When roads cross streams: fish assemblage responses to fluvial fragmentation in lowland Amazonian streams

Roads affect biodiversity by increasing mortality rates, habitat loss, and natural landscape fragmentation. Poorly installed culverts can impound streams, changing the environmental conditions, and affecting aquatic communities. We evaluated the effects of road crossings on the taxonomic composition and functional structure of fish assemblages in lowland eastern Amazonian streams, Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of road-derived impoundments affects assemblage taxonomic and functional composition and structure. Two predictions were addressed: (1) Species and functional group composition will differ in impounded reaches in relation to lotic reaches; (2) Assemblages in downstream lotic reaches will be richer in species and functional groups in relation to upstream lotic and impoundment reaches. We sampled five streams crossed by roads presenting impoundment formation, conducted by visual census (day, dusk, and night) in 200 m line transects. Assemblage composition from lentic reaches was different from lotic reaches, and Shannon diversity from downstream reaches was different from upstream and impoundment, however, beta diversity partitioning between lotic reaches showed higher nestedness contribution, reinforcing the role of impoundment in limiting fish dispersal between lotic reaches. These results suggest that impoundments impose environmental and dispersal constraints to fish, affecting their longitudinal distribution in streams fragmented by roads.(AU)

Estradas afetam a biodiversidade aumentando as taxas de mortalidade, perda de hábitat e fragmentação. Cruzamentos mal instalados represam riachos, alterando as condições ambientais e afetando as comunidades aquáticas. Avaliamos os efeitos deste impacto sobre a estrutura taxonômica e funcional das assembleias de peixes em riachos da Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. Testamos a hipótese de que a presença dos alagados derivados de estradas afeta a composição e estrutura taxonômica e funcional das assembleias. Nossas predições foram: (1) A composição de espécies e grupos funcionais é diferente entre trechos alagados e lóticos; (2) Assembleias nos trechos à jusante serão mais ricas em espécies e grupos funcionais que os trechos à montante e alagados. Amostramos cinco riachos cruzados por estradas com formação de alagamentos por censo visual (dia, crepúsculo e noite) em transectos lineares de 200 m. A composição das assembleias dos trechos lênticos diferiu dos lóticos, e a diversidade de Shannon à jusante diferiu dos trechos montante e alagados, entretanto, nos lóticos, houve maior contribuição do aninhamento na partição da diversidade beta, reforçando o papel do represamento na limitação da dispersão de peixes entre estes. Sugerimos que os represamentos impõem restrições ambientais e de dispersão aos peixes, afetando sua distribuição longitudinal em riachos fragmentados por estradas.(AU)

When roads cross streams: fish assemblage responses to fluvial fragmentation in lowland Amazonian streams

Roads affect biodiversity by increasing mortality rates, habitat loss, and natural landscape fragmentation. Poorly installed culverts can impound streams, changing the environmental conditions, and affecting aquatic communities. We evaluated the effects of road crossings on the taxonomic composition and functional structure of fish assemblages in lowland eastern Amazonian streams, Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of road-derived impoundments affects assemblage taxonomic and functional composition and structure. Two predictions were addressed: (1) Species and functional group composition will differ in impounded reaches in relation to lotic reaches; (2) Assemblages in downstream lotic reaches will be richer in species and functional groups in relation to upstream lotic and impoundment reaches. We sampled five streams crossed by roads presenting impoundment formation, conducted by visual census (day, dusk, and night) in 200 m line transects. Assemblage composition from lentic reaches was different from lotic reaches, and Shannon diversity from downstream reaches was different from upstream and impoundment, however, beta diversity partitioning between lotic reaches showed higher nestedness contribution, reinforcing the role of impoundment in limiting fish dispersal between lotic reaches. These results suggest that impoundments impose environmental and dispersal constraints to fish, affecting their longitudinal distribution in streams fragmented by roads.(AU)

Estradas afetam a biodiversidade aumentando as taxas de mortalidade, perda de hábitat e fragmentação. Cruzamentos mal instalados represam riachos, alterando as condições ambientais e afetando as comunidades aquáticas. Avaliamos os efeitos deste impacto sobre a estrutura taxonômica e funcional das assembleias de peixes em riachos da Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. Testamos a hipótese de que a presença dos alagados derivados de estradas afeta a composição e estrutura taxonômica e funcional das assembleias. Nossas predições foram: (1) A composição de espécies e grupos funcionais é diferente entre trechos alagados e lóticos; (2) Assembleias nos trechos à jusante serão mais ricas em espécies e grupos funcionais que os trechos à montante e alagados. Amostramos cinco riachos cruzados por estradas com formação de alagamentos por censo visual (dia, crepúsculo e noite) em transectos lineares de 200 m. A composição das assembleias dos trechos lênticos diferiu dos lóticos, e a diversidade de Shannon à jusante diferiu dos trechos montante e alagados, entretanto, nos lóticos, houve maior contribuição do aninhamento na partição da diversidade beta, reforçando o papel do represamento na limitação da dispersão de peixes entre estes. Sugerimos que os represamentos impõem restrições ambientais e de dispersão aos peixes, afetando sua distribuição longitudinal em riachos fragmentados por estradas.(AU)

Morphological phenotypic dispersion of garlic cultivars by cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling

Multivariate techniques have become a useful tool for studying the phenotypic diversity of Germplasm Bank accessions, since they make it possible to combine a variety of different information from these accessions. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic dispersion of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using two multivariate techniques with different objective functions. Twenty accessions were morphologically characterized for bulb diameter, length, and weight; number of cloves per bulb; number of leaves per plant; and leaf area. Techniques based on generalized quadratic distance of Mahalanobis, UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) clustering, and nMDS (nonmetrric MultiDimensional Scaling) were applied and the relative importance of variables quantified. The two multivariate techniques were capable of identifying cultivars with different characteristics, mainly regarding their classification in subgroups of common garlic or noble garlic, according to the number of cloves per bulb. The representation of the phenotypic distance of cultivars by multidimensional scaling was slightly more effective than that with UPGMA clustering.

Morphological phenotypic dispersion of garlic cultivars by cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling

Multivariate techniques have become a useful tool for studying the phenotypic diversity of Germplasm Bank accessions, since they make it possible to combine a variety of different information from these accessions. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic dispersion of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using two multivariate techniques with different objective functions. Twenty accessions were morphologically characterized for bulb diameter, length, and weight; number of cloves per bulb; number of leaves per plant; and leaf area. Techniques based on generalized quadratic distance of Mahalanobis, UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) clustering, and nMDS (nonmetrric MultiDimensional Scaling) were applied and the relative importance of variables quantified. The two multivariate techniques were capable of identifying cultivars with different characteristics, mainly regarding their classification in subgroups of common garlic or noble garlic, according to the number of cloves per bulb. The representation of the phenotypic distance of cultivars by multidimensional scaling was slightly more effective than that with UPGMA clustering.(AU)