Effect of an Organic Trace Mineral Premix on the Semen Quality, Testicular Morphology and Gene Expression Related to Testosterone Synthesis of Male Broiler Breeders

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the effect of organic trace minerals premix (OTM) on the reproductive performance of breeder roosters, a total of 240 San Huang roosters (23 weeks of age) were randomly divided into two treatments with six replicates of 20 roosters each. The first group (n = 120) was fed a basal diet containing an inorganic trace minerals premix (ITM) and the other group (n = 120) was fed the basal diet in which ITM was replaced by OTM. The experiment period was 22 weeks. Semen from one randomly-selected rooster per replicate was collected two weeks after the beginning of the experiment and other 10 times every two weeks. Another rooster per replicate was randomly selected at 30, 35, and 45 weeks of age, and sacrificed. Results showed that OTM did not affect relative organ weights. There was a significant increase in semen parameters in OTM group (p 0.05), such as semen volume, semen density, and semen motility from 31 to 35 weeks. OTM-fed roosters presented higher serum testosterone levels at 45 weeks of age, as well as higher testicular mRNA expression of the genes 3-beta dehydrogenase 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) in the OTM-fed group at 45 weeks of age compared with those fed ITM (p 0.05). Considering the results of the present study, it was concluded that feeding organic instead of inorganic trace minerals to male broilers breeders improves semen quality, which may be attributed to their better testicular development and higher expression of enzymes related to testosterone synthesis.(AU)

Effect of an Organic Trace Mineral Premix on the Semen Quality, Testicular Morphology and Gene Expression Related to Testosterone Synthesis of Male Broiler Breeders

ABSTRACT In order to investigate the effect of organic trace minerals premix (OTM) on the reproductive performance of breeder roosters, a total of 240 San Huang roosters (23 weeks of age) were randomly divided into two treatments with six replicates of 20 roosters each. The first group (n = 120) was fed a basal diet containing an inorganic trace minerals premix (ITM) and the other group (n = 120) was fed the basal diet in which ITM was replaced by OTM. The experiment period was 22 weeks. Semen from one randomly-selected rooster per replicate was collected two weeks after the beginning of the experiment and other 10 times every two weeks. Another rooster per replicate was randomly selected at 30, 35, and 45 weeks of age, and sacrificed. Results showed that OTM did not affect relative organ weights. There was a significant increase in semen parameters in OTM group (p 0.05), such as semen volume, semen density, and semen motility from 31 to 35 weeks. OTM-fed roosters presented higher serum testosterone levels at 45 weeks of age, as well as higher testicular mRNA expression of the genes 3-beta dehydrogenase 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) in the OTM-fed group at 45 weeks of age compared with those fed ITM (p 0.05). Considering the results of the present study, it was concluded that feeding organic instead of inorganic trace minerals to male broilers breeders improves semen quality, which may be attributed to their better testicular development and higher expression of enzymes related to testosterone synthesis.

Minerais orgânicos na dieta de vacas leiteiras no período de transição

DA SILVA, G. G. Minerais orgânicos na dieta de vacas leiteiras no período de transição. 2021. 123 p. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a utilização de doses reduzidas de microminerais oriundo de fonte orgânica (Bioplex® Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, e Sel-Plex®. Alltech Inc. Nicholasville. KY) em comparação a fonte inorgânica durante o período de transição em vacas leiteiras sobre os efeitos de produção e composição do leite, digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes, qualidade oocitária e embrionária, perfil metabólico sanguíneo, sistema imune e concentrações de minerais no plasma, colostro e tecido hepático. Neste sentido, a hipótese deste estudo foi que a utilização de Cu, Zn, Mn e Co na forma orgânica, na dose de 50% da dose inorgânica influencie positivamente o desempenho produtivo, sistema imune e perfil metabólico de vacas leiteira durante o período de transição. Foram utilizadas vinte e quatro vacas da raça Holandesa distribuídas em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, sendo as mensurações realizadas a partir de 30 dias antes da data prevista para o parto, até 60 dias pós-parto. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: controle (CON), seguindo recomendações do NRC e literatura recente para recomendações de microminerais, com utilização de fontes inorgânicas na forma de sulfatos; e minerais orgânicos ou proteinados (MP) com utilização de 50% dos níveis na dieta controle para Zn, Cu, Co e Mn na forma orgânica. Os níveis de selênio foram iguais em ambos tratamentos, diferenciando apenas a fonte (inorgânica para o tratamento CON e orgânica para o tratamento MP). A utilização de minerais proteinados aumentou a produção de leite (P < 0,05) entre as semanas 5 e 8 pós-parto, diminuiu (P < 0,05) a porcentagem de gordura no leite e aumentou o consumo de matéria seca (P < 0,05) no mesmo período. O consumo de proteína bruta também foi maior (P < 0,05) entre as semanas 5 e 8 pós-parto e o escore de condição corporal tendeu (P = 0,072) a ser maior para os animais que receberam que receberam minerais proteinados. Não foram observadas diferenças (P > 0,05) para as variáveis de digestibilidade balanço de energia e nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana entre os tratamentos. Maiores concentrações plasmáticas ureia, BHBA e quantidade de selênio no colostro foram observadas para os animais que receberam dietas com minerais proteinados (P < 0,05). Houve tendência (P = 0,089) para maior concentração de selênio plasmático para os animais que receberam minerais proteinados; o mesmo tratamento também reduziu (P < 0,05) a quantidade de oócitos total, viáveis GIII e cultivados. Com relação ao sistema imune, os animais que receberam fontes proteinadas de microminerais apresentaram maior (P < 0,005) amplitude de distribuição de eritrócitos, contagem de linfócitos e porcentagem de espécies reativas ao oxigênio, e tendência (P = 0,063) a diminuição na contagem de neutrófilos. As dietas com microminerais reduzidos na forma proteinadas durante o período de transição aumentam a produção de leite e consumo de matéria e não alteraram as concentrações hepáticas de Zn, Mn, Co e Se, e também não influenciaram a os valores de GPX, e TAS.

DA SILVA, G. G. Organic minerals in the diet of dairy cows in the transition period. 2021. 123 p. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2021. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of reduced doses of trade minerals from an organic (Bioplex® Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, e Sel-Plex®. Alltech Inc. Nicholasville. KY) source compared to an inorganic source during the transition period in dairy cows on the effects of milk yield and composition, digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, oocyte quality and embryonic, blood metabolic profile, immune system and mineral concentrations in plasma, colostrum and liver tissue. In this sense, the hypothesis of this study was that the use of Cu, Zn, Mn and Co in organic form, at a dose of 50% of the inorganic dose, positively influences the productive performance, immune system and metabolic profile of dairy cows during the transition period. Twenty-four Holstein cows were used, distributed in a randomized block experimental design, with measurements being carried out from 30 days before the expected date of calving, until 60 days postpartum. The experimental treatments were: control (CON), following NRC recommendations and recent literature for trace minerals recommendations, using inorganic sources in the form of sulfates; and organic or protein minerals (MP) using 50% of the levels in the control diet for Zn, Cu, Co and Mn in organic form. Selenium levels were similarly in both treatments, differentiating only the source (inorganic for the CON treatment and organic for the MP treatment). The use of protein trace minerals increased milk yield and dry matter intake (P < 0.05) between weeks 5 and 8 postpartum. Crude protein intake was also higher (P < 0.05) between weeks 5 and 8 postpartum and the body condition score tended (P = 0.072) to be higher for animals that received and received protein trace minerals. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for the digestibility variables, energy and nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis between treatments. Higher plasma concentrations of urea, BHBA and amount of selenium in colostrum were observed for animals fed diets with protein minerals (P < 0.05). There was a trend (P = 0.089) for a higher concentration of plasma selenium for animals that received protein minerals; the same treatment also reduced (P < 0.05) the amount of total, viable GIII and cultured oocytes. Regarding the immune system, animals that received protein sources of microminerals had a greater (P < 0.005) range of erythrocyte distribution, lymphocyte count and percentage of reactive oxygen species, and a tendency (P = 0.063) to decrease in the count of neutrophils. Diets with reduced microminerals in proteinaceous form during the transition period increased milk production and matter consumption and did not change the liver concentrations of Zn, Mn, Co and Se, nor did they influence the values of GPX, and TAS

Effects of selenium source on performance, selenium retention and physiological variables in broilers

Diante da sua participação em processos fisiológicos como defesa antioxidante e hormônios tireoidianos, o selênio (Se) tem recebido atenção na nutrição de frangos de corte e sua suplementação na forma micromineral orgânico em dietas práticas de frangos tem sido defendida devido a sua biodisponibilidade, a qual é benéfica para o meio-ambiente, bem como em razão dos resultados sobre variáveis resposta de interesse na produção animal. Um ensaio dose-resposta foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho, mineralização de tecidos, retenção e respostas fisiológicas de frangos de corte em crescimento alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes e níveis de selênio. Um total de 500 frangos de corte macho da linhagem Cobb 500 com 10 dias de idade foram aleatoriamente designados a 10 tratamentos com 10 repetições e 5 aves por repetição. Os tratamentos foram obtidos de um arranjo fatorial 2×5 onde 2 fontes de Se (selenito de sódio [SS] e selênio-levedura [SL]) foram suplementados em dietas semi-purificadas em 0, 0,08, 0,16, 0,24 e 0,32 mg Se/kg de ração. Aves alimentadas com SL tiveram seu peso corporal (PC) e ganho de peso diário (GPD) otimizados em 0,133 e 0,130 mg Se/kg, respectivamente. As duas fontes de Se aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) a atividade da glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px) no sangue de aves, porém valores maiores foram observados em aves supplementadas com SS (P<0,05). As duas fontes de Se infuenciaram a concentração dos hormônios tireoideanos no soro (P<0,05). Aves alimentadas com SL exibiram maior retenção de Se nas penas (P<0,05). Se orgânico suplementado na forma de SL resultou em maior biodisponibilidade do que SS. A suplementação de SL resultou em menor concentração de Se no fígado conforme o aumento dos níveis de Se na dieta (P<0,05). Baseado nas características de desempenho, a suplementação de Se orgânico como SL que garante o crescimento adequado de frango de corte é 0,133 mg Se/kg.

Given its participation in physiological processes such as antioxidant defense systems and thyroid hormone secretion, selenium (Se) has received attention in poultry nutrition and supplementation of organic trace mineral in practical broiler feeds has been defended due to its bioavailability, which is beneficial on environmental grounds, as well because the results on response variables of interest in animal production. A dose-response assay was conducted to evaluate the growth performance, tissue mineralization, retention, and physiological responses of growing broilers fed diets containing different levels and sources of selenium. A total of 500 10-d-old male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 10 treatments with 10 replicates and five birds per replicate. Treatments were obtained from a 2×5 factorial arrangement where 2 sources of Se (sodium selenite [SS] and selenium yeast [SY]) were supplemented in semi-purified diets at 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.32 mg Se/kg feed. Chicks fed SY diets had body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) optimized at 0.133 and 0.130 mg Se/kg, respectively. Both Se sources linearly increased (P<0.05) the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in chick blood but higher values were observed in SS fed chicks (P<0.05). Both Se sources influenced the thyroid hormones serum concentration (P<0.05). Chicks fed SY exhibited greater retention of Se in the feathers (P<0.05). Organic Se as SY showed to be more bioavailable than SS. SY supplementation resulted in lower liver Se concentration as Se supplementation increased (P<0.05). Based on performance traits, the supplemental level of organic Se as SY to support the proper growth of broiler chicks is 0.133 mg Se/kg.

Evaluation of nutrient excretion and retention in broilers submitted to different nutritional strategies

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) balance and on copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) excretion in broilers during the periods of 1 to 21 days and 1 to 46 days of age. Four hundred male Cobb-500 broilers were used. A randomized block experimental design was applied, including five treatments with eight replicates of 10 birds each. A five-phase feeding program was adopted (1-8, 9-21, 22-33, 34-40 and 41-46 days of age). Treatments consisted of a control diet (C) with typical protein level and low amino acid supplementation; a reduced-protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids formulated on ideal protein concept (IP); C with phytase (C+PHY) supplementation; C with inorganic-organic mineral supplementation (C+MIN); and a diet formulated on ideal protein (IP) basis, and supplemented with phytase and organic and inorganic minerals (IP+PHY+MIN). IP and IP+PHY+MIN diets reduced nitrogen excretion in 13.6 and 13.1% respectively, and promoted the same nitrogen retention (g/bird) and retention efficiency as compared to the diet with typical crude protein level. C+PHY and IP+PHY+MIN reduced phosphorus, calcium and manganese excretion, and improved phosphorus retention. C+MIN and IP+PHY+MIN reduced manganese excretion, but did not influence copper or zinc excretion.(AU)

Evaluation of nutrient excretion and retention in broilers submitted to different nutritional strategies

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) balance and on copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) excretion in broilers during the periods of 1 to 21 days and 1 to 46 days of age. Four hundred male Cobb-500 broilers were used. A randomized block experimental design was applied, including five treatments with eight replicates of 10 birds each. A five-phase feeding program was adopted (1-8, 9-21, 22-33, 34-40 and 41-46 days of age). Treatments consisted of a control diet (C) with typical protein level and low amino acid supplementation; a reduced-protein diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids formulated on ideal protein concept (IP); C with phytase (C+PHY) supplementation; C with inorganic-organic mineral supplementation (C+MIN); and a diet formulated on ideal protein (IP) basis, and supplemented with phytase and organic and inorganic minerals (IP+PHY+MIN). IP and IP+PHY+MIN diets reduced nitrogen excretion in 13.6 and 13.1% respectively, and promoted the same nitrogen retention (g/bird) and retention efficiency as compared to the diet with typical crude protein level. C+PHY and IP+PHY+MIN reduced phosphorus, calcium and manganese excretion, and improved phosphorus retention. C+MIN and IP+PHY+MIN reduced manganese excretion, but did not influence copper or zinc excretion.

Effect of dietary organic selenium and zinc on the internal egg quality of quail eggs for different periods and under different temperatures

The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal quality of eggs of Japanese quails fed diets supplemented with chelated selenium and zinc. The experiment was carried out for 120 days, and 144 birds were divided in random blocks into four treatments (control; 0.3 ppm Se; 60 ppm Zn and 0.3 ppm Se + 60 ppm Zn). Ten, 14, 18, and 22 weeks after the beginning of lay, eggs were collected and stored under two different temperatures (environmental temperature or refrigeration) and for 10, 20, and 30 days. Eggs were analyzed for: Haugh units (HU), albumen height (AH), yolk index (YI), and albumen index (AI). Parameters were only statistically influenced by the interaction between dietary treatment and storage time. It was concluded that the addition of organic Se and Zn influenced internal egg quality when eggs were stored up to 20 days, independently of storage temperature, suggesting that the combined supplementation of organic Se and Zn improve internal egg quality and extend egg shelf life.(AU)

Effect of dietary organic selenium and zinc on the internal egg quality of quail eggs for different periods and under different temperatures

The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal quality of eggs of Japanese quails fed diets supplemented with chelated selenium and zinc. The experiment was carried out for 120 days, and 144 birds were divided in random blocks into four treatments (control; 0.3 ppm Se; 60 ppm Zn and 0.3 ppm Se + 60 ppm Zn). Ten, 14, 18, and 22 weeks after the beginning of lay, eggs were collected and stored under two different temperatures (environmental temperature or refrigeration) and for 10, 20, and 30 days. Eggs were analyzed for: Haugh units (HU), albumen height (AH), yolk index (YI), and albumen index (AI). Parameters were only statistically influenced by the interaction between dietary treatment and storage time. It was concluded that the addition of organic Se and Zn influenced internal egg quality when eggs were stored up to 20 days, independently of storage temperature, suggesting that the combined supplementation of organic Se and Zn improve internal egg quality and extend egg shelf life.

Effect of dietary organic selenium and zinc on the internal egg quality of quail eggs for different periods and under different temperatures

The objective of this study was to evaluate the internal quality of eggs of Japanese quails fed diets supplemented with chelated selenium and zinc. The experiment was carried out for 120 days, and 144 birds were divided in random blocks into four treatments (control; 0.3 ppm Se; 60 ppm Zn and 0.3 ppm Se + 60 ppm Zn). Ten, 14, 18, and 22 weeks after the beginning of lay, eggs were collected and stored under two different temperatures (environmental temperature or refrigeration) and for 10, 20, and 30 days. Eggs were analyzed for: Haugh units (HU), albumen height (AH), yolk index (YI), and albumen index (AI). Parameters were only statistically influenced by the interaction between dietary treatment and storage time. It was concluded that the addition of organic Se and Zn influenced internal egg quality when eggs were stored up to 20 days, independently of storage temperature, suggesting that the combined supplementation of organic Se and Zn improve internal egg quality and extend egg shelf life.

Effects of dietary trace mineral sources and levels fed to layers in their second laying cycle on the quality of eggs stored at different temperatures and for different periods

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of trace mineral levels and sources supplemented to diets fed to semi-heavy layers in their second laying cycle on the quality of eggs stored for 14 days at different temperatures. The experimental diets consisted of the inclusion of inorganic trace minerals (T1 - control: 100% ITM) and five supplementation levels of organic trace minerals (carboaminophopho chelates) (110, 100, 90, 80, and 70% OTM). Trace mineral inclusion levels (mg/kg feed) were: T1: control - 100% ITM: Zn (54), Fe (54), Mn (72), Cu (10), I (0.61) Se (0.3); T2 - 110% OTM: Zn (59.4), Fe (59.4), Mn (79.2), Cu (11.88), I (1.21) Se (0.59); T3 - 100%: OTM: Zn (54), Fe (54), Mn (72), Cu (10.8), I (1.10) Se (0.54); T4 - 90% OTM: Zn (48.6), Fe (48.6), Mn (64.8), Cu (9.72), I (0.99) Se (0.49); T5 - 80% OTM: Zn (43.2), Fe (43.2), Mn (57.6), Cu (8.64), I (0.88), Se (0.43); T6 - 70% OTM: Zn (37.8), Fe (37.8), Mn (50.4), Cu (7.56), I (0.77) Se (0.38). A completely randomized experimental design in a split-plot arrangement with 60 treatments of four replicates each was applied. The combination of six diets versus storage temperature (room or under refrigeration) was randomized in plots, whereas the sub-plots consisted of storage times (0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days). Data were submitted to analysis of variance of a model in slip-plots in time using the software package SAS (2000) at 5% probability level. It was concluded that 70% OTM supplementation can be used with no damage to egg quality, independently from storage temperature or time. The quality of refrigerated eggs stored up to 14 days is better than those stored at room temperature.

Effects of dietary trace mineral sources and levels fed to layers in their second laying cycle on the quality of eggs stored at different temperatures and for different periods

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of trace mineral levels and sources supplemented to diets fed to semi-heavy layers in their second laying cycle on the quality of eggs stored for 14 days at different temperatures. The experimental diets consisted of the inclusion of inorganic trace minerals (T1 - control: 100% ITM) and five supplementation levels of organic trace minerals (carboaminophopho chelates) (110, 100, 90, 80, and 70% OTM). Trace mineral inclusion levels (mg/kg feed) were: T1: control - 100% ITM: Zn (54), Fe (54), Mn (72), Cu (10), I (0.61) Se (0.3); T2 - 110% OTM: Zn (59.4), Fe (59.4), Mn (79.2), Cu (11.88), I (1.21) Se (0.59); T3 - 100%: OTM: Zn (54), Fe (54), Mn (72), Cu (10.8), I (1.10) Se (0.54); T4 - 90% OTM: Zn (48.6), Fe (48.6), Mn (64.8), Cu (9.72), I (0.99) Se (0.49); T5 - 80% OTM: Zn (43.2), Fe (43.2), Mn (57.6), Cu (8.64), I (0.88), Se (0.43); T6 - 70% OTM: Zn (37.8), Fe (37.8), Mn (50.4), Cu (7.56), I (0.77) Se (0.38). A completely randomized experimental design in a split-plot arrangement with 60 treatments of four replicates each was applied. The combination of six diets versus storage temperature (room or under refrigeration) was randomized in plots, whereas the sub-plots consisted of storage times (0, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days). Data were submitted to analysis of variance of a model in slip-plots in time using the software package SAS (2000) at 5% probability level. It was concluded that 70% OTM supplementation can be used with no damage to egg quality, independently from storage temperature or time. The quality of refrigerated eggs stored up to 14 days is better than those stored at room temperature.

SUBSTITUIÇÃO DE MINERAIS INORGANICOS POR QUELATADOS EM DIETAS PARA SUINOS EM CRESCIMENTO E TERMINAÇÃO

Para avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de suplementação de microminerais durante as fases de crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça e qualidade da carne suína foram utilizados 1200 suínos provenientes de cruzamentos industriais, com peso inicial de 20,7±0,3 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo cada baia, composta por 20 animais, considerada uma unidade experimental. A dieta comercial usada foi suplementada com: T1 = Premix micromineral inorgânico; T2 = Premix micromineral quelatado, Se e Cr levedura Bioplex TR® 133%; T3 = Premix micromineral quelatado, Se e Cr levedura Bioplex TR® 100%; T4 = Premix micromineral quelatado, Se e Cr levedura Bioplex TR® 66%; T5 = Premix micromineral quelatado, Se e Cr levedura Bioplex TR® 33%; T6 = Sem premix micromineral. Os animais foram abatidos no final do período experimental em frigorífico comercial. O desempenho, conversão alimentar e características de carcaça não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. A substituição do premix inorgânico comercial pelo premix orgânico Bioplex TR®, na proporção de 33%, proporcionou os mesmos resultados nas características avaliadas, demonstrando ser suficiente para que os animais pudessem ter obtido as mesmas medidas de desempenho dos animais nos quais as dietas foram suplementadas com 100% de inclusão do premix inorgânico.

To evaluate the effects of the sources and trace mineral supplementation levels during growing and finishing on performance and swine carcass characteristics ,were used 1200 animals of indurtrial crosses, with initial weight 20.7 ± 0.3 kg. The animals were allotted in a completely randomize design with six dietary treatments and ten replicates, each stall with 20 animals an experimental unit. The commercial diet used was supplemented with: T1 = Inorganic trace mineral premix; T2 = Organic trace mineral premix, Se and Cr yeast - Bioplex TR® 133%; T3 = Organic trace mineral premix, Se and Cr yeast - Bioplex TR® 100%; T4 = Organic trace mineral premix, Se and Cr yeast - Bioplex TR® 66%; T5 = Organic trace mineral premix, Se and Cr yeast - Bioplex TR® 33%; T6 = No trace mineral premix. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the trial period in a packing house. The performance, gain:feed and carcass characteristics were not affected by treatments (P>0,05). The replacement of inorganic commercial premix by Bioplex TR® at a ratio of 33% provides the same results in the evaluated characteristics.