Expression of LIN28A/B and Let-7 miRNAs in canine mammary carcinomas / Expressão de LIN28A/B e Let-7 miRNAs em carcinomas mamários caninos

LIN28 is a RNA-binding protein including two highly conserved homologous, LIN28A and LIN28B. Proto-oncogenes such as LIN28A and LIN28B are generally targeted by the let-7 miRNAs in different types of human cancers. Here, we determined the expression of LIN28A in canine mammary tumor samples and the LIN28/let-7 pathway in canine mammary cell lines. In those cell lines, we identified a functional LIN28/let-7 pathway which exhibited high expression of let-7 members and low expression of its targets, including LIN28A and LIN28B. However, the mammary carcinoma tissue samples showed a frequent expression of LIN28A being expressed mainly in the epithelial cells. No association was observed between LIN28A expression and histopathological classification and grade, TNM and survival time. Our results suggested a possible role of the LIN28A protein in the development of canine mammary carcinomas due to the high frequency observed in the tumor samples (28 of 32). The in vitro experiments suggested that the LIN28/let-7 pathway is active in the tumor cells evaluated. However, more studies are necessary to elucidate the exact role of LIN28/let-7 pathway in canine mammary carcinomas.

LIN28 é uma proteína de ligação ao RNA, com duas formas homólogas altamente conservadas, LIN28A e LIN28B. Os proto-oncogenes LIN28A e LIN28B são regulados pela família de miRNAs let-7 em diferentes tipos de cânceres em humanos. No presente trabalho, o objetivo foi determinar a expressão de LIN28A em amostras de tumor mamário de cadelas e a via LIN28/let-7 em linhagens celulares mamárias caninas. Nestas linhagens, através das técnicas de qPCR e RNAseq, foi identificado que a via LIN28/let-7 apresenta-se funcional, com alta expressão dos membros da família let-7 e baixa expressão de seus alvos, entre eles LIN28A e LIN28B. No entanto, as amostras de tecidos de carcinomas mamários caninos demonstraram expressão frequente de LIN28A, sendo observada principalmente em células epiteliais. Não foram observadas associações entre expressão de LIN28A com classificação e gradação histopatológicas, TNM e tempo de sobrevida. Nossos resultados sugerem uma possível relação da proteína LIN28A no desenvolvimento de carcinomas mamários caninos devido à alta frequência observada nas amostras tumorais (28 de 32). Os experimentos in vitro sugerem que a via LIN28/let-7 é ativa nas linhagens celulares caninas avaliadas. Entretanto, estudos funcionais ainda são necessários para elucidar a função exata da via LIN28/let-7 nos carcinomas mamários caninos.

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the disease’s clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the diseases clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...(AU)

Plasmocitoma extramedular oral em felino doméstico / Oral extramedullary plasmocytoma in domestic cat

Plasmocitomas são geralmente incomuns em cães, representando cerca de 3% das neoplasias, e, em gatos, esse número é ainda menor, sendo consideradas raras e observadas em aproximadamente 1% dos casos. Objetiva-se com este trabalho apresentar um relato de caso de uma doença muito pouco relatada na oncologia veterinária, o plasmocitoma extramedular oral em felinos domésticos. A metodologia empregada para a construção deste trabalho deu-se por meio de: consulta a referências bibliográficas; observação e acompanhamento dos processos realizados no âmbito hospitalar, além da consulta ao prontuário médico do paciente. Embora muito descrita na literatura a utilização da cirurgia de mandibulectomia ou maxilectomia na terapia de plasmocitomas orais em cães, são escassos os relatos do emprego da técnica em gatos. Porém, é certo afirmar que a eletroquimioterapia, associada à quimioterapia antineoplásica adjuvante, promoveu uma ótima sobrevida (407 dias), sem comprometimento na qualidade de vida do paciente, mostrando que, mesmo com um tratamento menos invasivo e conservador, foi possível cuidar do paciente de maneira efetiva. Uma grande dificuldade, durante todo o processo, foi a falta de relatos científicos específicos para o plasmocitoma oral em felinos. As neoplasias orais em felinos e, principalmente, as originadas por plasmócitos precisam ser mais estudadas e relatadas, promovendo maior conhecimento técnico e científico a todos os profissionais da área.

Plasmocytomas are generally uncommon in dogs, representing about 3% of neoplasms, and in cats, this number is even lower, being considered rare and observed in approximately 1% of cases. The aim of this work is to present a case report of a disease that is rarely reported in veterinary oncology: oral extramedullary plasmacytoma in domestic cats. The methodology used for the construction of this work was given through: consultation of bibliographic references; observation and monitoring of processes performed in the hospital, in addition to consulting the patient's medical record. Although the use of mandibulectomy or maxillectomy surgery to treat oral plasmacytomas in dogs is widely described in the literature, there are few reports on the use of the technique in cats. However, it is true to say that electrochemotherapy, associated with adjuvant antineoplastic chemotherapy, promoted an excellent survival (407 days), without compromising the patient's quality of life, showing that even with a less invasive and conservative treatment it was possible to care for the patient in a way effective. A major difficulty throughout the process was the lack of specific scientific reports for oral plasmacytoma in felines. Oral neoplasms in felines and mainly those originating from plasmocytes need to be further studied and reported, promoting greater technical and scientific knowledge to all professionals in the field.

Metástase de seminoma em região orbital em cão - relato de caso / Metastatic seminoma in the orbital region in a dog - case report

O seminoma é uma neoformação testicular originária de células germinativas de ocorrência comum em cães, com maior prevalência em animais senis. Em geral, o comportamento biológico do seminoma canino é benigno. Relata-se neste trabalho um caso de seminoma com metástase em região orbital em um cão com 14 anos de idade. O animal foi atendido com queixa de aumento de volume em órbita esquerda, com posterior detecção de nódulo testicular. A punção aspirativa por agulha fina da massa orbital sugeriu tratar-se de linfoma de alto grau, contudo o diagnóstico definitivo de seminoma difuso foi estabelecido pela avaliação histopatológica, a qual revelou tratar-se de neoplasia maligna pouco diferenciada, sendo o diagnóstico de seminoma difuso confirmado pelo exame imunoistoquímico. Relatos de seminomas metastáticos em cães são incomuns. Objetivou-se com este trabalho relatar um caso de seminoma anaplásico difuso em cão cujo foco principal de metástase ocorreu em região orbital, além de descrever e discutir as dificuldades diagnósticas encontradas.(AU)

Seminoma is a testicular neoformation originating from germ cells, commonly occurring in dogs. With higher prevalence in senile animals, the biological behavior of canine seminomas generally benign. This case reports seminoma with mestastasis in the orbital region in a 14-year-old dog. The animal was treated with a complaint of increased volume in the left orbit, and later a nodule in the testicle was discovered. Fine-needle aspiration of the orbit mass initially indicated a high-grade lymphoma. The definitive diagnosis of diffused seminoma was established by histopathological examination, resulting in poorly differentiated malignant neoplasia. Finally, the diagnosis was confirmed through immunohistochemistry, being the result compatible with diffused seminoma. Metastatic seminomas reported in dogs are quite uncommon. In this work we report a case of diffused anaplastic seminoma in dogs, where the main focus of metastasis was observed in the orbital region, and we also describe and discuss the difficulties encountered in the diagnostic.(AU)

Metástase de seminoma em região orbital em cão - relato de caso / Metastatic seminoma in the orbital region in a dog - case report

O seminoma é uma neoformação testicular originária de células germinativas de ocorrência comum em cães, com maior prevalência em animais senis. Em geral, o comportamento biológico do seminoma canino é benigno. Relata-se neste trabalho um caso de seminoma com metástase em região orbital em um cão com 14 anos de idade. O animal foi atendido com queixa de aumento de volume em órbita esquerda, com posterior detecção de nódulo testicular. A punção aspirativa por agulha fina da massa orbital sugeriu tratar-se de linfoma de alto grau, contudo o diagnóstico definitivo de seminoma difuso foi estabelecido pela avaliação histopatológica, a qual revelou tratar-se de neoplasia maligna pouco diferenciada, sendo o diagnóstico de seminoma difuso confirmado pelo exame imunoistoquímico. Relatos de seminomas metastáticos em cães são incomuns. Objetivou-se com este trabalho relatar um caso de seminoma anaplásico difuso em cão cujo foco principal de metástase ocorreu em região orbital, além de descrever e discutir as dificuldades diagnósticas encontradas.(AU)

Seminoma is a testicular neoformation originating from germ cells, commonly occurring in dogs. With higher prevalence in senile animals, the biological behavior of canine seminomas generally benign. This case reports seminoma with mestastasis in the orbital region in a 14-year-old dog. The animal was treated with a complaint of increased volume in the left orbit, and later a nodule in the testicle was discovered. Fine-needle aspiration of the orbit mass initially indicated a high-grade lymphoma. The definitive diagnosis of diffused seminoma was established by histopathological examination, resulting in poorly differentiated malignant neoplasia. Finally, the diagnosis was confirmed through immunohistochemistry, being the result compatible with diffused seminoma. Metastatic seminomas reported in dogs are quite uncommon. In this work we report a case of diffused anaplastic seminoma in dogs, where the main focus of metastasis was observed in the orbital region, and we also describe and discuss the difficulties encountered in the diagnostic.(AU)

Tumor ósseo multilobular em um cão / Multilobular tumor of bone in a dog

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is a primary bone neoplasm, uncommon in dogs. This tumor was called ofmany names for a long time, as: chondroma rodens, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, multilobular osteoma, multilobularchondroma, calcificating aponeurotic fibroma, although MTB was preferred chosen, because these other name could becorrelated with humans’ tumors. This tumor is observed specially in skull bone, although it was reported in zygomaticarc, hard palate, axilla, spine and penis. Mostly happen in big breeds dogs, and middle to old age patients. Clinical signsdepending of region and how aggressive the tumor is, usually are related to compression of any structure. The growth ofMTB is frequently slow and progressive, locally invasive, occurring relapse after surgical revomal, although the tumorhas low to moderate metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to report a case of MTB in a female dog and describeanatomopathological changes.Case: A female dog, mixed breed, 13 year-old, of middleweight was admitted in Pathology Department of College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (FCAV-Unesp), Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, to be undergone to necropsy. Thepatient have never shown any epileptic crisis or neurologic signs. In macroscopic examination was found a mass in skull,which invaded the orbit and frontal sinus, but it was not invading brain cavity. The neoplasm had and irregular surface, firmconsistent, color was white mixed to red areas, after cut it was granular and rough, and had some point mineralized areas.The lobs of lung had much firm masses, colored gray to white. In cytology it was observed fusiform to polyhedric isolatedmesenchymal cells, moderated pleomorphic, basophilic cytoplasm, thin granulated nuclear chromatin, and visible nucleolithat was involved by eosinophilic extracellular matrix...

Tumor ósseo multilobular em um cão / Multilobular tumor of bone in a dog

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is a primary bone neoplasm, uncommon in dogs. This tumor was called ofmany names for a long time, as: chondroma rodens, multilobular osteochondrosarcoma, multilobular osteoma, multilobularchondroma, calcificating aponeurotic fibroma, although MTB was preferred chosen, because these other name could becorrelated with humans tumors. This tumor is observed specially in skull bone, although it was reported in zygomaticarc, hard palate, axilla, spine and penis. Mostly happen in big breeds dogs, and middle to old age patients. Clinical signsdepending of region and how aggressive the tumor is, usually are related to compression of any structure. The growth ofMTB is frequently slow and progressive, locally invasive, occurring relapse after surgical revomal, although the tumorhas low to moderate metastatic potential. The aim of this study is to report a case of MTB in a female dog and describeanatomopathological changes.Case: A female dog, mixed breed, 13 year-old, of middleweight was admitted in Pathology Department of College of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (FCAV-Unesp), Campus of Jaboticabal - SP, to be undergone to necropsy. Thepatient have never shown any epileptic crisis or neurologic signs. In macroscopic examination was found a mass in skull,which invaded the orbit and frontal sinus, but it was not invading brain cavity. The neoplasm had and irregular surface, firmconsistent, color was white mixed to red areas, after cut it was granular and rough, and had some point mineralized areas.The lobs of lung had much firm masses, colored gray to white. In cytology it was observed fusiform to polyhedric isolatedmesenchymal cells, moderated pleomorphic, basophilic cytoplasm, thin granulated nuclear chromatin, and visible nucleolithat was involved by eosinophilic extracellular matrix...(AU)

Abordagem clínica e laboratorial de tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) em uma cadela prenhe / Clinical and laboratory approach of Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) in a pregnant female dog

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) é uma neoplasia de células redondas maligna se contagiosas, comum em cães. Uma abordagem clínica e laboratorial precisa e rápida é importante para um melhor prognóstico do animal. Portanto, o trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso sobre TVT, na genitália externa de uma cadela prenhe. Uma cadela sem padrão racial definido e sem idade definida deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC), apresentando secreção vaginal escura e fétida segundo a queixa da proprietária. Durante o exame físico observou-se que a vulva estava edemaciada e avermelhada, sem estímulo doloroso ao toque ou alteração de temperatura e havia múltiplos nódulos na região. Além disso, as mucosas estavam hipocoradas. Foi prescrito para o animal um hemograma completo, mais dosagens bioquímicas (creatinina e alanina amino transferase), exame citológico e ultrassonografia abdominal total. No hemograma o animal apresentou anemia normocítica e hipocrômica, moderada anisocitose e hipocromia, rouleaux eritrocitário e trombocitopenia. As dosagens bioquímicas não tiveram alterações de relevância clínica. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou que o animal estava em 45 dias de gestação. A citologia foi realizada através do método de imprint em que se obteve3 lâminas, baseado no padrão celular observado constatou-se que se tratava de um TVT. O animal foi tratado com aceturato de diminazeno e complexos vitamínicos, e esperou-se para iniciar o tratamento quimioterápico com sulfato de vincristina apóso parto. O animal pariu 7 filhotes saudáveis. Após 3 semanas de tratamento a cadela apresentou remissão da neoplasia.

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a malignant, common and contagious round cell neoplasm in dogs. A precise and rapid clinical and laboratorial approach is important for a better prognosis of the animal. Therefore, the work aims to present a case report on TVT in the external genitalia of a pregnant bitch. A bitch with no defined racial pattern and no definite age was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC) presenting dark and fetid vaginal secretion according to the owner's complaint. During the physical examination it was observed that the vulva was swollen and reddish, without painful stimulation to the touch or change of temperature and there were multiple nodules in the region. In addition, the mucous membranes were pale mucosa. Complete blood count plus biochemical measurements (creatinine and alanine amino transferase), cytological examination and total abdominal ultrasonography were prescribed for the animal. In the hemogram the animal had normocytic and hypochromic anemia, moderate anisocytosis and hypochromia, erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocytopenia. Biochemical dosages did not change in clinical relevance. Ultrasound examination revealed that the animal was at 45 days of gestation. Cytology was performed by the imprint method and 3 samples were obtained, and based on the observed cellular pattern, it was found that it was a TVT. The animal was treated with diminazene aceturate and vitamin complexes, and was expected to initiate chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate after delivery. The animal gave birth to 7 healthy puppies. After 3 weeks of treatment, the dog had remission of the neoplasia.

Abordagem clínica e laboratorial de tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) em uma cadela prenhe / Clinical and laboratory approach of Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) in a pregnant female dog

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) é uma neoplasia de células redondas maligna se contagiosas, comum em cães. Uma abordagem clínica e laboratorial precisa e rápida é importante para um melhor prognóstico do animal. Portanto, o trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso sobre TVT, na genitália externa de uma cadela prenhe. Uma cadela sem padrão racial definido e sem idade definida deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC), apresentando secreção vaginal escura e fétida segundo a queixa da proprietária. Durante o exame físico observou-se que a vulva estava edemaciada e avermelhada, sem estímulo doloroso ao toque ou alteração de temperatura e havia múltiplos nódulos na região. Além disso, as mucosas estavam hipocoradas. Foi prescrito para o animal um hemograma completo, mais dosagens bioquímicas (creatinina e alanina amino transferase), exame citológico e ultrassonografia abdominal total. No hemograma o animal apresentou anemia normocítica e hipocrômica, moderada anisocitose e hipocromia, rouleaux eritrocitário e trombocitopenia. As dosagens bioquímicas não tiveram alterações de relevância clínica. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou que o animal estava em 45 dias de gestação. A citologia foi realizada através do método de imprint em que se obteve3 lâminas, baseado no padrão celular observado constatou-se que se tratava de um TVT. O animal foi tratado com aceturato de diminazeno e complexos vitamínicos, e esperou-se para iniciar o tratamento quimioterápico com sulfato de vincristina apóso parto. O animal pariu 7 filhotes saudáveis. Após 3 semanas de tratamento a cadela apresentou remissão da neoplasia.(AU)

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a malignant, common and contagious round cell neoplasm in dogs. A precise and rapid clinical and laboratorial approach is important for a better prognosis of the animal. Therefore, the work aims to present a case report on TVT in the external genitalia of a pregnant bitch. A bitch with no defined racial pattern and no definite age was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC) presenting dark and fetid vaginal secretion according to the owner's complaint. During the physical examination it was observed that the vulva was swollen and reddish, without painful stimulation to the touch or change of temperature and there were multiple nodules in the region. In addition, the mucous membranes were pale mucosa. Complete blood count plus biochemical measurements (creatinine and alanine amino transferase), cytological examination and total abdominal ultrasonography were prescribed for the animal. In the hemogram the animal had normocytic and hypochromic anemia, moderate anisocytosis and hypochromia, erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocytopenia. Biochemical dosages did not change in clinical relevance. Ultrasound examination revealed that the animal was at 45 days of gestation. Cytology was performed by the imprint method and 3 samples were obtained, and based on the observed cellular pattern, it was found that it was a TVT. The animal was treated with diminazene aceturate and vitamin complexes, and was expected to initiate chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate after delivery. The animal gave birth to 7 healthy puppies. After 3 weeks of treatment, the dog had remission of the neoplasia.(AU)

Paraganglioma de corpo aórtico em cão / Aortic body paraganglioma in dog

Background: Aortic body paragangliomas are uncommon neoplasms that develop mainly in aortic and carotid bodies. It has been supposed that genetic factors and chronic hypoxia may stimulate tumor development. The brachycephalic dog breeds, as Boxer, are most predisposed to present this neoplasm. The clinical symptomatology is related to tumor size and localization. Usually aortic body paraganglioma has benign biological behavior, when it is malignant, rarely promotes metastases. The aim of this study was to report a case of the aortic body paraganglioma as death cause in a dog. Case: A canine, 10-year-old, male, cross breed, presented clinical signs as anorexia, emesis, cough, dyspnea and exercise intolerance. After death the animal was examined at the Department of Veterinary Pathology at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. On necropsy, no pericardial effusion was identified, however pleural and abdominal effusion was observed, volume like 1000 and 700 mL, respectively. The heart had a neoplasm near the left atrium, it measured 6.5 x 8.2 cm, had irregular surface, firm consistency, grayish color, and at the cut showed infiltration in the myocardium, as well as obstruction of the left atrial lumen and left ventricle concentric hypertrophy. No distant metastases were found. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of polyhedral morphology cells, eosinophilic cytoplasm, spherical and hyperchromatic nucleus. Cells were grouped into lobes separated by fibrovascular stroma, large cells (less uniform cells), low mitotic rate and myocardial infiltration. On immunohistochemical analysis anti-cytokeratin, anti-vimentin and anti-S-100 antibodies were used. Tumour cells stained was absent for anti-cytokeratin and anti-vimentin, but was anti-S-100 positive. A case of malignant aortic body paraganglioma grade II was diagnosed.[…](AU)

Paraganglioma de corpo aórtico em cão / Aortic body paraganglioma in dog

Background: Aortic body paragangliomas are uncommon neoplasms that develop mainly in aortic and carotid bodies. It has been supposed that genetic factors and chronic hypoxia may stimulate tumor development. The brachycephalic dog breeds, as Boxer, are most predisposed to present this neoplasm. The clinical symptomatology is related to tumor size and localization. Usually aortic body paraganglioma has benign biological behavior, when it is malignant, rarely promotes metastases. The aim of this study was to report a case of the aortic body paraganglioma as death cause in a dog. Case: A canine, 10-year-old, male, cross breed, presented clinical signs as anorexia, emesis, cough, dyspnea and exercise intolerance. After death the animal was examined at the Department of Veterinary Pathology at the Federal Rural University of Amazonia. On necropsy, no pericardial effusion was identified, however pleural and abdominal effusion was observed, volume like 1000 and 700 mL, respectively. The heart had a neoplasm near the left atrium, it measured 6.5 x 8.2 cm, had irregular surface, firm consistency, grayish color, and at the cut showed infiltration in the myocardium, as well as obstruction of the left atrial lumen and left ventricle concentric hypertrophy. No distant metastases were found. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of polyhedral morphology cells, eosinophilic cytoplasm, spherical and hyperchromatic nucleus. Cells were grouped into lobes separated by fibrovascular stroma, large cells (less uniform cells), low mitotic rate and myocardial infiltration. On immunohistochemical analysis anti-cytokeratin, anti-vimentin and anti-S-100 antibodies were used. Tumour cells stained was absent for anti-cytokeratin and anti-vimentin, but was anti-S-100 positive. A case of malignant aortic body paraganglioma grade II was diagnosed.[…]

Microambiente tumoral nas neoplasias mamárias em cadelas Revisão de literatura / Tumor microenvironment in canine mammary tumors - Literature review

Nos últimos anos, o microambiente tumoral foi associado à evolução de doenças crônicas, incluindo as neoplasias mamárias. Um crescente conjunto de evidências foi compilado para demonstrar o papel importante deste processo envolvendo as neoplasias mamárias caninas. A maneira pela qual as interações entre o tumor e o estroma participam ativamente do desenvolvimento neoplásico deve ser elucidada. Apesar de desempenhar função de contribuição na oncogênese, ainda não sabemos se este é um efeito direto ou indireto. A seguinte revisão descreve e esclarece algumas das principais evidências para a interação com o estroma tumoral e a evolução da progressão neoplásica.(AU)

In the recent years, the tumor microenvironment has been associated with the evolution of chronic diseases, including the mammary tumors. The evidence was compiled to demonstrate the important role of this process involving the canine mammary tumors. The way that the interactions between the tumor and the stroma actively participate in tumors development must be elucidated. Despite playing a role of contribution in the oncogenesis, we still do not know if this is a direct or indirect effect. The following review describes and clarifies some of the key evidence for the role of the interaction with the tumor stroma and the evolution of neoplastic progression.(AU)

Microambiente tumoral nas neoplasias mamárias em cadelas – Revisão de literatura / Tumor microenvironment in canine mammary tumors - Literature review

Nos últimos anos, o microambiente tumoral foi associado à evolução de doenças crônicas, incluindo as neoplasias mamárias. Um crescente conjunto de evidências foi compilado para demonstrar o papel importante deste processo envolvendo as neoplasias mamárias caninas. A maneira pela qual as interações entre o tumor e o estroma participam ativamente do desenvolvimento neoplásico deve ser elucidada. Apesar de desempenhar função de contribuição na oncogênese, ainda não sabemos se este é um efeito direto ou indireto. A seguinte revisão descreve e esclarece algumas das principais evidências para a interação com o estroma tumoral e a evolução da progressão neoplásica.

In the recent years, the tumor microenvironment has been associated with the evolution of chronic diseases, including the mammary tumors. The evidence was compiled to demonstrate the important role of this process involving the canine mammary tumors. The way that the interactions between the tumor and the stroma actively participate in tumor’s development must be elucidated. Despite playing a role of contribution in the oncogenesis, we still do not know if this is a direct or indirect effect. The following review describes and clarifies some of the key evidence for the role of the interaction with the tumor stroma and the evolution of neoplastic progression.

Terapia alvo na Oncologia Veterinária

O câncer representa não apenas uma doença, mas a conjunção de várias que compartilham uma única semelhança: a proliferação descontrolada de célula.

Terapia alvo na Oncologia Veterinária

O câncer representa não apenas uma doença, mas a conjunção de várias que compartilham uma única semelhança: a proliferação descontrolada de célula.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo de Cães e Gatos com neoformação submetidos à excisão cirúrgica seguido de eletroquimioterapianoOeste e Sudoeste doParaná-Brasil

Os animais de companhia vêm apresentando mais frequentemente alterações neoplásicas, uma vez que a expectativa de vida da população de caninos e felinos vem aumentando e devido à melhora dos métodos de diagnóstico e tratamento. A eletroquimioterapia pode ser utilizada de forma única ou associada à cirurgia, a fim de proporcionar mais resultados positivos em neoplasmas que ainda não têm tratamento ideal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo retrospectivo de cães e gatos com neoplasmas cutâneos, subcutâneos e em mucosas, submetidos à excisão cirúrgica associado à eletroquimioterapia com bleomicina, realizados em dois hospitais veterinários, nas regiões Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná, entre o período de maio de 2018 a março de 2021. Quanto ao tipo neoplásico, as alterações foram alocadas em grupos de acordo com sua origem, sendo elas as neoplasias de células redondas, mesenquimais, epiteliais, melanocíticas, indiferenciadas e as alterações não neoplásicas. O estudo incluiu 58 procedimentos, sendo a maioria deles em cães (80%). Destacaram-se a incidência na ocorrência de mastocitoma, sarcoma de tecidos moles, hemangiossarcoma, carcinoma de células escamosas e melanoma. Verificaram-se complicações no pós-operatório, das quais inflamação, deiscência de pontos e formação de crostas foram as mais frequentes. O desfecho do caso ocorreu de maneira negativa em 19 animais que vieram a óbito, este fato está relacionado ao estágio avançado das neoplasias encaminhadas ao serviço de oncologia

Companion animals have been showing more frequent neoplastic changes, since the life expectancy of the canine and feline population has been increasing and due to the improvement of the methods of diagnosis and treatment. Electrochemotherapy can be used alone or associated with surgery, in order to provide more positive results in neoplasms that still do not have an ideal treatment. This work aimed to carry out a retrospective study of dogs and cats with cutaneous, subcutaneous and mucous neoplasms, submitted to surgical excision associated with electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, carried out in two veterinary hospitals, in the West and Southwest regions of Paraná, between the period of May 2018 to March 2021. As for the neoplastic type, the alterations were allocated into groups according to their origin, namely round, mesenchymal, epithelial, melanocytic, undifferentiated neoplasms and non-neoplastic changes. The study included 58 procedures, most of them in dogs (80%). The incidence in the occurrence of mastocytoma, soft tissue sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma was highlighted. Postoperative complications were observed, of which inflammation, dehiscence of stitches and formation of crusts were the most frequent. The outcome of the case occurred negatively in 19 animals that died, this fact is related to the advanced stage of neoplasms referred to the oncology service.

Morfometria nuclear, expressão de CK20, P53 e KI-67 no diagnóstico de carcinomas uroteliais em cães

O câncer de bexiga corresponde a cerca de 90% das neoplasias do trato urinário canino, apresentando analogia com a doença na espécie humana, usualmente diagnosticada pelo exame histopatológico. Objetivo: O estudo avalia a contribuição de ferramentas morfométricas e imuno-histoquímicas no diagnóstico de carcinomas uroteliais vesicais em cães, sendo investigadas a área e o perímetro nucleares e a expressão da citoceratina 20 (CK20), p53 e Ki-67 nas células epiteliais das amostras. Métodos: Para tanto, foram avaliadas 25 amostras, 10 não neoplásicas, sendo 5 hígidas e 5 inflamatórias e 15 neoplásicas, todas malignas. Resultados: Houve diferença estatisticamente significante relativa à área e perímetro nucleares das células epiteliais entre amostras não-neoplásicas e neoplásicas (teste T de Student, p< 0,0001). A imunoexpressão de CK20 foi eventual em condições não neoplásicas e ausente em tumores. Como contraponto, a positividade ao p53 foi restrita à população neoplásica. Nesta, houve modificação qualitativa e quantitativa no perfil proliferativo evidenciado pela imunoexpressão mais frequente e topograficamente ampla de Ki-67. Não houve relação entre parâmetros histológicos, como invasão de musculatura e embolização tumoral e padrões de imunomarcação. Conclusão: Em resumo, parâmetros cariométricos e imuno-histoquímicos podem contribuir na caracterização de carcinomas uroteliais vesicais caninos.

Bladder cancer corresponds to about 90% of canine urinary tract neoplasms, showing an analogy with the disease in humans, usually diagnosed by histopathological examination. The study assesses the contribution of morphometric and immunohistochemical tools in the diagnosis of urethral bladder carcinomas in dogs, investigating the nuclear area and perimeter and the expression of cytokeratin 20, p53 and Ki-67 in the epithelial cells of the samples. For this purpose, 25 samples were evaluated, 10 non-neoplastic, 5 healthy and 5 inflammatory and 15 neoplastic, all malignant. There was a statistically significant difference regarding the nuclear area and perimeter of epithelial cells between non-neoplastic and neoplastic samples (Student's T test, p <0.0001). Immunoexpression of CK20 was possible in non- neoplastic conditions and absent in tumors. As a counterpoint, positivity to p53 was restricted to the neoplastic population. In this, there was a qualitative and quantitative change in the proliferative profile evidenced by the more frequent and topographically wide immunoexpression of Ki-67. There was no relationship between histological parameters, such as muscle invasion and tumor embolization and immunostaining patterns. In summary, karyometric and immunohistochemical parameters can contribute to the characterization of canine urothelial carcinomas

Expresión génica: una visión general de los métodos y aplicaciones en la pesquisa de cáncer / Gene expression: an overview of methods and applications for cancer research / Expressão gênica: uma visão geral dos métodos e aplicações na pesquisa do câncer

La expresión génica es el estudio de cómo el genotipo da lugar al fenotipo mediante la investigación de la cantidad de RNAm transcrito en un sistema biológico. Una gran cantidad de métodos fueron estandarizados para identificar variaciones en la expresión génica, incluyendo la hibridación sustractiva, differential display, análisis en serie de la expresión génica, la hibridación de microarrays, y la secuenciación por RNA-seq. La mayoría de las técnicas se han centrado en la investigación y diagnóstico del cáncer, produciendo una gran cantidad de datos, lo que permitió a entender la progresión del cáncer y las vías, descubrir y evaluar nuevas intervenciones de tratamiento, nuevas herramientas moleculares para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico, y analizar el tiempo de sobrevivencia en pacientes humanos y animales. De esta manera, las técnicas de expresión génica trajeron nuevas perspectivas importantes para el campo de la medicina veterinaria, y nuevas investigaciones centradas en oncología proporcionarán mucho más conocimiento acerca de las vías y la interacción de las células sanas y tumorales, mejorando las intervenciones diarias por los oncólogos y los clínicos.(AU)

Gene expression is the study of how the genotype gives rise to the phenotype by investigating the amount of transcribed mRNA in a biological system. A lot of methods have been standardized to identify the variation in gene expression, including subtractive hybridization, differential display, serial analysis of gene expression, microarray hybridization, and RNAseq sequencing. Most of techniques have been focused in cancer research and diagnosis, producing a huge amount of data, which allowed to understand the cancer progression and pathways, discover and evaluate new treatment interventions, new molecular tools for diagnosis and prognosis, and analyze the survival time in human and animal patients. In this way, gene expression techniques brought new important perspectives for the medical and veterinary fields, and further researches focusing oncology will provide much more knowledge concerning the pathways and interaction of healthy and tumor cells, improving the perspectives of the daily interventions by the oncologists and clinicians.(AU)

A expressão genética é o estudo de como o genótipo dá origem ao fenótipo a partir da investigação da quantidade de RNAm transcrito em um sistema biológico. Vários métodos já foram padronizados para identificar variações na expressão gênica, dentre eles a hibridização subtrativa, differential display, análise em série da expressão genética, hibridização de microarranjo, e sequenciamento por RNA-seq. A maioria das técnicas tem focado na pesquisa e diagnóstico do câncer, gerando enorme quantidade de dados, o que permitiu compreender a progressão do câncer e suas vias, descobrir e analisar novas intervenções terapêuticas, novas ferramentas moleculares para o diagnóstico e prognóstico, e analisar o tempo de sobrevivência em pacientes humanos e animais. Desta forma, as diferentes técnicas de expressão gênica trouxeram novas e importantes perspectivas para a área médica e veterinária, e novas pesquisas focadas em oncologia fornecerão muito mais conhecimento sobre as vias e interações entre células saudáveis e tumorais, melhorando as perspectivas das intervenções diárias pelos oncologistas e clínicos.(AU)

Expresión génica: una visión general de los métodos y aplicaciones en la pesquisa de cáncer / Gene expression: an overview of methods and applications for cancer research / Expressão gênica: uma visão geral dos métodos e aplicações na pesquisa do câncer

La expresión génica es el estudio de cómo el genotipo da lugar al fenotipo mediante la investigación de la cantidad de RNAm transcrito en un sistema biológico. Una gran cantidad de métodos fueron estandarizados para identificar variaciones en la expresión génica, incluyendo la hibridación sustractiva, differential display, análisis en serie de la expresión génica, la hibridación de microarrays, y la secuenciación por RNA-seq. La mayoría de las técnicas se han centrado en la investigación y diagnóstico del cáncer, produciendo una gran cantidad de datos, lo que permitió a entender la progresión del cáncer y las vías, descubrir y evaluar nuevas intervenciones de tratamiento, nuevas herramientas moleculares para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico, y analizar el tiempo de sobrevivencia en pacientes humanos y animales. De esta manera, las técnicas de expresión génica trajeron nuevas perspectivas importantes para el campo de la medicina veterinaria, y nuevas investigaciones centradas en oncología proporcionarán mucho más conocimiento acerca de las vías y la interacción de las células sanas y tumorales, mejorando las intervenciones diarias por los oncólogos y los clínicos.

Gene expression is the study of how the genotype gives rise to the phenotype by investigating the amount of transcribed mRNA in a biological system. A lot of methods have been standardized to identify the variation in gene expression, including subtractive hybridization, differential display, serial analysis of gene expression, microarray hybridization, and RNAseq sequencing. Most of techniques have been focused in cancer research and diagnosis, producing a huge amount of data, which allowed to understand the cancer progression and pathways, discover and evaluate new treatment interventions, new molecular tools for diagnosis and prognosis, and analyze the survival time in human and animal patients. In this way, gene expression techniques brought new important perspectives for the medical and veterinary fields, and further researches focusing oncology will provide much more knowledge concerning the pathways and interaction of healthy and tumor cells, improving the perspectives of the daily interventions by the oncologists and clinicians.

A expressão genética é o estudo de como o genótipo dá origem ao fenótipo a partir da investigação da quantidade de RNAm transcrito em um sistema biológico. Vários métodos já foram padronizados para identificar variações na expressão gênica, dentre eles a hibridização subtrativa, differential display, análise em série da expressão genética, hibridização de microarranjo, e sequenciamento por RNA-seq. A maioria das técnicas tem focado na pesquisa e diagnóstico do câncer, gerando enorme quantidade de dados, o que permitiu compreender a progressão do câncer e suas vias, descobrir e analisar novas intervenções terapêuticas, novas ferramentas moleculares para o diagnóstico e prognóstico, e analisar o tempo de sobrevivência em pacientes humanos e animais. Desta forma, as diferentes técnicas de expressão gênica trouxeram novas e importantes perspectivas para a área médica e veterinária, e novas pesquisas focadas em oncologia fornecerão muito mais conhecimento sobre as vias e interações entre células saudáveis e tumorais, melhorando as perspectivas das intervenções diárias pelos oncologistas e clínicos.