueraria phaseoloides e a menor nas áreas de A. pintoi x cafeeiro, capoeira e mata. As colonizações radiculares foram maiores na estação chuvosa (15 a 63%) do que na estação seca (5 a 37%). Os índices de diversidade no monocultivo foram semelhantes aos das demais áreas avaliadas, indicando que o amendoim serve como hospedeiro de diferentes espécies de FMAs e que o seu cultivo pode aumentar a presença desses organismos nos sistemas produtivos, melhorando a qualidade biológica do solo.

The purpose of this study was to identify the autochthonous communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Arachis pintoi and estimate its diversity. Samples of soil were collected in a Field at Rio Branco, AC. The sampling was carried out in seven areas, being collected four samples from soil in each area, in a depth of 0-10cm, in dry season (June 2004) and rainy season (January 2005). The areas cultivated with A. pintoi were: monoculture, grass pasture and others legumes intercropped, coffee plant under cover of A. pintoi, besides brush and forest adjacent like a control. It was verified the occurrence of 21 species of AMF in the two seasons, 18 species in the dry period and 16 in the rainy. The species were distributed in five genres: Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora. The densities of spores were higher in A. pintoi x Brachiaria brizantha x Pueraria phaseoloides intercropped and lowest in the areas of A. pintoi x coffee plants, brush and forest. Mycorrhizal colonization was higher in the rainy season (15 to 63%) than in the dry season (5 to 37%). The diversity indices in monoculture were similar to those of other areas evaluated, indicating that the A. pintoi serves as host of AMF of different species and that its cultivation may increase the presence of these organisms in production systems, improving the biological soil quality.

Comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares associados ao amendoim forrageiro em pastagens consorciadas no Estado do Acre, Brasil

The purpose of this study was to identify the autochthonous communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Arachis pintoi and estimate its diversity. Samples of soil were collected in a Field at Rio Branco, AC. The sampling was carried out in seven areas, being collected four samples from soil in each area, in a depth of 0-10cm, in dry season (June 2004) and rainy season (January 2005). The areas cultivated with A. pintoi were: monoculture, grass pasture and others legumes intercropped, coffee plant under cover of A. pintoi, besides brush and forest adjacent like a control. It was verified the occurrence of 21 species of AMF in the two seasons, 18 species in the dry period and 16 in the rainy. The species were distributed in five genres: Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora. The densities of spores were higher in A. pintoi x Brachiaria brizantha x Pueraria phaseoloides intercropped and lowest in the areas of A. pintoi x coffee plants, brush and forest. Mycorrhizal colonization was higher in the rainy season (15 to 63%) than in the dry season (5 to 37%). The diversity indices in monoculture were similar to those of other areas evaluated, indicating that the A. pintoi serves as host of AMF of different species and that its cultivation may increase the presence of these organisms in production systems, improving the biological soil quality.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e estimar a diversidade de comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) autóctones associados ao amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), em monocultivo e consorciado com outras forrageiras. A amostragem foi realizada em sete áreas, em Rio Branco, AC, sendo coletadas quatro amostras de solo em cada área, na profundidade de 0-10 cm, nas estações seca (junho de 2004) e chuvosa (janeiro de 2005). As áreas cultivadas com A. pintoi foram: monocultivo, consórcio com pastagens de gramíneas e outras leguminosas e como cobertura do solo em cafeeiro, além de capoeira e mata adjacentes como testemunhas. Foi verificada a ocorrência de 21 espécies de FMAs nas duas estações, sendo 18 espécies no período seco e 16 no chuvoso. As espécies foram distribuídas em cinco gêneros: Acaulospora, Entrophospora, Gigaspora, Glomus e Scutellospora. A densidade de esporos foi maior no consórcio A. pintoi x Brachiaria brizantha x Pueraria phaseoloides e a menor nas áreas de A. pintoi x cafeeiro, capoeira e mata. As colonizações radiculares foram maiores na estação chuvosa (15 a 63%) do que na estação seca (5 a 37%). Os índices de diversidade no monocultivo foram semelhantes aos das demais áreas avaliadas, indicando que o amendoim serve como hospedeiro de diferentes espécies de FMAs e que o seu cultivo pode aumentar a presença desses organismos nos sistemas produtivos, melhorando a qualidade biológica do solo.