Como aumentar as chances de sobrevivência neonatal / How to increase neonatal survival chances

O aumento da taxa de sobrevivência neonatal está diretamente relacionada a medidas de prevenção de fatores que levem a morte do filhote. A viabilidade do neonato é otimizada por meio de cuidados realizados antes mesmo do acasalamento, cuidados com a gestante e o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento do feto durante a gestação. É de suma importância o reconhecimento precoce do parto distócico, e da fisiologia neonatal para a aplicação de condutas adequadas afim de se otimizar a viabilidade do recém-nascido.(AU)

The increase in the neonatal survival rate is directly related to measures to prevent factors that lead to the death of the puppy and kitten. The viability of the newborn is optimized through care provided even before mating, care for the pregnant woman and monitoring the development of the fetus during pregnancy. Early recognition of dystocia and neonatal physiology is of paramount importance for the application of appropriate conducts in order to optimize the viability of the newborn.(AU)

Reproductive and economic evaluation of sexual stimulation during the anestrous period in a commercial farm with neonatal lamb losses / Avaliação reprodutiva e econômica da estimulação sexual durante o período antrópico em uma fazenda comercial com perdas neonatais de cordeiros

This study was performed during the anestrous, involving 140 Akkaraman Kangal ewes whose lambs had died in the neonatal stage due to pneumonia and enteritis. Intravaginal sponge containing progesterone was placed to the animals (Group 1, n = 70) on day 0 and removed after 7 days, following which 263 µg PGF2α and 500 IU eCG were administered to the sheep. Ram introduction was performed for 7 days (days 8-14), starting from the day after the removal of the intravaginal sponge (day 8). The animals in Group 2 (n = 70) were not exposed to any treatment. Ram introduction was performed simultaneously in both the groups. To determine the reproductive response, reproductive parameters such as estrous, pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, and embryonic mortality rates, number of births, number of offspring, and fertility, as well as their economic implications, were compared between groups. Each reproductive parameter exhibited a statistical difference between groups. An economically positive trend was observed in the study group compared with the control group. It was concluded that in case of lamb losses in commercial farms that derive profit from lambing, pregnancy of ewes can be achieved via sexual stimulation without waiting for the next breeding season.

Este estudo foi realizado durante o anestrous, envolvendo 140 ovelhas Akkaraman Kangal cujos cordeiros haviam morrido no estágio neonatal devido a pneumonia e enterite. A esponja intragaginal contendo progesterona foi colocada aos animais (Grupo 1, n = 70) no dia 0 e removida após 7 dias, após os quais 263 µg PGF2α e 500 UI eCG foram administrados às ovelhas. A introdução do carneiro foi realizada por 7 dias (dias 8-14), a partir do dia seguinte à remoção da esponja intravaginal (dia 8). Os animais do Grupo 2 (n = 70) não foram expostos a nenhum tratamento. A introdução do carneiro foi realizada simultaneamente em ambos os grupos. Para determinar a resposta reprodutiva, foram comparados entre os grupos parâmetros reprodutivos, tais como estrogênio, gravidez, gravidez múltipla e taxas de mortalidade embrionária, número de nascimentos, número de descendentes e fertilidade, bem como suas implicações econômicas. Cada parâmetro reprodutivo exibia uma diferença estatística entre os grupos. Uma tendência economicamente positiva foi observada no grupo de estudo em comparação com o grupo de controle. Concluiu-se que no caso de perdas de cordeiros em fazendas comerciais que obtêm lucros com a parição, a gravidez de ovelhas pode ser obtida através de estimulação sexual sem esperar pela próxima estação de reprodução.

The Influence of porcine parity on colostrum cytokine levels and their passive transfer to piglets / A influência da paridade suína na diferença dos níveis de citocinas no colostro e na transferência passiva para leitões

The limited ability of newborn piglets to produce cytokines may influence lymphocyte development and response to antigen exposure. As a result, colostrum intake is crucial because it contains nutrients that contribute to immune system development in piglets. Our goal was to investigate the effect of sow parity on the transfer of maternal cytokines to nursing piglets. Sixty piglets from nine sows were divided into six groups: piglets from gilts or sows kept with their dams and allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows having their dams exchanged and then allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows isolated from their dams and bottle-fed a commercial milk replacer formula for pigs. All piglets remained in the diet groups for 24 hours after birth. Concentrations of cytokines in colostrum and serum of gilt/ sows and serum of piglets were then evaluated. The 13 evaluated cytokines had higher concentrations in colostrum and serum of sows than in gilts. Concentrations of GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNFα were higher in piglets suckling sows. Piglets that received commercial formula showed higher concentrations of the cytokines IL1-RA and IL-8 than piglets fed colostrum. This outcome can influence piglets' development into adulthood. In short, our findings demonstrated that maternal parity influenced colostrum cytokine composition and its maternal transfer patterns.(AU)

A capacidade limitada dos leitões recém-nascidos de produzir citocinas pode influenciar o desenvolvimento de linfócitos e a resposta à exposição ao antígeno. Portanto, a ingestão de colostro é importante porque contém nutrientes, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento do sistema imunológico do leitão. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o efeito da paridade da porca na transferência de citocina materna para leitões lactentes. Sessenta leitões de nove porcas foram divididos em seis grupos: leitões de marrãs/porcas mantidas com suas próprias mães e amamentadas normalmente; leitões de marrãs/porcas que foram trocados de mães e amamentados normalmente; leitões de marrãs/porcas que foram isolados das mães e alimentados com mamadeira com substituto do leite para suínos. Os leitões permaneceram nos grupos por 24 horas após o nascimento. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de citocinas no colostro e plasma das marrãs/porcas e no plasma dos leitões. O colostro e o plasma das porcas apresentaram maiores concentrações das 13 citocinas analisadas do que as marrãs. No mesmo sentido, as concentrações de GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18 e TNFα foram significantemente maiores nos leitões que mamaram o colostro de porcas. Os leitões que receberam fórmula comercial apresentaram, em especial, concentrações das citocinas IL1-RA e IL-8 superiores aos leitões amamentados com colostro. Isso pode influenciar o desenvolvimento até a fase adulta. Portanto, nossos dados demonstraram que a paridade materna influenciou a composição das citocinas do colostro, bem como as características das citocinas na transferência materna.(AU)

Anestesia intravenosa parcial (AIVP) em uma lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) neonata / Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) in a neonate maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.

Effectiveness of oral electrolyte solutions with different compositions for the treatment of neonatal calves with induced osmotic diarrhea / Eficácia de soluções eletrolíticas orais com diferentes composições no tratamento de bezerros neonatos com diarreia osmótica induzida

In a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the effects of five oral electrolyte solutions (OESS) with different compositions of water, electrolyte, and acid-base balances of diarrheal neonatal calves. Osmotic diarrhea and dehydration were induced with sucrose in milk, spironolactone, and hydrochlorothiazide for 48 h in thirty 10-day old Holstein healthy calves with 43.5 ± 3.80 kg BW who were fed with natural milk. They were allocated to five treatment groups (n=6) based on the administered OES (commercial: OES A, B, C, D; and non-commercial: OES UEL). On the day of treatment, the calves received 6L of OES in two doses apart from milk intakes. Venous blood samples were collected at -48h (start of induction), -24h, Oh (start of the treatment day), 8h, 16h, 24h, 48h, and 72h. TPP, glucose, D-lactate, L-lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, CI, SID3, SIG, AG, Atot and percentage change in plasma volume (%PV) were measured or calculated and analyzed by two-way repeated measures ANOVA. All the calves developed osmotic diarrhea, mild to moderate dehydration, hyponatremia, relative hyperchloremia, and moderate to severe metabolic acidosis. The tested OESS were well accepted by the calves and effective in reversing dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis. OES D did not completely correct hyponatremia, and SEO B caused transient hyperglycemia. It has been concluded that all the tested OESS are safe and effective for the treatment of diarrhea in calves with moderate degrees of dehydration and metabolic acidosis, which indicates that they have proper compositions for this purpose.

Em um ensaio clínico controlado e aleatório, foram comparados os efeitos de cinco soluções eletrolíticas orais (SEOs) sobre os equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido-base de bezerros neonatos diarreicos. Diarreia osmótica e desidratação foram induzidas com sacarose no leite, espironolactona e hidroclorotiazida, por 48h, em 30 bezerros Holandeses com 10 dias de idade, 43,5 ± 3,8kg de peso, e alimentados com leite natural. Eles foram distribuídos em cinco grupos de tratamento (n=6) de acordo com a SEO administrada (comercial: SEO A, B, C, D; e não comercial: SEO UEL). No dia do tratamento, os bezerros receberam 6L de SEO em duas doses além da ingestão de leite. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas em -48h (início da indução), - 24h, Oh (início do dia de tratamento), 8h, 16h, 24h, 48h e 72h. PPT, glicose, lactatos Le D, pH, pCO2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, CI, SID3, SIG, AG, Atot e variação percentual no volume plasmático (%VP) foram mensurados ou calculados, e analisados por meio de ANOVA de duas vias de medidas repetidas. Todos os bezerros desenvolveram diarreia osmótica, desidratação leve a moderada, hiponatremia, hipercloremia relativa e acidose metabólica moderada a grave. As SEOs testadas foram bem aceitas pelos bezerros e eficazes para a reversão da desidratação, dos desequilíbrios eletrolíticos e da acidose metabólica. A SEO D não corrigiu completamente a hiponatremia, e a SEO B causou hiperglicemia transitória. Conclui-se que todas as SEOs são eficazes para o tratamento da diarreia em bezerros com graus moderados de desidratação e de acidose metabólica, o que indica que possuem composições adequadas para esse fim.

Reanimação neonatal de cães e gatos ao nascimento / Neonatal resuscitation of dogs and cats at birth

Ao nascimento, a assistência neonatal é essencial, visto que filhotes podem apresentar depressão clínica, bradicardia, apneia persistente ou desconforto respiratório devido à hipóxia, decorrente de uma asfixia prolongada no útero ou durante o parto, necessitando de intervenção imediata. A equipe de recepção ao neonato precisa estar treinada para os procedimentos de reanimação neonatal, que devem ser realizados com enfoque em prover calor ao recém-nascido e no suporte ventilatório e circulatório, mantendo as vias aéreas patentes e uma adequada perfusão tecidual. O conhecimento das características fisiológicas neonatais e das etapas a serem seguidas no protocolo de reanimação, são cruciais para o sucesso da intervenção e maior sobrevivência neonatal.(AU)

At birth, neonatal assistance is essential, since puppies may experience clinical depression, bradycardia, persistent apnea or respiratory discomfort due to hypoxia, resulting from prolonged asphyxia in the uterus or during delivery, requiring immediate intervention. The team needs to be trained in neonatal resuscitation procedures, which must be performed with a focus on providing heat to the newborn and on ventilatory and circulatory support, maintaining patent airways and adequate tissue perfusion. Knowledge of the neonatal physiological characteristics and the steps to be followed in the resuscitation protocol are crucial for the success of the intervention and greater neonatal survival.(AU)

Water intake and feeding with whole milk accentuate metabolic acidosis in calves with induced osmotic diarrhea / Ingestão de água e alimentação com leite integral acentuam a acidose metabólica em bezerros com diarreia osmótica induzida

Sucrose- and diuretics-based protocols are widely used to induce osmotic diarrhea and dehydration in calves, but they fail to cause metabolic acidosis. In previous studies, calves were fed milk replacers and deprived of water. In this study, we assessed the water, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances in calves that were fed whole milk and were not completely deprived of water during the induction period. Healthy, male Holstein calves aged 10-12 days were assigned to two groups: free access to water (FWG; n=17) and water deprivation at night (DWG; n=21); and osmotic diarrhea was induced with sucrose added to milk, spironolactone (2mg kg-1) and hydrochlorothiazide (2mg kg-1) orally every 8h for 48h. pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, SID3, TPP, AG, Atot, glucose, L-lactate, D-lactate, SIG, and percentage change in plasma volume were measured in venous blood samples taken at 0, 24, and 48h. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Calves showed diarrhea, mild (FWG) to moderate (DWG) dehydration, hyponatremia, and moderate (FWG) to severe (DWG) metabolic acidosis. AG and D-lactate levels were higher and SIG was lower in the DWG, and there was no hyper-L- or D-lactatemia. The magnitude of metabolic acidosis was similar to that observed in natural cases of diarrhea. The protocol for inducing osmotic diarrhea and dehydration should be applied to calves that are fed whole milk and are not completely deprived of water.

Protocolos baseados em sacarose e diuréticos são amplamente usados para induzir diarreia osmótica e desidratação em bezerros, porém não provocam acidose metabólica. Em estudos anteriores, os bezerros foram alimentados com substitutos de leite e privados de água. Neste estudo, avaliaram-se os desequilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido base em bezerros que foram alimentados com leite integral e não foram completamente privados de água durante o período de indução. Bezerros HPB machos sadios com 10 a 12 dias de idade foram distribuídos por dois grupos: acesso livre à água (FWG; n=17) e privação de água durante a noite (DWG; n=21); e a diarreia osmótica foi induzida com sacarose adicionada ao leite, espironolactona (2mg kg-1) e hidroclorotiazida (2mg kg-1) por via oral a cada 8h durante 48h. pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, SID3, PPT, AG, Atot, glicose, lactato L, lactato D, SIG e alteração percentual no volume plasmático foram medidos em amostras de sangue venoso colhidas em 0, 24 e 48h. Os dados foram analisados usando ANOVA de medidas repetidas bifatorial. Os bezerros apresentaram diarreia, desidratação leve (FWG) a moderada (DWG), hiponatremia e acidose metabólica moderada (FWG) a grave (DWG). Os valores de AG e de lactato D foram maiores e o de SIG foi menor no DWG, e não houve hiperlactatemia L ou D. A magnitude da acidose metabólica foi semelhante à observada em casos naturais de diarreia. O protocolo para induzir diarreia osmótica e desidratação deve ser aplicado a bezerros alimentados com leite integral e não totalmente privados de água.

Síndrome do mau ajustamento neonatal em potros: foco em neuroesteróides / Foal mal adjustment syndrome: focus on neurosteroids

O processo de transição do feto para a vida extra-uterina é considerado um período crítico que requer complexas adaptações fisiológicas do potro neonato. Eventos estressores de origem hipóxicoisquêmicas no periparto podem desencadear um quadro de encefalopatia neonatal equina, também conhecida como síndrome do mau ajustamento neonatal. O diagnóstico é feito baseado na avaliação clínica e na anamnese e avaliação do histórico da gestação. Casos leves a moderados tem prognóstico favorável. É imprescindível o entendimento da endocrinologia da gestação, do papel dos neuroesteróides no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso fetal para que o estabelecimento precoce da terapia adequada seja realizado de maneira bem sucedida. Assim, o objetivo do presente é abordar os principais aspectos clínicos e fisiopatológicos da Síndrome do Mau Ajustamento Neonatal em neonatos equinos, com foco especial no papel dos neuroesteróides durante a maturação cerebral do feto no terço final da gestação e na transição para a vida extra-uterina.

The transition from fetus to extrauterine life is considered a critical period that requires complex physiological adaptations on the part of the newborn foal. Peripartum hypoxic-ischemic stressors can result in equine neonatal encephalopathy, also known to as neonatal maladjustment syndrome. The diagnosis is made based on clinical examination, anamnesis, and a review of the mare’s pregnancy history. Cases that are mild to moderate in severity have a favorable prognosis. It is critical to understand the endocrinology of pregnancy and the role of neurosteroids in the development of the fetal nervous system in order to successfully initiate appropriate therapy early. Thus, the purpose of this article is to discuss the major clinical and pathophysiological aspects of neonatal maladjustment syndrome in equine neonates, with a particular emphasis on the role of neurosteroids during fetal brain maturation in the final third of pregnancy and during the transition to extrauterine life.

Diarreia Epidêmica Suína (PED), enfermidade exótica no Brasil mas emergente nas Américas / Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED), exotic disease in Brazil but emerging in the Americas / Diarrea Epidemica Suina (PED), enfermedad exotica en Brasil, pero emergente el las Américas

Surtos recentes da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína (PED, em inglês) têm sido descritos em diversos países, sobretudo na China e Estados Unidos, e tem provocado significativo impacto econômico à suinocultura mundial. Como a doença se disseminou também pela América do Sul, afetando Peru, Colômbia e Equador, o conhecimento sobre a enfermidade é de extrema relevância para manutenção do status livre da doença no Brasil. A PED é causada por vírus da família Coronaviridae, caracterizando-se por diarreia líquida profusa e vômitos, de intensidade variável, sendo mais graves em leitões neonatos. A RT-PCR tem sido a técnica de diagnóstico mais empregada, mas a sorologia e a imuno-histoquímica também podem ser utilizadas. A vacina comercial disponível nos Estados Unidos é considerada de alto custo e efetividade intermediária e, por isso, protocolos rígidos de biossegurança são fundamentais para dificultar a entrada do agente no rebanho. Estudos recentes têm se intensificado no sentido de elucidar a epidemiologia da doença, uma vez que a via de disseminação viral entre rebanhos ainda não se encontra totalmente estabelecida e o impacto econômico causado pela alta mortalidade, sobretudo de animais lactentes, compromete sensivelmente a produção de carne suína nos países afetados.

Recent outbreaks of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) has been described in several countries, mainly in China and the United States, and it has causing significative economic impact to the swine industry worldwide. As the virus spread also in South America, affecting Peru, Colombia and Ecuador, knowledge about the disease is extremely important to maintain the free status of the disease in Brazil. PED is caused by a virus from Coronaviridae family, and is characterized by profuse liquid diarrhea and vomit, varying in severity, being more severe in newborn piglets. The RT-PCR has been the most used diagnostic technique, but serology and immunohistochemistry can also be used. The commercial available vaccine is considered costly and with intermediate effectiveness, consequently complementary biosecurity rules are important to hinder the entry of the agent into the herd. Many studies have been conducted in order to elucidate the epidemiology of the disease, since the route of viral spread among herds is not yet fully established and the economic impact due to high mortality, especially in young animals, significantly impairs the production of pork in affected countries.

Brotes recientes de la Diarrea Epidémica Suína (PED, en inglés) han sido descritos en diversos países, sobre todo en China y Estados Unidos, y ha provocado un significativo impacto económico a la suinocultura mundial. Como la enfermedad también se diseminó en América del Sur, afectando a Perú, Colombia y Ecuador, el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad es de extrema relevancia para el mantenimiento del estatus libre de la enfermedad en el Brasil. La PED es causada por el virus de la familia Coronaviridae, caracterizándose por diarrea liquida profusa y vómito, de intensidad variable, siendo más grave en lechones neonatos. La RT-PCR ha sido la técnica de diagnóstico más utilizada, pero la serología e inmunohistoquímica también pueden ser utilizadas. La vacuna comercial disponible en los Estados Unidos es considerada de alto costo y efectividad intermedia, por eso, protocolos rígidos de bioseguridad son fundamentales para dificultar la entrada del agente en el rebaño. Estudios recientes se han intensificado en el sentido de dilucidar la epidemiologia de la enfermedad, una vez que la vía de diseminación viral entre rebaños aún no se encuentra completamente establecida y el impacto económico causado por la alta mortalidad, sobre todo de animales lactantes, compromete sensiblemente la producción de carne suína en los países afectados.

Diarreia Epidêmica Suína (PED), enfermidade exótica no Brasil mas emergente nas Américas / Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED), exotic disease in Brazil but emerging in the Americas / Diarrea Epidemica Suina (PED), enfermedad exotica en Brasil, pero emergente el las Américas

Surtos recentes da Diarreia Epidêmica Suína (PED, em inglês) têm sido descritos em diversos países, sobretudo na China e Estados Unidos, e tem provocado significativo impacto econômico à suinocultura mundial. Como a doença se disseminou também pela América do Sul, afetando Peru, Colômbia e Equador, o conhecimento sobre a enfermidade é de extrema relevância para manutenção do status livre da doença no Brasil. A PED é causada por vírus da família Coronaviridae, caracterizando-se por diarreia líquida profusa e vômitos, de intensidade variável, sendo mais graves em leitões neonatos. A RT-PCR tem sido a técnica de diagnóstico mais empregada, mas a sorologia e a imuno-histoquímica também podem ser utilizadas. A vacina comercial disponível nos Estados Unidos é considerada de alto custo e efetividade intermediária e, por isso, protocolos rígidos de biossegurança são fundamentais para dificultar a entrada do agente no rebanho. Estudos recentes têm se intensificado no sentido de elucidar a epidemiologia da doença, uma vez que a via de disseminação viral entre rebanhos ainda não se encontra totalmente estabelecida e o impacto econômico causado pela alta mortalidade, sobretudo de animais lactentes, compromete sensivelmente a produção de carne suína nos países afetados.(AU)

Recent outbreaks of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) has been described in several countries, mainly in China and the United States, and it has causing significative economic impact to the swine industry worldwide. As the virus spread also in South America, affecting Peru, Colombia and Ecuador, knowledge about the disease is extremely important to maintain the free status of the disease in Brazil. PED is caused by a virus from Coronaviridae family, and is characterized by profuse liquid diarrhea and vomit, varying in severity, being more severe in newborn piglets. The RT-PCR has been the most used diagnostic technique, but serology and immunohistochemistry can also be used. The commercial available vaccine is considered costly and with intermediate effectiveness, consequently complementary biosecurity rules are important to hinder the entry of the agent into the herd. Many studies have been conducted in order to elucidate the epidemiology of the disease, since the route of viral spread among herds is not yet fully established and the economic impact due to high mortality, especially in young animals, significantly impairs the production of pork in affected countries.(AU)

Brotes recientes de la Diarrea Epidémica Suína (PED, en inglés) han sido descritos en diversos países, sobre todo en China y Estados Unidos, y ha provocado un significativo impacto económico a la suinocultura mundial. Como la enfermedad también se diseminó en América del Sur, afectando a Perú, Colombia y Ecuador, el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad es de extrema relevancia para el mantenimiento del estatus libre de la enfermedad en el Brasil. La PED es causada por el virus de la familia Coronaviridae, caracterizándose por diarrea liquida profusa y vómito, de intensidad variable, siendo más grave en lechones neonatos. La RT-PCR ha sido la técnica de diagnóstico más utilizada, pero la serología e inmunohistoquímica también pueden ser utilizadas. La vacuna comercial disponible en los Estados Unidos es considerada de alto costo y efectividad intermedia, por eso, protocolos rígidos de bioseguridad son fundamentales para dificultar la entrada del agente en el rebaño. Estudios recientes se han intensificado en el sentido de dilucidar la epidemiologia de la enfermedad, una vez que la vía de diseminación viral entre rebaños aún no se encuentra completamente establecida y el impacto económico causado por la alta mortalidad, sobre todo de animales lactantes, compromete sensiblemente la producción de carne suína en los países afectados.(AU)

Electrocardiographic aspects of singleton pregnancy and neonatal period in American Miniature horse breed

Background: During pregnancy, cardiovascular adaptations occur in order to meet maternal demands and adequate supportfor fetal development, but they are still unclear in the equine species, especially in the American Miniature horse breed.The main hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy are increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood volume.It is necessary to use the reference values for the miniature breeds, in addition to the age range and reproductive condition,so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in maresand also of age in newborns foals of American Miniature horse breed.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten American Miniature Horse mares, between 7 and 19 years old (12.14 ± 4.05 years),116.85 ± 24.09 kg of body weight were used in the experiment. All these mares were pluriparous, with 5.9 ± 3.5 of births,minimum of 2, and maximum of 12 foaling times. They were maintained in common social group in an indoor house stablewith straw bed, with access to an outdoor paddock for several h per day. Twice a day they were fed with hay. Mineral supplements and water were available ad libitum. The ECG were obtained in 10 pregnant mares and in 10 neonates. All femaleswere examined at a representative time of each trimester of pregnancy, at 30, 210, 300 days before and 21 days after delivery.Neonates were examined on different times: first 24 h after delivery, weekly on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of age.The ECG parameters considered were the heart rate and rhythm, duration and intervals (P, PR, QRS, QT, T) and amplitude(P, R, S, T) of ECG waves. The mean of pregnancy duration was 319.4 ± 4.97 days. Heart Rate (HR) varied between 51 to59 bpm during pregnancy and 56 bpm on the 21st day after delivery. Comparing the clinical parameters of pregnant mares,non-pregnant mares and foal a difference was found for HR, Respiration Rate (RR) and...

Electrocardiographic aspects of singleton pregnancy and neonatal period in American Miniature horse breed

Background: During pregnancy, cardiovascular adaptations occur in order to meet maternal demands and adequate supportfor fetal development, but they are still unclear in the equine species, especially in the American Miniature horse breed.The main hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy are increased heart rate, cardiac output, and blood volume.It is necessary to use the reference values for the miniature breeds, in addition to the age range and reproductive condition,so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters in maresand also of age in newborns foals of American Miniature horse breed.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten American Miniature Horse mares, between 7 and 19 years old (12.14 ± 4.05 years),116.85 ± 24.09 kg of body weight were used in the experiment. All these mares were pluriparous, with 5.9 ± 3.5 of births,minimum of 2, and maximum of 12 foaling times. They were maintained in common social group in an indoor house stablewith straw bed, with access to an outdoor paddock for several h per day. Twice a day they were fed with hay. Mineral supplements and water were available ad libitum. The ECG were obtained in 10 pregnant mares and in 10 neonates. All femaleswere examined at a representative time of each trimester of pregnancy, at 30, 210, 300 days before and 21 days after delivery.Neonates were examined on different times: first 24 h after delivery, weekly on the 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of age.The ECG parameters considered were the heart rate and rhythm, duration and intervals (P, PR, QRS, QT, T) and amplitude(P, R, S, T) of ECG waves. The mean of pregnancy duration was 319.4 ± 4.97 days. Heart Rate (HR) varied between 51 to59 bpm during pregnancy and 56 bpm on the 21st day after delivery. Comparing the clinical parameters of pregnant mares,non-pregnant mares and foal a difference was found for HR, Respiration Rate (RR) and...(AU)

Morbidity and mortality in Holstein calves from birth to 145 days of age on a large dairy farm in Brazil / Morbidade e mortalidade em bezerras da raça Holandesa do nascimento aos 145 dias de vida, em uma grande fazenda produtora de leite no Brasil

The present study aimed to investigate the morbidity and mortality associated with the most common diseases during the rearing period of Holstein calves in a high-production dairy farm. The calves (n = 600) were allocated to three groups based on age: G1 (1-7 days, n = 216), G2 (30-40 days, n = 188), and G3 (69-85 days, n = 196). They were evaluated over 60 days at eight different times. The morbidity rates were 47.67% (286/600) for diarrhea, 73.00% (438/600) for bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and 3.83% (23/600) for umbilical inflammation (UI). The mortality rate was 2.33% (14/600) for all the animals studied. The morbidity differed in the groups, with higher rates of diarrhea (78.85%, 166/216) and UI (6.94%, 15/216) in G1, and the highest rate of BRD in G3 (79.59%, 156/196). Diarrhea was associated with the occurrence of BRD in G1 and G2. Even in farms with good management practices, there is high morbidity associated with diarrhea and BRD, with the morbidity rate for diarrhea decreasing and that for BRD increasing as the animals get older. In addition, diarrhea is an important risk factor for BRD, especially in younger animals.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou investigar a morbidade e a mortalidade associadas às doenças mais comuns no período de criação de bezerras da raça Holandesa, em uma fazenda leiteira de alta produção. As bezerras (n = 600) foram alocadas em três grupos de acordo com a idade: G1 (1-7 dias, n = 216); G2 (30-40 dias, n = 188); G3 (69-85 dias, n = 196). Os animais foram avaliados durante 60 dias, em oito momentos diferentes. A morbidade foi de 47,67% (286/600) para diarreia, 73,00% (438/600) para doença respiratória bovina (DRB) e 3,83% (23/600) para inflamação umbilical (IU). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 2,33% (14/600), para o total de animais avaliados. A morbidade foi diferente entre os grupos, com maior frequência de diarreia (78,85%, 166/216) e IU (6,94%, 15/216) no G1, sendo a maior ocorrência de DRB no G3 (79,59%, 156/196). A diarreia foi associada à DRB no G1 e no G2. Mesmo em fazendas com boas práticas de manejo, há alta morbidade por diarreia e DRB, com a taxa de morbidade por diarreia diminuindo e a de DRB aumentando à medida que os animais envelhecem. Além disso, a diarreia é um importante fator de risco para DRB, especialmente em animais mais jovens.(AU)

Thermal homeostasis in the newborn puppy: behavioral and physiological responses

Adaptation to extrauterine life brings about various changes, which initially are reflected in physiological alterations in the newborn puppy. Also, the newborn puppy's thermoregulating capacity is deficient, and many of the physiological processes for survival depend on this capacity. Severe modifications in body temperature can lead to hypothermia in a few hours. Hence, the first 24 to 72 h of life correspond to the highest risk time, in which the newborn can course with moderate to severe hypothermia because the shivering reflexes and vasoconstriction mechanisms are not yet developed in the newborn of this species. Temperature stabilization is reached up to the 18th day of age. However, the colostrum's adequate consumption could provide a high energy supply, contributing to a fast recovery of temperature and, consequently, to a high survival rate. This review aims to analyze the factors that affect thermoregulation of the newborn puppy, the physiological and behavioral responses, as well as to discuss the influence of the colostrum as an energy source and production of heat to face hypothermia, aside from discussing recent scientific findings of infrared thermography (IRT) used to assess the thermal response of the newborn puppy to cope with hypothermia.(AU)

Thermal homeostasis in the newborn puppy: behavioral and physiological responses

Adaptation to extrauterine life brings about various changes, which initially are reflected in physiological alterations in the newborn puppy. Also, the newborn puppy's thermoregulating capacity is deficient, and many of the physiological processes for survival depend on this capacity. Severe modifications in body temperature can lead to hypothermia in a few hours. Hence, the first 24 to 72 h of life correspond to the highest risk time, in which the newborn can course with moderate to severe hypothermia because the shivering reflexes and vasoconstriction mechanisms are not yet developed in the newborn of this species. Temperature stabilization is reached up to the 18th day of age. However, the colostrum's adequate consumption could provide a high energy supply, contributing to a fast recovery of temperature and, consequently, to a high survival rate. This review aims to analyze the factors that affect thermoregulation of the newborn puppy, the physiological and behavioral responses, as well as to discuss the influence of the colostrum as an energy source and production of heat to face hypothermia, aside from discussing recent scientific findings of infrared thermography (IRT) used to assess the thermal response of the newborn puppy to cope with hypothermia.

Salmonelose em bezerros pelo sorovar Dublin no estado do Paraná, Brasil - aspectos clínico-patológicos / Salmonellosis in calves by serovar Dublin in Paraná State, Brazil - clinicopathological aspects

Background: Calf diarrhea remains one of the main diseases affecting the cattle industry. Persistence of this significant problem is associated with the complexity of factors that may be involved (infectious, environmental). An accurate diagnosis is essential for confirming the cause and helping clinicians and cattle producers to apply appropriate strategies in a timely manner. This report describes the histological changes according to the degree of salmonellosis severity, which is a contagious infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, a Gram-negative bacterium, in two beef calves in northern Paraná State, southern Brazil. Cases: Two 90-day-old crossbred Angus and Nellore calves from a beef farm in northern Paraná State were referred to a Veterinary Hospital. Animal 1- developed acute clinical signs (enteritis, ataxia, and muscle rigidity) and died the day after the signs began. Gross findings included heavy and non-collapsed lungs, pulmonary oedema, hepatomegaly, enteritis, and severe diffuse typhlitis. Microscopic analysis revealed severe diffuse necrotic enteritis, typhlitis, severe diffuse interstitial pneumonia, moderate centrilobular hepatic necrosis, mild multifocal nephritis, and severe spleen and lymph node necrosis. Paratyphoid nodules were evidenced on the liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Animal 2- presented apathy, green fibrinous diarrhea, and died three days after the onset of clinical signs. The macroscopic examination showed moderate diffuse enteritis and hepatosplenomegaly. At the microscopic examination, many paratyphoid nodules were observed on the liver, spleen, kidneys, and Peyer's patches, which were associated with intralesional and intravascular bacilli. Additional findings included severe diffuse fibrinous necrotic enteritis with intralesional bacilli, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, multifocal splenic necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and moderate multifocal to coalescent lymphocytic nephritis. Histological Gram staining was performed on selected samples, revealing intralesional Gram-negative bacilli in the liver and intestine. Thus, liver and intestine fragments were used for the microbiological examination. Microbiological culture, isolation and biochemical tests identified the genus Salmonella spp. Then, the colonies were subjected to serological tests for serovar identification, according to ISO/TR 6579-3, which determined the serovar Dublin. After identifying the disease etiological agent, the outbreak was controlled by appropriate antibiotic therapy combined with the correction of sanitary measures. Discussion: Enteritis is a frequent disease in calves, posing a diagnostic challenge in identifying the etiological agent. In the present case, the histological, microbiological, and serological results confirmed a disseminated Salmonella spp. infection. The microscopic findings, such as interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous necrotic enteritis markedly in ileum and paratyphoid nodules in various organs, are the most common aspects of the disease. However, fibrinous cholecystitis, which is considered pathognomonic for salmonellosis, was not observed in this study. Therefore, the absence of such a lesion should not exclude the disease in sick animals. A microscopic injury score was used to determine lesion severity by assigning values from 1 to 4, wherein: 1 = no apparent lesions, 2 = mild lesions, 3 = moderate lesions, and 4 = severe lesions. Both calves were scored as 4. Multiple predisposing factors for the condition were identified in this farm such as different age animals in the same paddock and no specific paddock for sick animals, given that the infectious agent remains in feces, saliva, and nasal discharge. The serovar Dublin induces several clinical signs such as septicemic, respiratory, and enteric manifestations, making a clinical diagnosis a challenge

Onfalite associada a pneumonia embólica em neonatos caninos / Omphalitis associated with embolic pneumonia in canine neonates

não hemorrágica, mucosa oral cianótica e dispneia intensa 48 horas após o nascimento. Apesar dos cuidados de suporte, os filhotes morreram e foram submetidos à necropsia. Na avaliação anatomopatológica, foi diagnosticada onfalite bacteriana supurativa em todos os animais, caracterizada macroscopicamente por aumento de volume em região umbilical, e, microscopicamente, por infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico e necrose, associado a numerosas colônias bacterianas intralesionais. Pneumonia intersticial multifocal a coalescente com necrose alveolar e grande quantidade de colônias bacterianas intralesionais foi diagnosticada em todos os filhotes, morfologia típica de pneumonia embólica. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae e Klebsiella ozaenae e Bacillus cereus foram isolados dos fragmentos pulmonares. Este caso demonstra a associação entre onfalite e pneumonia. Falhas nos cuidados neonatais podem ocasionar infecção bacteriana generalizada e elevada mortalidade. A antissepssia do umbigo deve ser realizada logo após o nascimento a fim de reduzir os casos de onfalite e consequentemente a mortalidade neonatal.(AU)

Four canine neonates, that were born in poor hygiene condition, presented prostration, nonhemorrhagic diarrhea, cyanotic oral mucous membranes, and intense dyspnea 48 hours after the birth. Despite supportive care, the animals died and were necropsied. Anatomopathological examination revealed suppurative bacterial omphalitis in all animals, macroscopically characterized by umbilicus enlargement and, microscopically, by neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis, associated with intralesional bacterial colonies. Multifocal to coalescent interstitial pneumonia with alveolar necrosis and numerous intralesional bacterial colonies was diagnosed in all neonates, morphologically suggestive of embolic pneumonia. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella ozaenae and Bacillus cereus, were isolated from lung tissue samples. This case demonstrates the association between omphalitis and pneumonia. Inappropriate neonatal care can predispose neonates to generalized bacterial infection and death. Therefore, umbilical cord treatment should be performed immediately after birth to reduce neonatal mortality.(AU)

Onfalite associada a pneumonia embólica em neonatos caninos / Omphalitis associated with embolic pneumonia in canine neonates

não hemorrágica, mucosa oral cianótica e dispneia intensa 48 horas após o nascimento. Apesar dos cuidados de suporte, os filhotes morreram e foram submetidos à necropsia. Na avaliação anatomopatológica, foi diagnosticada onfalite bacteriana supurativa em todos os animais, caracterizada macroscopicamente por aumento de volume em região umbilical, e, microscopicamente, por infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico e necrose, associado a numerosas colônias bacterianas intralesionais. Pneumonia intersticial multifocal a coalescente com necrose alveolar e grande quantidade de colônias bacterianas intralesionais foi diagnosticada em todos os filhotes, morfologia típica de pneumonia embólica. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae e Klebsiella ozaenae e Bacillus cereus foram isolados dos fragmentos pulmonares. Este caso demonstra a associação entre onfalite e pneumonia. Falhas nos cuidados neonatais podem ocasionar infecção bacteriana generalizada e elevada mortalidade. A antissepssia do umbigo deve ser realizada logo após o nascimento a fim de reduzir os casos de onfalite e consequentemente a mortalidade neonatal.

Four canine neonates, that were born in poor hygiene condition, presented prostration, nonhemorrhagic diarrhea, cyanotic oral mucous membranes, and intense dyspnea 48 hours after the birth. Despite supportive care, the animals died and were necropsied. Anatomopathological examination revealed suppurative bacterial omphalitis in all animals, macroscopically characterized by umbilicus enlargement and, microscopically, by neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis, associated with intralesional bacterial colonies. Multifocal to coalescent interstitial pneumonia with alveolar necrosis and numerous intralesional bacterial colonies was diagnosed in all neonates, morphologically suggestive of embolic pneumonia. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella ozaenae and Bacillus cereus, were isolated from lung tissue samples. This case demonstrates the association between omphalitis and pneumonia. Inappropriate neonatal care can predispose neonates to generalized bacterial infection and death. Therefore, umbilical cord treatment should be performed immediately after birth to reduce neonatal mortality.

Neonatal diarrhea and rotavirus A infection in beef and dairy calves, Brazil, 2006-2015 / Diarreia neonatal e infecção por rotavírus A em bezerros de corte e leite, Brasil, 2006-2015

Calf diarrhea causes substantial economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Bovine rotavirus A (RVA) is the main viral agent that leads to enteric infection and diarrhea outbreaks in calves throughout the world. The aim of this retrospective (2006-2015) study was to determine the frequency of RVA detection in diarrheic fecal samples from beef and dairy calves from the three main cattle-producing regions of Brazil. Diarrheic fecal samples (n=1,498) of 124 beef and 56 dairy cattle herds from the Midwest, South, and Southeast geographical regions of Brazil were evaluated using the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) technique. RVA double stranded-RNA was identified by the ss-PAGE technique in 410 (27.4%) fecal samples. The frequency of positive samples found in beef calves (31.9%; 328/1,027) was higher than the frequency found in diarrheic fecal samples from dairy calves (17.4%; 82/471). RVA infection was identified in calves from the three Brazilian geographical regions analyzed. However, the frequency of positive diarrheic calves in the Midwest region (39.4%), predominantly beef calves, was higher than in the South (19.4%) and Southeast (17.6%) regions. The temporal distribution of RVA-infected calves evaluated by two five-year periods (2006-2010, 24.5%; 2011-2015, 28.8%) demonstrated a very similar frequency of RVA in both periods. Considering the wide regional and temporal scope of this study, it can be concluded that RVA remains an important etiology of neonatal diarrhea in calves of Brazilian cattle herds.(AU)

A diarreia neonatal ocasiona perdas econômicas importantes na pecuária bovina em todo o mundo. Rotavírus A (RVA) é o principal agente etiológico viral de infecções entéricas e surtos de diarreia em bezerros de rebanhos de corte e leite. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo (2006-2015) foi determinar a frequência de detecção de RVA em amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros de corte e leite das três principais regiões produtoras de bovinos do Brasil. Amostras de fezes diarreicas (n=1.498) de 124 rebanhos bovinos de corte e 56 rebanhos bovinos de leite das regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste do Brasil foram avaliadas utilizando a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (EGPA). O genoma segmentado de RVA foi identificado pela técnica de EGPA em 410 (27,4%) amostras de fezes. A frequência de amostras positivas encontrada em bezerros de rebanhos de corte (31,9%; 328/1.027) foi maior que a frequência identificada em amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros de rebanhos leiteiros (17,4%; 82/471). A infecção por RVA foi identificada em bezerros das três regiões geográficas brasileiras analisadas. No entanto, a frequência de bezerros com diarreia positivos para RVA na região Centro-Oeste (39,4%), predominantemente de bezerros de rebanhos de corte, foi maior que nas regiões Sul (19,4%) e Sudeste (17,6%). A distribuição temporal dos bezerros infectados com RVA avaliados por dois períodos de cinco anos (2006-2010, 24,5%; 2011-2015, 28,8%) demonstrou uma frequência muito semelhante em ambos os períodos. Considerando a amplitude regional e temporal deste estudo, pode-se concluir que RVA continua sendo uma importante etiologia de diarreia neonatal em bezerros de rebanhos bovinos brasileiros.(AU)

Neonatal diarrhea and rotavirus A infection in beef and dairy calves, Brazil, 2006-2015 / Diarreia neonatal e infecção por rotavírus A em bezerros de corte e leite, Brasil, 2006-2015

Calf diarrhea causes substantial economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Bovine rotavirus A (RVA) is the main viral agent that leads to enteric infection and diarrhea outbreaks in calves throughout the world. The aim of this retrospective (2006-2015) study was to determine the frequency of RVA detection in diarrheic fecal samples from beef and dairy calves from the three main cattle-producing regions of Brazil. Diarrheic fecal samples (n=1,498) of 124 beef and 56 dairy cattle herds from the Midwest, South, and Southeast geographical regions of Brazil were evaluated using the silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) technique. RVA double stranded-RNA was identified by the ss-PAGE technique in 410 (27.4%) fecal samples. The frequency of positive samples found in beef calves (31.9%; 328/1,027) was higher than the frequency found in diarrheic fecal samples from dairy calves (17.4%; 82/471). RVA infection was identified in calves from the three Brazilian geographical regions analyzed. However, the frequency of positive diarrheic calves in the Midwest region (39.4%), predominantly beef calves, was higher than in the South (19.4%) and Southeast (17.6%) regions. The temporal distribution of RVA-infected calves evaluated by two five-year periods (2006-2010, 24.5%; 2011-2015, 28.8%) demonstrated a very similar frequency of RVA in both periods. Considering the wide regional and temporal scope of this study, it can be concluded that RVA remains an important etiology of neonatal diarrhea in calves of Brazilian cattle herds.(AU)

A diarreia neonatal ocasiona perdas econômicas importantes na pecuária bovina em todo o mundo. Rotavírus A (RVA) é o principal agente etiológico viral de infecções entéricas e surtos de diarreia em bezerros de rebanhos de corte e leite. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo (2006-2015) foi determinar a frequência de detecção de RVA em amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros de corte e leite das três principais regiões produtoras de bovinos do Brasil. Amostras de fezes diarreicas (n=1.498) de 124 rebanhos bovinos de corte e 56 rebanhos bovinos de leite das regiões Centro-Oeste, Sul e Sudeste do Brasil foram avaliadas utilizando a técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (EGPA). O genoma segmentado de RVA foi identificado pela técnica de EGPA em 410 (27,4%) amostras de fezes. A frequência de amostras positivas encontrada em bezerros de rebanhos de corte (31,9%; 328/1.027) foi maior que a frequência identificada em amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros de rebanhos leiteiros (17,4%; 82/471). A infecção por RVA foi identificada em bezerros das três regiões geográficas brasileiras analisadas. No entanto, a frequência de bezerros com diarreia positivos para RVA na região Centro-Oeste (39,4%), predominantemente de bezerros de rebanhos de corte, foi maior que nas regiões Sul (19,4%) e Sudeste (17,6%). A distribuição temporal dos bezerros infectados com RVA avaliados por dois períodos de cinco anos (2006-2010, 24,5%; 2011-2015, 28,8%) demonstrou uma frequência muito semelhante em ambos os períodos. Considerando a amplitude regional e temporal deste estudo, pode-se concluir que RVA continua sendo uma importante etiologia de diarreia neonatal em bezerros de rebanhos bovinos brasileiros.(AU)