Multilobular tumor of bone in bitches: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and overall survival aspects

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is an unusual neoplasm with variable biologic behavior which originates primarily in bone tissues. Radiographs computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in diagnoses and surgical planning. Tumor removal with wide surgical margins is the treatment of choice. Immunohistochemistry has been shown as an important tool in veterinary oncology to define therapeutic and prognostic decisions. The goal of this study was to report 2 distinct cases of multilobular tumor of bone, their Cox-2 and Mib-1 immunohistochemical profile and its impact on overall survival. Case: Two bitches were presented at the Oncology Department of the Veterinary Hospital in the Veterinary School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Both had a history of a progressive, painless, circumscribed, and firm facial mass. The 1st patient was a 8-year-old intact bitch mixed breed, weighing 50 kg, that presented a fast growing right infraorbital 3-cm mass, causing eye displacement. The 2nd patient was a 7-year-old spayed bitch Labrador retriever, weighing 28 kg, that presented a left temporal 8-cm mass. Neurologic examination of both bitches was normal. Skin over the nodules was strained, but with no ulceration. Radiographic exams of the head revealed lytic and proliferative bone reaction, with loss of cortical definition in both cases. These alterations were seen on the left zygomatic arch of the retrobulbar region, involving part of the mandible and of the nasal sinus lateral frontal bone in 1st patient, and on the right temporal process of the zygomatic bone in 2nd patient. The last one, also showed a granular solid mass with little contact with skull bones. Complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrocardiogram, and 3-view thoracic radiographs were performed. Results were within normal ranges for the species and no signs of metastasis was seen on the radiographs. Location, size, and density of the mass, adjacent tissue compression, absence of cranial invasion, and lymph node size were rigorously evaluated with CT, allowing an individualized surgical planning to achieve complete mass removal and maintenance of the function of adjacent structures. Both animals were submitted to surgery. Both tumors were fixed on 10% neutral buffered formalin and sent to the Animal Pathology Department of UFMG for histopathological examination and margin assessment. Both tumors were diagnosed as grade I MTB. Tumor immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prognostic factors that could be used to better define therapeutic treatments and to try to clarify the discrepancy in disease progression between both tumors. The 1st patient expressed 20% of Mib-1 and was considered score 2 of Cox-2. The 2nd one expressed 5% of Mib-1 and was considered score 1 of Cox-2. Considering the diagnoses and histological characteristics of the tumors, it was decided for clinical follow-up of patients without additional therapeutic complementation. Even considering incomplete surgical margins in 2nd patient, adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed, due to low mitotic index and low histological grade. The 1st patient had an overall survival of 240 days, and death was due to recurrence and disease progression; and the 2nd did not show recurrence nor metastasis after 1200 days. Discussion: Proper and individualized surgical planning and histopathological evaluation are extremely important to guide treatment decisions. However, immunohistochemistry can be important in MTB cases, to help define which patients should be submitted to surgery alone and which patients could be benefited from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) em cão na região prepucial: relato de caso / Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) in dog in the preputial region: case report / Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) en perro de la región prepucial: reporte de un caso

A expectativa de vida dos animais de companhia vem aumentando devido as mudanças comportamentais e de cuidados dos tutores. Em analogia, com as idades cada vez mais avançadas, é comum o desenvolvimento de doenças associadas, sendo o tumor o mais comum entre elas. Todavia, as neoplasias mais comuns na clínica de pequenos animais estão associadas ao sistema tegumentar. O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE), ou carcinoma espinocelular, é uma neoplasia de epitélio, maligno, de crescimento lento e de baixo potencial metastático. Sua etiologia ainda não é precisamente conhecida e a causa exógena mais comum e descrita pela literatura é a exposição à luz ultravioleta, gerando consequentes lesões nas estruturas genéticas e imunogênicas na pele. Além disso, essas lesões apresentam-se de forma mais comum em animais de pelagem clara, com grande exposição solar e em área anatômicas hipopigmentadas. O prognóstico varia de acordo com a localização e o estágio clínico, sendo favorável o diagnóstico realizado precocemente, e o tratamento consiste na avaliação clínica seguida do protocolo adequado O presente relato de caso tem como objetivo principal reunir e discutir informações associadas sobre o carcinoma de células escamosas em caninos e felinos, abordando aspectos clínicos e patológicos, a fim de facilitar o raciocínio sobre o CCE, desde sua abordagem inicial, até seu diagnóstico final e estadiamento.(AU)

The life expectancy of companion animals has been increasing due to behavioral and care changes of the guardians. In analogy, with the increasingly advanced ages, the development of associated diseases is common, the tumor being the most common among them. However, the most common neoplasms in the small animal clinic are associated with the integumentary system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or squamous cell carcinoma, is a malignant, slow-growing, low-potential metastatic epithelial neoplasm. Its etiology is not yet precisely known and the most common exogenous cause described by the literature is exposure to ultraviolet light, generating consequent lesions on the genetic and immunogenic structures in the skin. In addition, these lesions are more common in light-haired animals, with high exposure to the sun, and in hypopigmented anatomical areas. The prognosis varies according to the location and clinical stage, being favorable to the early diagnosis, and the treatment consists in the clinical evaluation followed by the appropriate protocol. The present case report has as its main objective to gather and discuss associated information about squamous cell carcinoma in canines and cats, addressing clinical and pathological aspects, in order to facilitate the reasoning about the CCE, from its initial approach, to its final diagnosis and staging.(AU)

La esperanza de vida de los animales de compañía ha ido en aumento debido a los cambios de comportamiento y cuidado de los guardianes. Por analogía, con las edades cada vez más avanzadas, el desarrollo de enfermedades asociadas es común, siendo el tumor el más común entre ellos. Sin embargo, las neoplasias más comunes en la clínica de animales pequeños se asocian con el sistema tegumentario. El carcinoma epidermoide (CCE), o carcinoma epidermoide, es una neoplasia epitelial metastásica maligna de crecimiento lento y bajo potencial. Su etiología aún no se conoce con precisión y la causa exógena más común descrita por la literatura es la exposición a la luz ultravioleta, generando lesiones consecuentes en las estructuras genéticas e inmunogénicas de la piel. Además, estas lesiones son más comunes en animales de pelo claro, con alta exposición al sol, y en áreas anatómicas hipopigmentadas. El pronóstico varía según la localización y el estadio clínico, siendo favorable al diagnóstico precoz, y el tratamiento consiste en la evaluación clínica seguida del protocolo adecuado. El presente reporte de caso tiene como objetivo principal reunir y discutir información asociada sobre el carcinoma epidermoide en caninos y gatos, abordando aspectos clínicos y patológicos, con el fin de facilitar el razonamiento sobre el CCE, desde su abordaje inicial, hasta su diagnóstico final y estadificación.(AU)

Aplicabilidade da ozonioterapia na oncologia veterinária: aspectos bioquímicos e imunológicos / Applicability of ozone therapy in Veterinary Oncology: biochemical and immunological aspects

A oncologia, em especial na Medicina Veterinária, ainda representa um importante desafio para a ciência exigindo o desenvolvimento de métodos profiláticos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos que apresentem resultados rápidos e eficazes. A ozonioterapia é um procedimento pouco invasivo e praticamente isento de efeitos adversos desde que a sua correta forma de aplicação seja respeitada. A técnica vem sendo estudada há tempos e a sua capacidade imunomoduladora, cicatrizante, bactericida e analgésica já é reconhecida. Contudo, embora existam diversos estudos publicados em Medicina Humana e Veterinária, ainda não há protocolos específicos para o seu emprego em pacientes oncológicos. O presente trabalho discorre sobre as reações bioquímicas e imunológicas desencadeadas pelo ozônio, que podem afetar o paciente oncológico, seja diretamente pelo controle da proliferação das células neoplásicas ou indiretamente com o alívio de dor, fadiga e dos efeitos adversos de outros tratamentos.(AU)

Oncology, especially in Veterinary Medicine, is a subject not solved and scientific methodology must be applied for the development of prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic methods that could provide quick and effective results. Ozone therapy is a minimally invasive procedure and practically free from adverse effects when the correct form of application is respected. The technique has been studied for some time and its immunomodulating, healing, bactericidal and analgesic capacity are already recognized. However, in human and veterinary medicine there are still no concrete indications for its use in cancer patients. This article analyzes biochemical and immunological reactions triggered by ozone that can affect the cancer patient, either directly inhibiting the proliferation of the neoplasm, or indirectly through relief of pain, fatigue and the adverse effects of other treatments.(AU)

Seminoma in a gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) with unilateral cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the incomplete descent of the testes and associated structures, and cryptorchid testes are more likely to develop testicular neoplasms, such as seminoma. This is the first report of a seminoma in a cryptorchid wild-caught gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). The animal developed a unilateral seminoma with classical histopathological findings and benign behavior. Six months after the orchiectomy the cervid presented a metatarsal opened fracture, dying during the orthopedic surgery. No macro or micrometric metastasis was observed at the necropsy.(AU)

Linfoma extranodal de células B em vesícula urinária de um cão / Extranodal B-cell lymphoma in the urinary bladder in a dog

O linfoma é uma neoplasia de alta recorrência na rotina oncológica de medicina veterinária. Pode ser classificado em linfoma Hodgking-liked, com raros casos descritos somente em felinos,e não Hodgking, sendo este segundo o mais comum, subdividido em linfomas B ou T. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a conduta clínica, diagnóstica e terapêutica do caso de uma cadela, de 12 anos, sem raça definida, que manifestava disúria, prostração, dor abdominal e ao exame físico a presença de uma massa na região hipogástrica. Esta foi diagnosticada com linfoma de grandes células por meio de exames de citologia e biópsia, com solicitação do exame de imunoistoquímica que confirmou linfoma difuso de grandes células de imunofenótipo B. Sem o envolvimento de nenhum outro sistema, classificou-se como linfoma primário de bexiga extranodal. O animal passou pelo tratamento quimioterápico realizando nove sessões de quimioterapia pelo protocolo de CHOP, contudo devido ao agravamento do caso a paciente veio a óbito cerca de sete meses após o diagnóstico da doença. O caso estudado foi de extrema importância para a compreensão de linfomas primários de bexiga em razão da escassez de informações relacionadas na literatura. Ainda, o cão é um excelente modelo experimental de linfomas não Hodgking em humanos, consequentemente compreender essa doença em cães promove a evolução conjunta da medicina humana.

Lymphoma is a highly recurrent rate neoplasm in the oncology routine of veterinary medicine. It can be classified into Hodgking-like, rarely described just in felines, and non-Hodgking lymphoma, the latter being the most commun, subdivided into B-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma. The objective of this study was to report the clinical and therapeutic conduct within the diagnosis procedures of a 12-years-old female dog, mixed breed, who manifested dysuria, prostation, abdominal pain and on the physical examination a mass in the hypogastric region was noticed. This was diagnosed as a large cell lymphoma by means cytology and biopsy, also immunohistochemistry was required which confirmed the diffuse large cell lymphoma of immunophenotyping B. Without any other sistem envolved, the neoplasm was classified as primary urinary bladder lymphoma extranodal. The animal underwent chemotherapy, performing nine sessions according to the Madison protocol, however, due to the worsening of the case, the patient died about seven months after the diagnosis of the disease. This case was extremely importante for the understanding of primary urinary bladder lymphomas due to the scarcity of informations in the literature. Also, dog is an excellent experi,emtal model of non Hodgking lymphomas in humans, thus understandig this disease in dogs promotes the joint evolution of human medicine.

Plasmocitoma extramedular em cão positivo para leishmaniose: Relato de caso / Extramedullary plasmacytoma in a dog positive for leishmaniasis: case report

Os plasmocitomas extramedulares são uma proliferação excessiva de células plasmocíticas, que pode acometer nos cães, o sistema cutâneo e mucocutâneo. Classificados como benignos, já que por sua vez possuem um baixo potencial metastático, porém o local onde se infiltra se comporta de forma agressiva. A formação dos nódulos é isolada, mas podem ser múltiplos, apresentam coloração avermelhada e possuem tamanhos médios de 1 a 2 cm. O histopatológico evidencia plasmócitos, em arranjo de cordão e entremeados a uma discreta quantidade de tecido conjuntivo. O objetivo deste relato é identificar e diagnosticar um caso de plasmocitoma extramedular em cão positivo para leishmaniose.(AU)

The extramedullary plasmacytomas are an excessive proliferation of plasmacytic cells, which can affect the cutaneous and mucocutaneous systems in dogs. Classified as benign, as they in turn have a low metastatic potential, but the site where they infiltrate behaves aggressively. The formation of nodules is isolated, but they can be multiple, present with a reddish color and have average sizes of 1 to 2 cm. Histopathology shows plasma cells, in a cord arrangement and intermingled with a small amount of connective tissue. The purpose of this report is to identify and diagnose a case of oral plasmacytoma in a dog.(AU)

Cytopathology of cutaneous and subcutaneous neoplasms in feline species: a retrospective study / Citopatologia das neoplasias cutâneas e subcutâneas na espécie felina: estudo retrospectivo

It is estimated that a quarter of all feline neoplasms affect the integumentary system. Cytological examination is of admirable importance for detection of neoplasms in companion animals, being considered a simple and non-invasive method. To date, there are limited information regarding the prevalence of feline skin cancer as well as the use of cytopathology as a diagnostic tool. In this sense, the study aimed to characterize cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors in 192 cats from the archives of a private clinic in São Paulo-SP, Brazil, specialized in the care of felines. Data regarding the animal (breed definition, sex, and age group) and tumor characteristics (biological behavior, cytomorphological category of neoplasm, and cytological suggestion for neoplasm) were obtained in a five-year period. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated to verify the statistical difference between the animal and tumor characteristics. The chi-square test was carried out to verify the association between the tumor biological behavior and animal variables, as well as other tumor characteristics. Most cats were mixed breed and aged 11 to 15 years. Malignant tumors were predominant. A statistical association was observed between cytomorphological category of neoplasm and biological behavior (p<0.001). Mesenchymal (24.5%) and epithelial tumors (25%) presented the highest frequency among those benign and malignant, respectively. The cytological suggestion for neoplasm was also statistically associated with biological behavior (p<0.001). The highest percentage of occurrence of benign and malignant tumors consisted of lipomas (22.9%) and sarcomas (19.3%), respectively.(AU)

Estima-se que um quarto de todas as neoplasias felinas afetam o sistema tegumentar. O exame citológico é impor-tante para detecção de neoplasias em animais de companhia, sendo considerado um método simples e não invasivo. Até o momento, há informações limitadas sobre a prevalência das neoplasias cutâneas felinas, bem como o uso da citopatologia como ferramenta diagnóstica. Nesse sentido, o estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar neoplasias cutâneas e subcutâneas em 192 gatos do arquivo de uma clínica veterinária privada da cidade de São Paulo-SP, Brasil, especializada no atendimento de feli-nos. Dados referentes ao animal (raça, sexo e faixa etária) e características das neoplasias (comportamento biológico, categoria citomorfológica e sugestão citológica) foram obtidos em um período de cinco anos. Foi estimado um intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% para verificar a diferença estatística entre as características do animal e da neoplasia. O teste do qui-quadrado foi realizado para verificar a associação entre o comportamento biológico da neoplasia e as variáveis dos animais, além de outras características neoplásicas. A maioria dos gatos era sem definição racial e com idade entre 11 e 15 anos. As neoplasias malignas foram predominantes. Foi observada associação estatística entre a categoria citomorfológica e o comportamento biológico da neoplasia (p<0,001). Neoplasias mesenquimais (24,5%) e epiteliais (25%) apresentaram a maior frequência entre os benignos e malignos, respectivamente. A sugestão citológica para neoplasia também foi estatisticamente associada ao comportamento biológico (p<0,001). O maior percentual de ocorrência de tumores benignos e malignos consistiu em lipomas (22,9%) e sar-comas (19,3%), respectivamente.(AU)

Expression of LIN28A/B and Let-7 miRNAs in canine mammary carcinomas / Expressão de LIN28A/B e Let-7 miRNAs em carcinomas mamários caninos

LIN28 is a RNA-binding protein including two highly conserved homologous, LIN28A and LIN28B. Proto-oncogenes such as LIN28A and LIN28B are generally targeted by the let-7 miRNAs in different types of human cancers. Here, we determined the expression of LIN28A in canine mammary tumor samples and the LIN28/let-7 pathway in canine mammary cell lines. In those cell lines, we identified a functional LIN28/let-7 pathway which exhibited high expression of let-7 members and low expression of its targets, including LIN28A and LIN28B. However, the mammary carcinoma tissue samples showed a frequent expression of LIN28A being expressed mainly in the epithelial cells. No association was observed between LIN28A expression and histopathological classification and grade, TNM and survival time. Our results suggested a possible role of the LIN28A protein in the development of canine mammary carcinomas due to the high frequency observed in the tumor samples (28 of 32). The in vitro experiments suggested that the LIN28/let-7 pathway is active in the tumor cells evaluated. However, more studies are necessary to elucidate the exact role of LIN28/let-7 pathway in canine mammary carcinomas.

LIN28 é uma proteína de ligação ao RNA, com duas formas homólogas altamente conservadas, LIN28A e LIN28B. Os proto-oncogenes LIN28A e LIN28B são regulados pela família de miRNAs let-7 em diferentes tipos de cânceres em humanos. No presente trabalho, o objetivo foi determinar a expressão de LIN28A em amostras de tumor mamário de cadelas e a via LIN28/let-7 em linhagens celulares mamárias caninas. Nestas linhagens, através das técnicas de qPCR e RNAseq, foi identificado que a via LIN28/let-7 apresenta-se funcional, com alta expressão dos membros da família let-7 e baixa expressão de seus alvos, entre eles LIN28A e LIN28B. No entanto, as amostras de tecidos de carcinomas mamários caninos demonstraram expressão frequente de LIN28A, sendo observada principalmente em células epiteliais. Não foram observadas associações entre expressão de LIN28A com classificação e gradação histopatológicas, TNM e tempo de sobrevida. Nossos resultados sugerem uma possível relação da proteína LIN28A no desenvolvimento de carcinomas mamários caninos devido à alta frequência observada nas amostras tumorais (28 de 32). Os experimentos in vitro sugerem que a via LIN28/let-7 é ativa nas linhagens celulares caninas avaliadas. Entretanto, estudos funcionais ainda são necessários para elucidar a função exata da via LIN28/let-7 nos carcinomas mamários caninos.

Meningioma intracraniano em cão - tratamento com radioterapia / Intracranial meningioma in a dog - treatment with radiotherapy

Background: The most common primary brain neoplasm is meningioma. Dolichocephalic breeds are predisposed and there is no sexual predilection. Clinical signs depend on the location and size of the tumor and have a progressive course. Primary treatement includes surgery, radiotherapy or both. This study aimed to describe the treatment of a dog with suspected intracranial meningioma with definitive radiotherapy, which resulted in significant clinical improvement and prolonged survival. Case: A 9-year-old Shetland Shepherd bitch was diagnosed with a head tilt to the left side that progressed over a few weeks. She previously received corticosteroid therapy, which resulted a clinical improvement that worsened after treatment was discontinued. Computed tomography revealed an extra-axial brain mass in the caudal fossa, lateralized to the right, welldelimited, and measuring approximately 1.5 × 1.4 × 1.7 cm, suggestive of intracranial meningioma. The patient was treated with radiotherapy using Cobalt-60 equipment, with 18 daily fractions of 2.5 Gy at a total dose of 45 Gy using parallel and opposite technique fields. A new tomography performed 30 days after treatment showed a remission of 85% of the initial brain mass measuring approximately 0.9 × 1.0 × 0.5 cm, as well as complete resolution of the clinical signs initially presented. After 14 months, the patient presented with signs of lethargy and ataxia and was medicated with hydroxyurea at a dose of 50 mg/kg 3 times a week and corticosteroid therapy. However, the patient's neurological condition deteriorated, and she was subjected to reirradiation using the same protocol used previously, which resulted in clinical improvement and a 54% reduction in tumor volume on magnetic resonance. As a late side effect, only permanent alopecia in the irradiated region was observed. The patient died of disease 330 days after the second course of radiotherapy, with a total survival time of 1087 days. Discussion: Meningiomas are extra-axial neoplasms of the central nervous system that grow inside the dura mater. The literature shows that meningiomas are more common in dolichocephalic races with a mean age of 9 years, which supports our findings. Meningiomas most commonly affect the cortical thalamus and cerebellopontine region in dogs, which are normally associated with vestibular symptoms, as seen in this case. Diencephalic damage can result in vestibular signals since the thalamus functions as a relay station for vestibular afferent stimuli that are relayed to the cerebral cortex. In addition to the vestibular syndrome, common clinical signs associated with meningiomas in dogs include seizures, behavioral changes, and walking in circles, which are frequently misinterpreted due to tumor-induced side effects, such as cerebral edema, obstructive hydrocephalus, and cerebral hernia. Advanced imaging techniques should be used to diagnose intracranial neoplasms. In this case, computed tomography was critical for diagnosis and treatment planning. Meningioma treatment may comprise palliative measures, surgery, and radiotherapy. Radiotherapy as a single treatment can improve the quality of life with a decrease in clinical signs and a median survival time of approximately 250-536 days, as reported in the literature. Hydroxyurea can be a therapeutic option in inoperable cases and for patients with clinical limitations to undergo successive anesthesia during radiotherapy. Its most serious side effect is progressive myelosuppression. It can cause temporary partial tumor remission and improvement in clinical signs. As previously stated, radiotherapy can be an effective primary treatment option for treating intracranial meningiomas in dogs, with significant improvement in neurological clinical signs and mild side effects.

Carcinoma de células escamosas em pálpebra com metástase ocular em um gato doméstico / Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid with ocular metastases in a domestic cat

Background: Eye neoplasms are infrequent in felines and usually affect the eyelids. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplasm that occurs owing to recurrent lesions caused by solar radiation and affects the margins of the ears, eyelids, nose and lips of animals with light-colored coat. The clinical signs consist of ulcerated, crusty lesions that may form masses. The diagnosis is established by means of histopathological analysis, and the prognosis depends on the area affected and tumor infiltration. This work aimed to describe a case of SCC in the eyelid with invasion of the eye and its adnexa in a cat, highlighting clinical aspects and the importance of the anatomopathological examination. Case: A female mixed breed senile cat that had been rescued from the streets was brought in for examination. Dehydration and a low body condition score were observed at the general clinical examination. A physical inspection revealed the presence of an ulcerated periocular lesion on the eyelid; the right eye exhibited increased size and loss of definition of its internal structures. The presence of malodorous cerumen in the right ear canal, a tilted head, and walking in circles to the right were also noted. A dysplastic epithelium along with neutrophilic inflammation was observed at the cytopathological analysis. The treatment instituted consisted of administration of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs, and cleaning of the ear. On the follow-up appointment, 2 days later, the patient's condition had worsened and in spite of the supportive therapy administered, the animal died. An anatomopathological study of the body identified, in addition to the alterations in the eyelid and the eye mentioned above, a traumatic lesion with perforation of the mandibular bone, and presence of a brownish content with caseous consistency in the right ear canal. After visualization of the microscopic alterations, the diagnosis established was squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid with metastases in the optical nerve and choroid blood vessels. Discussion: Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common epithelial neoplasms in felines, and can occur in any region of the face; however, the eyelids and the eyes are less frequently affected, which confirms that the case reported here is uncommon. SCC has a higher incidence in female cats older than 10 years of age with light-colored coat and highly exposed to ultraviolet radiation. The case reported here exhibited these characteristics, as the patient had been rescued from the streets where exposition to sunlight is intense. The clinical presentation was consistent with that described in other works, with ulcerated crusty lesions on the eyelid and the nose. Vestibular syndrome, as inferred from the tilted head and circular gait (walking in circles to the right), could be explained by internal otitis, which was observed at necropsy. The cytological analysis of the eye lesion demonstrated the presence of a neutrophilic inflammatory process along with a dysplastic or immature squamous epithelium, which prompted for therapy using antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drugs. The definitive diagnosis was established with basis on the histopathological analysis, which revealed a pattern of neoplastic cells arranged in clusters or strands connected to the epidermal surface, and the presence of "keratin pearls" consistent with SCC affecting not only the eyelid and the eye, but also invading the optical nerve and the choroid blood vessels. The prognosis was unfavorable owing to the advanced stage of the tumor and concomitant diseases. Even though the development of SCC in the eyelid is relatively common, the occurrence of metastasis in the eye adnexa is rare in felines. An anatomopathological study was required to establish the diagnosis of SCC as the patient's clinical history data were scarce.

Non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma with systemic dissemination in a dog

Background: Cutaneous lymphoma is a highly malignant neoplasm, which can originate in the epidermis or dermis, aswell as be disseminated to other organs such as lung, heart, arm, liver and bone marrow. It comes in the form of nodes ofvarious sizes, erythematous and alopecic, itching may or may not occur. The diagnosis is made by cytological and histopathological examination of the compromised tissue. However, it is important to perform complementary tests for clinicalstaging and prognostic characterization. The objective is to report a case of non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma withsystemic dissemination in a dog.Case: A female mixed bred adult canine was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grossodo Sul with a history of progressive weight loss and the presence of alopecic and non-pruritic subcutaneous nodules in thetorso, nasal plane and pelvic limbs, starting 4 months ago. After approximately 20 days, the presence of rapidly evolvingulcerated nodules was noted. On physical examination, generalized lymphadenomegaly was observed and among thedermatological findings were multiple nodules of varying sizes with the presence of ulceration in the center of the lesions,alopecia, erythema and raised edges, in the region of the nasal sinus, pelvic and thoracic limbs, tail, thoracolumbar andabdominal region. The animal also presented right pelvic limb edema with painful sensibility to manipulation CBC andbiochemical tests (albumin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, globulins, total proteins andfractions) were performed, being observed as normocytic normochromic type anemia alteration (erythrocytes: 2.78 106/µL; hemoglobin: 6.8 g/µL; globular volume: 18.8%), leukopenia (4,000/mm3) with presence of metamyelocytes (120/mm3) and rods (1,080/mm3) and lymphopenia (80/mm3). Three samples of the nodules were...

LOPH and D-MHC in the treatment of FeLV associated acute leukemia in a cat

Background: Bone marrow primary malignancies are denominated leukemias, classified as myeloid or lymphoid, according to the cell lineage, and acute or chronic, according to the cell´s state of maturation. In cats, acute lymphoid leukemiais the most common form, especially in regions endemic for feline leukemia virus and / or feline immunodeficiency virus.A new treatment protocol for lymphomas, called LOPH, was described for animals with FeLV persistent viremia. Thisstudy aimed to report a case of a cat presenting with FeLV associated acute leukemia and treated with the LOPH protocol,and, in the rescue phase, a modification of the D-MAC protocol, denominated D-MHC.Case: A 4-year-old mixed breed intact queen was attended due to lethargy and inappetence. The patient did not present anyrelevant abnormalities in the clinical exam and complementary exams were performed including complete blood count,biochemical profile, SNAP Feline Triple Test, chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. Imaging tests and biochemicalvalues were unremarkable, but the patient presented a reagent result for FeLV and severe leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis. The morphological evaluation of the blood smear revealed the presence of blasts, in a concentration greater than 20%of the nucleated cells, which allowed the characterization of a leukemic state, probably lymphoid. First-line treatmentwas based on the LOPH protocol, including Lomustine, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin, in four-week cycles.Nevertheless, during the third cycle, 66 days after the institution of this protocol, the patient presented a febrile conditionalong with marked leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis, confirming leukemia recurrence. A rescue attempt was performedwith a modification of the D-MAC protocol, originally consisting of the combination of dexamethasone, melphalan, actinomycin-D and cytarabine, but with replacement of actinomycin-D by doxorubicin, and therefore denominated D-MHC....

Squamous cell carcinoma in the third eyelid of a dog

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and predominantly affect light-skinned animals. In dogs, breeds such as American Staffordshire Terriers, white or speckled Bull Terriers, and Beagles have a higher predisposition. Squamous cell carcinoma presents in the skin, at slightly pigmented or hairy sites, especially in digits, but also may occur in the nasal planum, oral mucosa, and rarely, in the eye. Considering that few reports have been published on eye neoplasms, the aim of this paper is to describe a dog with a lesion in the third eyelid of his right eye which was diagnosticated with squamous cell carcinoma. Case: A 10-year-old male American Staffordshire dog was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics College, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil with injury to the right eye. During the physical examination, there was also a non-adhered lump near the foreskin, measuring 1.5 cm in diameter. In addition, there was another lump in the third eyelid of the right eye, approximately 3 mm in diameter. Cytology of the dermal nodule was performed by fine-needle aspiration cytology; however, the sample was insufficient for cytological evaluation. Therefore, the animal was placed under general anesthesia for skin lump excision and for fine-needle aspiration cytology of the third eyelid nodule. The histopathological exam revealed high cellularity of epithelial cells, intense anisocytosis and pleomorphism, cytoplasmic basophilia and vacuolation, multiple evident nucleoli, and anisocariosis and coarse chromatin. These finds were compatible with squamous cell carcinoma, which was the same result suggested by fine-needle aspiration cytology of the third...

LOPH and D-MHC in the treatment of FeLV associated acute leukemia in a cat

Background: Bone marrow primary malignancies are denominated leukemias, classified as myeloid or lymphoid, according to the cell lineage, and acute or chronic, according to the cell´s state of maturation. In cats, acute lymphoid leukemiais the most common form, especially in regions endemic for feline leukemia virus and / or feline immunodeficiency virus.A new treatment protocol for lymphomas, called LOPH, was described for animals with FeLV persistent viremia. Thisstudy aimed to report a case of a cat presenting with FeLV associated acute leukemia and treated with the LOPH protocol,and, in the rescue phase, a modification of the D-MAC protocol, denominated D-MHC.Case: A 4-year-old mixed breed intact queen was attended due to lethargy and inappetence. The patient did not present anyrelevant abnormalities in the clinical exam and complementary exams were performed including complete blood count,biochemical profile, SNAP Feline Triple Test, chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound. Imaging tests and biochemicalvalues were unremarkable, but the patient presented a reagent result for FeLV and severe leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis. The morphological evaluation of the blood smear revealed the presence of blasts, in a concentration greater than 20%of the nucleated cells, which allowed the characterization of a leukemic state, probably lymphoid. First-line treatmentwas based on the LOPH protocol, including Lomustine, Vincristine, Prednisolone and Doxorubicin, in four-week cycles.Nevertheless, during the third cycle, 66 days after the institution of this protocol, the patient presented a febrile conditionalong with marked leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis, confirming leukemia recurrence. A rescue attempt was performedwith a modification of the D-MAC protocol, originally consisting of the combination of dexamethasone, melphalan, actinomycin-D and cytarabine, but with replacement of actinomycin-D by doxorubicin, and therefore denominated D-MHC....(AU)

Non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma with systemic dissemination in a dog

Background: Cutaneous lymphoma is a highly malignant neoplasm, which can originate in the epidermis or dermis, aswell as be disseminated to other organs such as lung, heart, arm, liver and bone marrow. It comes in the form of nodes ofvarious sizes, erythematous and alopecic, itching may or may not occur. The diagnosis is made by cytological and histopathological examination of the compromised tissue. However, it is important to perform complementary tests for clinicalstaging and prognostic characterization. The objective is to report a case of non-epitheliotropic cutaneous lymphoma withsystemic dissemination in a dog.Case: A female mixed bred adult canine was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grossodo Sul with a history of progressive weight loss and the presence of alopecic and non-pruritic subcutaneous nodules in thetorso, nasal plane and pelvic limbs, starting 4 months ago. After approximately 20 days, the presence of rapidly evolvingulcerated nodules was noted. On physical examination, generalized lymphadenomegaly was observed and among thedermatological findings were multiple nodules of varying sizes with the presence of ulceration in the center of the lesions,alopecia, erythema and raised edges, in the region of the nasal sinus, pelvic and thoracic limbs, tail, thoracolumbar andabdominal region. The animal also presented right pelvic limb edema with painful sensibility to manipulation CBC andbiochemical tests (albumin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, globulins, total proteins andfractions) were performed, being observed as normocytic normochromic type anemia alteration (erythrocytes: 2.78 106/µL; hemoglobin: 6.8 g/µL; globular volume: 18.8%), leukopenia (4,000/mm3) with presence of metamyelocytes (120/mm3) and rods (1,080/mm3) and lymphopenia (80/mm3). Three samples of the nodules were...(AU)

Extract from Arrabidaea chica (Fridericia chica) leaves show preventive action for the mitigation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity / [Extrato das folhas de Arrabidaea chica (Fridericia chica) mostrou potencial ação no combate à cardiotoxicidade induzida pela doxorrubicina]

A doxorrubicina (dox) é um medicamento antineoplásico que induz cardiotoxicidade por estresse oxidativo. Os flavonoides são antioxidantes extraídos de plantas como Camellia sinensis e Arrabidaea chica (Fridericia chica). Esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar efeitos protetores do extrato de A. chica (AC), comparado ao de C. sinensis (CS), frente ao estresse oxidativo induzido pela dox, no coração. Cardiomiócitos e células neoplásicas MDA-MB 231 foram incubados com AC e CS. Depois, adicionou-se dox e avaliaram-se taxas de viabilidade e morte celular. A citometria de fluxo para o ensaio de iodeto de propídeo (IP) em cardiomiócitos mostrou as seguintes taxas de morte celular: controle 53%; dox 78% (maior que controle, P=0,015); AC_12,5µg/mL + dox 65% (menor que dox, P=0,031); AC_25µg/mL + dox 62% (menor que dox, P=0,028); AC_50µg/mL + dox 63% (menor que dox, P=0,030); CS_12,5µg/mL + dox 71% (menor que dox, P=0,040); CS_25µg/ml + dox 69% (menor que dox, P=0,037); CS_50µg/mL + dox 74% (menor que dox, P=0,044). Resultados das células MDA-MB 231 mostraram que nenhum extrato interferiu na atividade antitumoral da dox. Os dados de IP foram corroborados pelos de MTT. Este estudo reporta promissora utilização de A. chica na prevenção da cardiotoxicidade induzida pela dox.(AU)

Vantagens do rastreamento precoce de metástases por tomografia computadorizada na rotina clínica oncológica de tumores mamários em cadelas: revisão de literatura / Advantages of early metastasis screening by computed tomography in the clinical oncology routine of breast tumors in bitches: literature review

Os avanços clínicos, terapêuticos e diagnósticos ocorridos na Medicina Veterinária permitiram que a longevidade dos animais de estimação fosse ampliada. Com isso a casuística de atendimentos oncológicos na rotina clínica veterinária também vem crescendo, visto que a idade avançada é um grande fator predisponente ao câncer. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para o sucesso terapêutico, e os exames de imagem apresentam grande utilidade para a detecção tumoral e de metástases. O presente trabalho é uma revisão bibliográfica que analisa as vantagens da aplicabilidade de exames por imagem, mais precisamente da tomografia computadorizada (TC), em casos oncológicos de tumores das glândulas mamárias, com destaque para a sua importância no diagnóstico, estadiamento, planejamento e acompanhamento terapêutico na rotina clínica oncológica veterinária.

With the increase in the longevity of pets, mainly dogs and cats, due to their closer relationship with humans and also the clinical, therapeutic and diagnostic advances that occurred in veterinary medicine, it was observed an increase in the occurrence of oncological cases in the routine attendance of small animals. This article perform a bibliographic review, analysing the advantages of the applicability of imaging exams, more precisely computed tomography (CT), in oncological cases of tumor of the mammary glands, aiming to demonstrate its importance in the diagnosis, staging and therapeutic planning in veterinary oncology clinical routine.

Surgical treatment associated with adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and piroxicam in cervical sarcoma of a blue-fronted amazon (Amazona aestiva): case report / Tratamento cirúrgico com uso de quimioterapia adjuvante com ciclofosfamida e piroxicam em sarcoma cervical de um papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva): relato de caso

The occurrence of neoplasms in birds is still unknown, with the literature based mainly on scarce reports, in this context, data about epidemiology in specific species are almost nonexistent. Sarcomas are malignant mesenchymal origin neoplasms, which can develop from different tissues, such as adipose, cartilage, bone, among others. The occurrence of sarcomas in birds has been previously described, with different therapeutic approaches. The present report describes the clinical approach in a blue-fronted amazon (Amazona aestiva) diagnosed with a soft tissue sarcoma in the dorsal cervical region, with surgical excision associated with a metronomic chemotherapy protocol as an adjuvant. The therapeutic combination proved to be effective in controlling the disease, guaranteeing important survival, with clinical absence of side effects.

A ocorrência das neoplasias em aves ainda é desconhecida, com a literatura se baseando principalmente em relatos escassos, nesse contexto, dados acerca de epidemiologia em espécies específicas são quase inexistentes. Os sarcomas são neo-plasias malignas de origem mesenquimal, podendo se desenvolver a partir de tecidos diversos, como adiposo, cartilaginoso, ósseo, dentre outros. A ocorrência de sarcomas em aves já foi previamente descrita, com diferentes abordagens terapêuticas. O presente relato descreve a abordagem clínica em um papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) diagnosticado com um sarcoma de tecidos moles em região cervical dorsal, sendo realizada a exérese cirúrgica associada a protocolo quimioterápico metronô-mico em caráter adjuvante. A combinação terapêutica se mostrou eficaz no controle da doença, garantindo sobrevida impor-tante, na ausência clínica de efeitos colaterais.

Linfoma difuso de grandes células em um buldogue inglês de dois anos: relato de caso / Diffuse large-cell lymphoma in a two-year-old english bulldog: case report

O linfoma é a neoplasia hematopoiética mais frequentemente diagnosticada na clínica de pequenos animais, sendo caracterizado por uma proliferação descontrolada de linfócitos, acometendo principalmente animais idosos. Dentre os achados clínicos mais comuns da doença, a linfadenopatia periférica recebe destaque. Manifestações clínicas como perda de peso, anorexia, edema subcutâneo, êmese, massas cutâneas, disfagia, ascite e dispnéia são também frequentemente encontradas. O diagnóstico dos linfomas é de extrema importância, sendo primordial para estabelecimento do prognóstico do animal, podendo ser feito através da análise citomorfológica de amostras obtidas por punção aspirativa e avaliação histopatológica. A poliquimioterapia é realizada como protocolo terapêutico de eleição para animais com linfoma. Foi atendido no Serviço de Clínica e Cirurgia Oncológica do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HV-UFU), um Buldogue Inglês, de dois anos de idade, apresentando linfonodonomegalia generalizada e diagnosticado com linfoma difuso de grandes células. O diagnóstico foi obtido por exame histopatológico e o imunohistoquímico revelou imunofenotipagem B. O paciente foi submetido a quimioterapia, sendo escolhido o protocolo Winscosin (CHOP) de 19 semanas com remissão completa ao término do protocolo. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de linfoma difuso de grandes células em um Buldogue Inglês de dois anos de idade com remissão completa após a realização de quimioterapia.

Lymphoma is the hematopoietic neoplasm most frequently diagnosed in the clinic of small animals, being characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes, affecting mainly elderly animals. Among the most common clinical findings of the disease, peripheral lymphadenopathy is highlighted. Clinical manifestations such as weight loss, anorexia, subcutaneous edema, emesis, skin masses, dysphagia, ascites and dyspnea are also frequently encountered. The diagnosis of lymphomas is extremely important, being essential for establishing the animal's prognosis and can be done through cytomorphological analysis of samples obtained by aspiration puncture and histopathological evaluation. Polychemotherapy is performed as the therapeutic protocol of choice for animals with lymphoma. It was treated at Serviço de Clínica e Cirurgia Oncológica do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HV-UFU), a two-year-old English Bulldog, with generalized lymph node enlargement and diagnosed with diffuse large cell lymphoma. The diagnosis was obtained by histopathological and immunohistochemical examination and revealed immunophenotyping B. The patient underwent chemotherapy, and the 19- week Winscosin (CHOP) protocol was chosen with complete remission at the end of the protocol. The aim of this work is to report a case of diffuse large cell lymphoma in a two-year-old English Bulldog with complete remission after chemotherapy.

Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) and cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) in dogs diagnosed with cutaneous lymphoma / [Níveis séricos do receptor solúvel de interleucina-2 (sIL-2R) e antígeno do câncer 125 (CA 125) em cães diagnosticados com linfoma cutâneo]

Marcadores sorológicos são rotineiramente utilizados na prática clínica para o estadiamento de linfomas e para a determinação de seu prognóstico em humanos. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre sua utilização em cães, mesmo os linfomas sendo neoplasias com alta prevalência nessa espécie. No presente estudo, as concentrações séricas do receptor solúvel de interleucina-2 (sIL-2R) e do antígeno do câncer 125 (CA 125) foram mensurados em 10 cães saudáveis e em 15 cães com linfoma cutâneo, utilizando-se o kit ELISA canino e a leitura em um Stat Fax modelo 2100 (sIL-2R), bem como o kit ELISA humano e a leitura pelo ELISYS UNO humano (CA 125). Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) nas concentrações dos marcadores entre os grupos. Além disso, os resultados não apontaram significância clínica no estadiamento tumoral e estabelecimento do prognóstico em cães diagnosticados com linfoma cutâneo.(AU)