Untreated or ammoniated cotton gin trash in the ensiling of elephant grass reduces silage quality

This study examined the inclusion of untreated or urea-ammoniated CGT on the chemical composition, pH, gas, and effluent losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), and aerobic stability of elephantgrass silage. The experiment was laid out in a randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement represented by three levels of inclusion of CGT during ensiling (0, 5, or 10%) and three levels of ammoniation of CGT with urea before ensiling (0, 4 or 8% for 28 days), using four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, considering a 5% significance level. The pH and DM, NDIN, ADIN, NDF and ADF contents of the silages increased (p<0.05) with the inclusion of CGT, regardless of ammoniation. The lowest (p<0.05) effluent loss was achieved using 10% of CGT ammoniated with 8% urea. In contrast, the elephantgrass silage exhibited the lowest (p<0.05) gas loss and the greatest (p<0.05) DMR. The inclusion of CGT compromised the aerobic stability of the silage. Therefore, the inclusion of CGT ­either untreated or ammoniated ­in the ensiling of elephantgrass is not recommended.(AU)

Dynamics of ammonia volatilization from NBPT-treated urea in tropical acid soils

The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) reduces NH3 losses from urea (UR) surface-applied to soils, but its efficacy may be lower in acidic soils. The period when urease inhibition occurs efficaciously may change with soil pH. This needs to be clarified in tropical soils which are commonly acidic. This study evaluated the effectiveness of NBPT-treated urea to delay and reduce ammonia volatilization in two soils at three pH levels. Two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions in soils with different textures (sandy-clay and clay). The treatments consisted of three soil pH levels and two N sources (UR and UR + NBPT), with five replicates. The soil pH values were adjusted and reached values of 4.5, 5.6, and 6.4 in the sandy-clay, and 4.5, 5.4, and 6.1 in the clay soil. Ammonia volatilization was measured using glass chambers (1.5 L). In the sandy-clay soil, NH3 losses were 40-47 % of the UR-N. In the clay soil, losses were 26-32 %. The addition of NBPT to UR reduced the NH3 volatilization by 18-53 %; the inhibitor decreased the N losses under all soil pH conditions but was significantly less efficient in acidic soils (pH 4.5). The lower efficiency of the inhibitor under acidic conditions was more evident in the first few days: 50 % of the total NH3 losses occurred in less than four days in soils with pH 4.5, but in 8-11 days in soils with pH above 5.4. The rapid loss in efficiency in more acidic soils is a drawback. Using NBPT in severely acidic soils showed a relatively small advantage over untreated UR as the inhibitor did not provide extra time for fertilizer incorporation and further reduction of NH3 losses.(AU)

Physical and chemical aspects of the footbath from dairy farms with different production systems in Arapoti, Paraná / Aspectos físicos e químicos do pedilúvio de propriedades leiteiras com diferentes sistemas de produção, no município de Arapoti, Paraná

This study aimed to evaluate copper sulfate solutions at 5% and 10% concentrations in footbaths from three dairy farms (A, B and C) with free stall and compost barn production systems, located in the municipality of Arapoti, Parana, Brazil. Farms A, B and C were composed of 537, 88 and 208 lactating cows, respectively, all conditioned to the use of a footbath. Every seven days, before and after the passage of each batch of cows through the footbath, samples of the solution were collected for the evaluation of pH, temperature, and the volume of the solution measured. Farms A and C had higher pH alkalinization due to the greater number of batch passages, from the third batch onwards, and also a reduction in the volume of the solution. It is concluded that the volume varied both with the number of animals that passed through the footbath and with the deposition of organic matter in the solution. The concentration of 10% copper sulfate solution was not able to inhibit pH changes. Furthermore, there was no standardization in the dimensions of the footbaths on the farms.

Objetivou-se avaliar as soluções de sulfato de cobre nas concentrações de 5% e 10%, em pedilúvios de três propriedades leiteiras (A, B e C), com sistemas de produção "free stall" e "compost barn", localizadas no município de Arapoti, Paraná, Brasil. As propriedades A, B e C eram compostas por 537, 88 e 208 vacas em lactação, respectivamente, todas condicionadas ao uso do pedilúvio. A cada sete dias, antes e após a passagem de cada lote de vacas pelo pedilúvio, foram colhidas amostras da solução para a avaliação do pH, da temperatura e do volume. As propriedades A e C tiveram alcalinização maior do pH devido ao maior número de passagem de lotes, a partir do terceiro lote, com redução também do volume da solução. Conclui-se que o volume variou tanto com o número de animais que passaram pelo pedilúvio quanto com a deposição de matéria orgânica na solução. A concentração da solução de sulfato de cobre a 10% não foi capaz de inibir as alterações de pH. Além disso, não houve padronização das dimensões dos pedilúvios nas fazendas.

Beef of Nellore cattle has limited tenderization despite pH decline in Longissimus lumborum

Bos taurus indicus temperament is variable and affects beef tenderization. Our objective was to investigate temperament and performance of non­castrated Nellore and identify groups based on Longissimus lumborum (LL) pH decline as well as beef characteristics produced by those groups. We investigated 94 animals with a subset of carcasses (n = 24) selected based on LL pH at 24 h postmortem (pm) to represent two groups: resistant to pH decline (> 5.8 called pH­Res; n = 10) and normal (< 5.7 called pH­Nor; n = 14). Steaks were fabricated from the LL muscle and randomly assigned to aging (2, 7, 14, and 21 days). Sarcomere length, cooking loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and Warner­Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were determined. Data on temperament were investigated in a multivariate approach, while beef data were compared between groups using the analysis of variance. Rectal temperature at the beginning of the finishing phase and total weight gain were greater and related to animals in the pH­Res group (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Temperature and pH decline curves, sarcomere length, and cooking loss revealed that pH­Res produced beef with lower quality compared to the pH­Nor group. Results for MFI and WBSF did not show differences between groups within each time pm; however, overall steaks from pH­Res were tougher (p = 0.06). Incidence of LL pH between 5.8 and 5.9 at 24 h pm did not compromise the tenderization rate or extension; however, it affected the water holding capacity in this population of Nellore cattle.(AU)

Mammary gland secretion pH and electrolytes in prepartum Mangalarga Marchador mares / [Concentrações de pH e eletrólitos na secreção da glândula mamária de éguas Mangalarga Marchador no período pré-parto]

The objective of this study was to determine pH and the concentrations of Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca2+) in the mammary gland secretion in pre-foaling Mangalarga Marchador (MM) mares to determine the best method to predict parturition in the breed. Forty-two pregnant MM mares were evaluated once daily from 310 days of gestation until parturition. Mammary gland secretion pH, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Cl- levels significantly changed during the last 10 days prior to parturition (p<0.05). The lowest pH mean value (pH meter=6.67±0.42; pH strip=6.23±0.53) and significantly higher mean concentrations of Ca2+ (12.6±5.8mmol/L) and Mg2+ (10.93±3.66mmol/L) were obtained 24 hours prior to foaling (p<0.0001). Chloride levels reduced significantly 8 days prior to parturition (p<0.0001) but remained unchanged until the due date. Mammary gland pH secretion, measured by pH meter and pH paper strip, was effective to predict parturition. Quantitative pH values obtained with the pH meter had a greater accuracy in comparison to pH paper strips, but a strong correlation was found between both methods. Calcium and magnesium were the only electrolytes that changed in concentration immediately prior to parturition and are better indicators of when not to expect foaling.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o pH e as concentrações de cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), cloro (Cl-), sódio (Na+) e potássio (K+) na secreção da glândula mamária de éguas Mangalarga Marchador (MM) no período pré-parto, a fim de determinar o melhor método para predizer proximidade do parto na raça. Quarenta e duas éguas MM foram avaliadas diariamente a partir dos 310 dias de gestação até o parto. O pH, aferido pelo pHmetro e por fitas reagentes, e os eletrólitos Ca2+, Mg2+ e Cl- apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas concentrações nos últimos 10 dias pré-parto (P<0,05). A diminuição significativa dos valores médios de pH (pHmetro= 6,67±0,42; fitas reagentes= 6,23±0,53) e o aumento significativo nas concentrações médias de Ca2+ (12,6±5,8mmol/L) e Mg2+ (10,93±3,66mmol/L) foram observados 24 horas pré-parto (P<0,0001). As concentrações de cloro diminuíram significativamente oito dias antes do parto (P<0,0001), porém continuaram sem alteração até o momento da parição. O pH da secreção foi eficaz para predizer o momento do parto. Valores quantitativos obtidos por meio do pHmetro apresentaram maior acurácia em comparação às fitas de pH, porém obteve-se forte correlação entre os dois métodos. Cálcio e magnésio foram os únicos eletrólitos que apresentaram alterações significativas no pré-parto imediato e são indicadores mais precisos de quando não esperar o parto.

Soil acidity and soy phytometry under application of limestone and agricultural gypsum / Acidez do solo e fitometria de soja sob aplicação de calcário e gesso agrícola

The soybean is one of the main agricultural crops in Brazil, because the use of its grains is an important source of protein and vegetable oil. One of the main limiting factors for obtaining high yields in soybean in tropical soils is related to the need to correct soil acidity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and the variation of soil pH values under the application of limestone and agricultural gypsum. The experimental design was completely randomized, distributed in a 4x4 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of doses of 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 t ha-1of only limestone, only gypsum and the combination of limestone and gypsum, repeated four times, totaling 64 experimental units. The soil pH was evaluated at 30, 45, 60, 75 days before sowing. The growth variables were: number of pods, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, root length and shoot/root ratio. The variables pH 75 days, root length and shoot/root ratio were significantly influenced by the treatments, alone or in interaction. For pH 30, pH 45 and pH 60 days, number of pods and shoot dry mass, there were isolated effects of treatments for gypsum and limestone. In root dry mass, the effect of the treatment was verified only with the use of limestone. As a conclusion, the application of limestone and gypsum reduces the soil acidity, obtaining higher pH values from the doses of 3000 kg ha-1, with the combination of limestone and gypsum. The use of gypsum consortium with limestone promotes significant results in the growth of soybean plants.

A soja é uma das principais culturas agrícolas do Brasil, pois, a utilização de seus grãos é uma importante fonte de proteínas e óleo vegetal. Um dos principais fatores limitantes para obtenção de altos rendimentos na soja, em solos tropicais, está relacionado à necessidade de correção da acidez do solo. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o crescimento de (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) e a variação dos valores de pH do solo sob a aplicação de calcário e gesso agrícola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4x4, os tratamentos constaram de doses 0, 1,5, 3,0 e 4,5 t ha-1sendo elas somente calcário, somente o gesso e a combinação de calcário e gesso, repetidos quatro vezes, totalizando 64 unidades experimentais. O pH do solo foi avaliado a 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias antes da semeadura. As variáveis de crescimento foram: número de vagens, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca da raiz, comprimento da raiz e relação parte aérea/raiz. As variáveis pH 75 dias, comprimento da raiz e relação parte aérea/raiz, foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos, isoladamente ou em interação. Para o pH 30, 45 e 60 dias, número de vagens e massa seca da parte aérea ocorreram efeitos isolados dos tratamentos para gesso e calcário. Na massa seca da raiz o efeito do tratamento foi verificado apenas com a utilização do calcário. Como conclusão, a aplicação de calcário e gesso reduz a acidez do solo, obtendo maiores valores de pH a partir das doses de 3000 kg ha-1, com a combinação de calcário e gesso. A utilização do gesso consorciado com o calcário promove resultados significativos no crescimento das plantas de soja.

New alternatives for improving and assessing the color of dark–cutting beef – a review

Myoglobin (Mb) is a sarcoplasmic heme protein present in muscle cells, which acts as a short–term oxygen (O2) reserve in the muscle tissue. After slaughtering and exsanguination, Mb is the major pigment that provides the red color in meat. The concentration of Mb together with its redox state are two pivotal factors that determine meat color. The elevated pH of dark–cutting beef can affect both physical and biochemical properties resulting in decreased oxygenation. The darkening observed in high ultimate pH (pHu) beef concerns meat processors as color is the initial attribute that impacts on the purchase. Thus, any atypical meat color (i.e., loss of brightness) reduces consumer interest in the product. Several studies have demonstrated that immunological castration is effective in preventing both aggressive behavior and undesirable dark–cutting of bull meat. However, little information is available on the effects of processing techniques that limit the oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe2+), Mb or promote metmyoglobin (MMb) reduction in dark–cutting beef. Because of the importance of color to fresh beef marketability, this review aimed at overviewing the significance of pHu in beef color and color stability and to discuss new alternatives for improving and assessing the beef color of dark–cutting beef, especially in Nellore bulls and their crossbreds, which are widely used in beef cattle production in Brazil.

New alternatives for improving and assessing the color of dark­cutting beef ­ a review

Myoglobin (Mb) is a sarcoplasmic heme protein present in muscle cells, which acts as a short­term oxygen (O2) reserve in the muscle tissue. After slaughtering and exsanguination, Mb is the major pigment that provides the red color in meat. The concentration of Mb together with its redox state are two pivotal factors that determine meat color. The elevated pH of dark­cutting beef can affect both physical and biochemical properties resulting in decreased oxygenation. The darkening observed in high ultimate pH (pHu) beef concerns meat processors as color is the initial attribute that impacts on the purchase. Thus, any atypical meat color (i.e., loss of brightness) reduces consumer interest in the product. Several studies have demonstrated that immunological castration is effective in preventing both aggressive behavior and undesirable dark­cutting of bull meat. However, little information is available on the effects of processing techniques that limit the oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe2+), Mb or promote metmyoglobin (MMb) reduction in dark­cutting beef. Because of the importance of color to fresh beef marketability, this review aimed at overviewing the significance of pHu in beef color and color stability and to discuss new alternatives for improving and assessing the beef color of dark­cutting beef, especially in Nellore bulls and their crossbreds, which are widely used in beef cattle production in Brazil.(AU)

New alternatives for improving and assessing the color of darkcutting beef a review

ABSTRACT Myoglobin (Mb) is a sarcoplasmic heme protein present in muscle cells, which acts as a shortterm oxygen (O2) reserve in the muscle tissue. After slaughtering and exsanguination, Mb is the major pigment that provides the red color in meat. The concentration of Mb together with its redox state are two pivotal factors that determine meat color. The elevated pH of darkcutting beef can affect both physical and biochemical properties resulting in decreased oxygenation. The darkening observed in high ultimate pH (pHu) beef concerns meat processors as color is the initial attribute that impacts on the purchase. Thus, any atypical meat color (i.e., loss of brightness) reduces consumer interest in the product. Several studies have demonstrated that immunological castration is effective in preventing both aggressive behavior and undesirable darkcutting of bull meat. However, little information is available on the effects of processing techniques that limit the oxidation of ferrous iron (Fe2+), Mb or promote metmyoglobin (MMb) reduction in darkcutting beef. Because of the importance of color to fresh beef marketability, this review aimed at overviewing the significance of pHu in beef color and color stability and to discuss new alternatives for improving and assessing the beef color of darkcutting beef, especially in Nellore bulls and their crossbreds, which are widely used in beef cattle production in Brazil.

Markov chains to determine the probability of climate change for planting selection in the city of Caxias do Sul / Aplicação de cadeias de markov na probabilidade de mudanças climáticas para seleção de plantio na cidade de Caxias do Sul

The Markov stochastic chain model and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were used as tools to support decision-making for the best crop-planting choice in the city of Caxias do Sul, Brazil. Temperature and precipitation information were collected from the Meteorological Database for Teaching and Research of the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil for the period 1997-2017. The stochastic model was applied to obtain the probability of transition between a range of variations for temperature and precipitation. In the second phase of the study, an algebraic model was developed, making it possible to link the probability of the Markov chain transition matrix to the AHP judgment matrix. In the third phase, the AHP was applied as a tool to determine the most beneficial crop that could be planted for the studied city, considering the evaluated criteria: temperature, precipitation, and soil pH. The alternatives for crop planting were carrots, tomatoes, apples, and grapes. These were chosen because they are the most-planted crops in the city of Caxias do Sul. The ranking of the benefit-force results of applying the model for spring was carrots (0.297), apples (0.259), grapes (0.228), and tomatoes (0.215); for summer: grapes (0.261), tomatoes (0.261), apples (0.238), and carrots (0.230); for autumn: carrots (0.316), grapes (0.243), tomatoes (0.228), and apples (0.213); and for winter: carrots (0.327), tomatoes (0.235), apples (0.222), and grapes (0.216). Thus, it was concluded that farmers would have a better chance of success if they planted carrots during the spring, autumn, and winter, and grapes during the summer.

O Modelo de Cadeia Estocástica de Markov e o Processo de Hierarquia Analítica (AHP) foram utilizados como ferramentas de apoio à tomada de decisão para a melhor escolha de plantio na cidade de Caxias do Sul, Brasil. As informações de temperatura e precipitação foram coletadas de 1997 a 2017 no Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia do Brasil. O modelo estocástico foi aplicado para obtenção da probabilidade de transição entre faixas de variação para temperatura e precipitação. Na segunda fase do estudo, um modelo algébrico foi desenvolvido, possibilitando vincular a probabilidade da matriz de transição de cadeias de Markov na matriz de julgamento do AHP. Na terceira fase, o AHP foi aplicado como ferramenta de apoio à decisão do cultivo mais benéfico para a cidade estudada, considerando os critérios avaliados: temperatura, precipitação e pH do solo. As alternativas escolhidas para fazer o ranking foram: cenoura, tomate, maçã e uva, escolhidas por possuírem a maior quantidade de plantio na cidade de Caxias do Sul. O ranking do resultado de força de benefício da aplicação do modelo para a primavera foi: cenoura (0,297), maçã (0,259), uva (0,228) e tomate (0,215); para o verão: uva (0,271), tomate (0,261), maçã (0,238) e cenoura (0,230); para o outono: cenoura (0,316), uva (0,243), tomate (0,228) e maçã (0,213); para o inverno: cenoura (0,327), tomate (0,235), maçã (0,222) e uva (0,216). Assim, concluiu-se que o agricultor terá mais chances de sucesso se optar por plantar cenoura durante a primavera, outono e inverno, e uva durante o verão.

Whole-plant soybean ensiling with chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant: fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and sheep intake and digestibility / Ensilagem de planta inteira de soja com quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático: perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e consumo e digestibilidade em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant on fermentative losses, chemical composition, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant soybean silage (WPSS). Additionally, it was evaluated nutrients intake and digestibility of sheep fed increasing levels of WPSS. Thirty experimental silos were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) CON: control, WPSS without additives; 2) LPPA: WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici; and 3) CHI: chitosan, WPSS with 5 g/kg of chitosan. Ten male sheep were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Additives increased silage lactic acid bacteria and decreased the count of mold and yeast, gas, and total losses. Silages treated with additives had lower pH, NH3-N, and ethanol concentrations and higher lactic and propionic acids relative to CON. LPPA-treated silos showed higher organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content than CHI-ones. Additives increased the aerobic stability of WPSS. The addition of WPSS in sheep diets linearly increased nutrients intake and digestibility. Chitosan and LPPA improve WPSS fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional value. The WPSS in substitution to Cynodon hay increases sheep feed intake and nutrients digestibility.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição de quitosana e inoculante homolático sobre as perdas fermentativas, composição química, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta inteira de soja (SPIS). Em adição, foi avaliado o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de SPIS. Trinta silos experimentais foram aleatoriamente alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CON: controle, SPIS sem aditivos; 2) LPPA: SPIS com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici; e 3) QUI: quitosana, SPIS com 5 g/kg de quitosana. Dez ovinos machos foram usados para avaliar os níveis dietéticos de SPIS: 0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 g/kg da matéria seca (MS). Os aditivos aumentaram a contagem de bactérias láticas e reduziram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas fermentativas totais da SPIS. Silagens tratadas com aditivos tiveram menores pH, N-NH3 e etanol e maiores concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico, quando comparadas ao tratamento controle. Silos tratados com LPPA apresentaram maiores teores de matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos do que aqueles do tratamento QUI. Os aditivos aumentaram a estabilidade aeróbia da SPIS. A adição de SPIS na dieta de ovinos aumentou linearmente o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático melhoram a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional da SPIS. A substituição de feno de Cynodon por SIPS aumenta o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos.

IoT-Based pH monitoring for detection of rumen acidosis / Monitoramento de pH com base em IoT para detecção de acidose ruminal

Rumen acidosis is a fatal disease that reduces milk and pregnancy yield due to digestion of cattle and when not detected. Diagnosis of this disease can be achieved by monitoring the nutritional parameters of the cattle. Internet of Things (IoT) technology is a technology used in these kinds of processes such as monitoring and tracking within the scope of Industry 4.0. Thanks to the IoT, data collection, analysis, and data processing stages are carried out instantly over the internet. In this research, an IoT-based system has been developed that can be effective in diagnosing acute rumen acidosis disease in cattle and monitoring the control of data by recording nutritional parameters. Rumen pH and temperature values were measured with an IoT-supported microcontroller, and the data were recorded in the database on the server using. The circuit and software were first tested in the laboratory environment and then in the rumen of the cannulated cattle. The pH and temperature values of rumen were measured and recorded instantaneously at certain intervals (when the animal was ruminating, after drinks water, after eating dry food, and while at rest). When the device is removed from the rumen, it has been observed that the PLA-type plastic material used in the coating of the circuit does not wear. The device was useful in the early detection of acidosis disease of an animal fed with dry feed for more than 2 hours before it turns into epilepsy and provided early intervention in the regulation of the ration.

A acidose ruminal é uma doença fatal que reduz a produção de leite e a gravidez devido à digestão do gado e quando não é detectada. O diagnóstico desta doença pode ser alcançado através do monitoramento dos parâmetros nutricionais do gado. A tecnologia Internet das Coisas (IoT) é uma tecnologia usada neste tipo de processo, como monitoramento e rastreamento dentro do escopo da Indústria 4.0. Graças ao IoT, a coleta de dados, análise e etapas de processamento de dados são realizadas instantaneamente pela Internet. Nesta pesquisa, foi desenvolvido um sistema baseado em IoT que pode ser eficaz no diagnóstico da acidose ruminal aguda no gado e no monitoramento do controle de dados através do registro de parâmetros nutricionais. Os valores de pH e temperatura do rúmen foram medidos com um microcontrolador suportado por IoT, e os dados foram registrados no banco de dados no servidor usando. O circuito e o software foram testados primeiro no ambiente de laboratório e depois no rúmen do gado canulado. Os valores de pH e temperatura do rúmen foram medidos e registrados instantaneamente em certos intervalos (quando o animal estava ruminando, depois de beber água, depois de comer comida seca e enquanto estava em repouso). Quando o dispositivo é removido do rúmen, foi observado que o material plástico do tipo PLA usado no revestimento do circuito não se desgastou. O dispositivo foi útil na detecção precoce da doença de acidose de um animal alimentado com ração seca por mais de 2 horas antes de se transformar em epilepsia e forneceu intervenção precoce na regulação da ração.

Whole-plant soybean ensiling with chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant: fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and sheep intake and digestibility / Ensilagem de planta inteira de soja com quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático: perfil fermentativo, estabilidade aeróbia e consumo e digestibilidade em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant on fermentative losses, chemical composition, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant soybean silage (WPSS). Additionally, it was evaluated nutrients intake and digestibility of sheep fed increasing levels of WPSS. Thirty experimental silos were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) CON: control, WPSS without additives; 2) LPPA: WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici; and 3) CHI: chitosan, WPSS with 5 g/kg of chitosan. Ten male sheep were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Additives increased silage lactic acid bacteria and decreased the count of mold and yeast, gas, and total losses. Silages treated with additives had lower pH, NH3-N, and ethanol concentrations and higher lactic and propionic acids relative to CON. LPPA-treated silos showed higher organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content than CHI-ones. Additives increased the aerobic stability of WPSS. The addition of WPSS in sheep diets linearly increased nutrients intake and digestibility. Chitosan and LPPA improve WPSS fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional value. The WPSS in substitution to Cynodon hay increases sheep feed intake and nutrients digestibility.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição de quitosana e inoculante homolático sobre as perdas fermentativas, composição química, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta inteira de soja (SPIS). Em adição, foi avaliado o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de SPIS. Trinta silos experimentais foram aleatoriamente alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CON: controle, SPIS sem aditivos; 2) LPPA: SPIS com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici; e 3) QUI: quitosana, SPIS com 5 g/kg de quitosana. Dez ovinos machos foram usados para avaliar os níveis dietéticos de SPIS: 0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 g/kg da matéria seca (MS). Os aditivos aumentaram a contagem de bactérias láticas e reduziram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas fermentativas totais da SPIS. Silagens tratadas com aditivos tiveram menores pH, N-NH3 e etanol e maiores concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico, quando comparadas ao tratamento controle. Silos tratados com LPPA apresentaram maiores teores de matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos do que aqueles do tratamento QUI. Os aditivos aumentaram a estabilidade aeróbia da SPIS. A adição de SPIS na dieta de ovinos aumentou linearmente o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático melhoram a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional da SPIS. A substituição de feno de Cynodon por SIPS aumenta o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos.(AU)

Whole-plant soybean ensiling with chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant: fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and sheep intake and digestibility

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant on fermentative losses, chemical composition, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant soybean silage (WPSS). Additionally, it was evaluated nutrients intake and digestibility of sheep fed increasing levels of WPSS. Thirty experimental silos were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) CON: control, WPSS without additives; 2) LPPA: WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici; and 3) CHI: chitosan, WPSS with 5 g/kg of chitosan. Ten male sheep were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Additives increased silage lactic acid bacteria and decreased the count of mold and yeast, gas, and total losses. Silages treated with additives had lower pH, NH3-N, and ethanol concentrations and higher lactic and propionic acids relative to CON. LPPA-treated silos showed higher organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content than CHI-ones. Additives increased the aerobic stability of WPSS. The addition of WPSS in sheep diets linearly increased nutrients intake and digestibility. Chitosan and LPPA improve WPSS fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional value. The WPSS in substitution to Cynodon hay increases sheep feed intake and nutrients digestibility.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição de quitosana e inoculante homolático sobre as perdas fermentativas, composição química, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta inteira de soja (SPIS). Em adição, foi avaliado o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de SPIS. Trinta silos experimentais foram aleatoriamente alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CON: controle, SPIS sem aditivos; 2) LPPA: SPIS com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici; e 3) QUI: quitosana, SPIS com 5 g/kg de quitosana. Dez ovinos machos foram usados para avaliar os níveis dietéticos de SPIS: 0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 g/kg da matéria seca (MS). Os aditivos aumentaram a contagem de bactérias láticas e reduziram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas fermentativas totais da SPIS. Silagens tratadas com aditivos tiveram menores pH, N-NH3 e etanol e maiores concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico, quando comparadas ao tratamento controle. Silos tratados com LPPA apresentaram maiores teores de matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos do que aqueles do tratamento QUI. Os aditivos aumentaram a estabilidade aeróbia da SPIS. A adição de SPIS na dieta de ovinos aumentou linearmente o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático melhoram a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional da SPIS. A substituição de feno de Cynodon por SIPS aumenta o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos.

Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)

In the Southeast of Mexico, there are many native cichlids with commercial interest such as redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (V. bifasciata), which have a great local demand and excellent meat quality. However, it is necessary to implement their culture based on nutrition studies and digestive biochemistry. This study's objective was to characterize these two cichlids' digestive proteases (pH, temperature, and inhibitors) through biochemistry techniques. Results showed that V. melanurus and V. bifasciata have a digestive capacity analogous to other omnivore fishes, where the optimal pH values of stomach proteases (4 and 2, respectively) and intestinal proteases (6 and 12, respectively), the optimal temperature of acid (35°C and 55°C, respectively) and alkaline proteases (45°C and 55°C, respectively) are quite similar. Both species presented high thermal and pH stabilities. Inhibition showed that V. melanurus is more sensitive to specific inhibitors for alkaline proteases than V. bifasciata. In conclusion, V. bisfasciata and V. melanurus have different digestive protease patterns. Both species can hydrolyze different protein ingredients to formulate a specific diet. Nevertheless, V. bifasciata is more resistant to the presence of inhibitors, which allow it to include vegetable proteins in its diet.(AU)

En el sureste de México, existen muchas especies de cíclidos nativos de interés comercial como el cíclido rojo (Vieja melanurus) y el cíclido de dos bandas (V. bifasciata), los cuales tienen una gran demanda local y tienen una excelente calidad de carne; sin embargo, es necesario implementar su cultivo con base en estudios de nutrición y bioquímica digestiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las proteasas digestivas (pH, temperatura e inhibidores) de estos dos cíclidos nativos mediante técnicas bioquímicas. Los resultados mostraron que V. melanurus y V. bifasciata tienen una capacidad digestiva similar a otros peces omnívoros, donde los valores óptimos de pH de proteasas estomacales (4 y 2, respectivamente) e intestinales (6 y 12, respectivamente), la temperatura óptima de proteasas ácidas (35°C y 55°C, respectivamente) y alcalinas (45°C y 55°C, respectivamente) son muy parecidas. Ambas especies presentaron alta estabilidad térmica y de pH. La inhibición mostró que V. melanurus es más sensible a inhibidores específicos de proteasas alcalinas que V. bifasciata. En conclusión, V. bisfasciata y V. melanurus tienen diferentes patrones de proteasas digestivas, pero ambas especies pueden hidrolizar diversos ingredientes proteicos para formular dietas específicas; sin embargo, V. bifasciata es más resistente a la presencia de inhibidores, lo que permitiría incluir proteínas vegetales en su dieta(AU)

Comparative characterization of digestive proteases in redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (Vieja bifasciata) (Percoidei: Cichlidae)

In the Southeast of Mexico, there are many native cichlids with commercial interest such as redhead cichlid (Vieja melanurus) and twoband cichlid (V. bifasciata), which have a great local demand and excellent meat quality. However, it is necessary to implement their culture based on nutrition studies and digestive biochemistry. This study's objective was to characterize these two cichlids' digestive proteases (pH, temperature, and inhibitors) through biochemistry techniques. Results showed that V. melanurus and V. bifasciata have a digestive capacity analogous to other omnivore fishes, where the optimal pH values of stomach proteases (4 and 2, respectively) and intestinal proteases (6 and 12, respectively), the optimal temperature of acid (35°C and 55°C, respectively) and alkaline proteases (45°C and 55°C, respectively) are quite similar. Both species presented high thermal and pH stabilities. Inhibition showed that V. melanurus is more sensitive to specific inhibitors for alkaline proteases than V. bifasciata. In conclusion, V. bisfasciata and V. melanurus have different digestive protease patterns. Both species can hydrolyze different protein ingredients to formulate a specific diet. Nevertheless, V. bifasciata is more resistant to the presence of inhibitors, which allow it to include vegetable proteins in its diet.(AU)

En el sureste de México, existen muchas especies de cíclidos nativos de interés comercial como el cíclido rojo (Vieja melanurus) y el cíclido de dos bandas (V. bifasciata), los cuales tienen una gran demanda local y tienen una excelente calidad de carne; sin embargo, es necesario implementar su cultivo con base en estudios de nutrición y bioquímica digestiva. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las proteasas digestivas (pH, temperatura e inhibidores) de estos dos cíclidos nativos mediante técnicas bioquímicas. Los resultados mostraron que V. melanurus y V. bifasciata tienen una capacidad digestiva similar a otros peces omnívoros, donde los valores óptimos de pH de proteasas estomacales (4 y 2, respectivamente) e intestinales (6 y 12, respectivamente), la temperatura óptima de proteasas ácidas (35°C y 55°C, respectivamente) y alcalinas (45°C y 55°C, respectivamente) son muy parecidas. Ambas especies presentaron alta estabilidad térmica y de pH. La inhibición mostró que V. melanurus es más sensible a inhibidores específicos de proteasas alcalinas que V. bifasciata. En conclusión, V. bisfasciata y V. melanurus tienen diferentes patrones de proteasas digestivas, pero ambas especies pueden hidrolizar diversos ingredientes proteicos para formular dietas específicas; sin embargo, V. bifasciata es más resistente a la presencia de inhibidores, lo que permitiría incluir proteínas vegetales en su dieta.(AU)

Monitoramento do parto em éguas / Monitoring the parturition in mares

O objetivo do presente é explorar aspectos da fisiologia do final da gestação em éguas, com foco na maturação do feto e monitoramento do parto nessa espécie. Inúmeras são as particularidades na endocrinologia da gestação, que culminam em uma ampla variação no tempo de gestação na égua e uma tardia maturação orgânica no potro, que se completa somente após o nascimento. A primeira fase do parto é considerada prodrômica, marcada pela inquietação e desconforto na égua, e movimentação do potro para apresentação longitudinal anterior, posição dorso-sacra e atitude estendida. A segunda fase do parto é o momento crítico e rápido que inicia com a ruptura do corioalantóide e não deve ultrapassar 30 minutos, desde a ruptura da placenta até a expulsão completa do potro neonato. A terceira fase é caracterizada pela expulsão da placenta, a qual deve ser avaliada pelo obstetra. O monitoramento do potro neonato é marcado pela observação dos reflexos posturais e comportamentais, além do exame físico e exames complementares. O momento do parto é decisivo na vida do potro neonato, sendo necessária a compreensão que o monitoramento dessa etapa é uma estratégia de ação que só alcança sucesso quando realizado de forma continuada ao acompanhamento obstétrico sistemático.

The purpose of this article is to examine the physiological characteristics of the final third of pregnancy in mares, with a particular emphasis on fetal maturation and parturition monitoring. There are numerous peculiarities in the endocrinology of equine pregnancy, culminating in a wide variation in the length of gestation in the mare and a delayed systemic maturation in the foal, which is completed only after birth. The first stage of labor, also known as prodromal stage, is characterized by restlessness and discomfort of the mare, as well as the foal's transition to anterior longitudinal presentation, dorso-sacral position, and extended attitude. The second stage labor is a critical and rapid period that begins with the chorioallantois rupture and should last no more than 30 minutes, from the rupture of the placenta to the complete expulsion of the neonatal foal. The third stage is characterized by the elimination of the placenta, which must be evaluated by the veterinarian. The assessment of the neonatal foal is performed by the observation of righting reflexes, in addition to physical examination and complementary exams. The parturition is a decisive moment in the life of the foal, and it is necessary to understand that monitoring this stage is an action strategy that only achieves success when carried out continuously with systematic obstetric follow-up.

Which non-fibrous carbohydrates: neutral detergent fiber ratio optimizes the use of cactus cladodes in diets of growing heifers? / Qual relação carboidratos não fibrosos: fibra em detergente neutro otimiza o uso de palma forrageira em dietas para novilhas em crescimento?

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC):neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratios (0.70:1, 0.90:1, 1.14:1, 1.42:1, and 1.85:1) in diets containing cactus cladodes on intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, ingestive behavior, and microbial protein of growing heifers. Five rumencannulated heifers (194 ± 70 kg of body weight) were distributed in a Latin square design (5 x 5). There was a quadratic effect on the intake of dry matter (DM) (Kg day-1 and %BW) and crude protein (CP) with the increase in non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC): neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio, with maximum values of 7.07 kg day-1, 2.86%, and 0.949 kg day-1, estimated for 1.37:1, 1.39:1, and 1.27:1 ratios. When the intake of NDF decreased, in turn, the intakes of NFC and TDN increased. The NDF digestibility decreased with increasing NFC levels in diets. The other nutrients were not influenced. The ruminal pH showed the lowest values at 4 hours after feeding, mainly for animals fed the 1.85:1 ratio. There was a quadratic effect for rumination time with maximum values estimated for an NFC:NDF ratio of 0.88:1. The time spent idle increased linearly, while total chewing time and feeding efficiency of NDF decreased. The urinary volume increased linearly. However, microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis were not influenced. The number of protozoa increased by 64.5% with the elevation of the NFC:NDF ratio. We recommend a NFC:NDF ratio of 1.37:1 in diets containing cactus cladodes, to improve the use of nutrients, without negatively affecting ruminal parameters.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF): fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) (0,70: 1; 0,90: 1; 1,14: 1; 1,42: 1 e 1,85: 1) em dietas contendo palma forrageira sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais, comportamento ingestivo e proteína microbiana de novilhas em crescimento. Cinco novilhas, fistuladas no rúmen (194 ± 70 kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídas em um delineamento em quadrado latino (5 x 5). Houve efeito quadrático sobre o consumo de matéria seca (MS) (kg dia-1 (% PC) e proteína bruta (PB) com o aumento da relação carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF): fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), com valores máximos de 7,07 kg dia-1, 2,86% e 0,949 kg dia-1, estimado para 1,37: 1; 1,39: 1 e proporção de 1,27: 1. Enquanto a ingestão de FDN diminuiu, a ingestão de CNF e NDT aumentou. A digestibilidade da FDN diminuiu com o aumento dos teores de FDN nas dietas. Os demais nutrientes não foram influenciados. O pH ruminal apresentou os menores valores 4 horas após a alimentação, principalmente para os animais alimentados na proporção de 1,85: 1. Houve efeito quadrático para o tempo de ruminação com valores máximos estimados para uma relação CNF: FDN de 0,88: 1. O tempo de ócio aumentou linearmente, enquanto o tempo total de mastigação e a eficiência alimentar da FDN diminuíram. O volume urinário aumentou linearmente. No entanto, a síntese de proteína microbiana e a eficiência da síntese não foram influenciadas. O número de protozoários aumentou 64,5% com a elevação da relação CNF: FDN. Recomenda-se a relação CNF:FDN de 1,37: 1 em dietas contendo palma forrageira, para melhorar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes, sem afetar negativamente os parâmetros ruminais.(AU)

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.

Classification accuracy of different pork quality evaluation methods in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss / Precisão da classificação de métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína para menor perda durante o gotejamento

ABSTRACT: This study compared the diagnostic value of pork quality evaluation methods using different pH threshold values and time-points with muscle metabolites concentration threshold values measured 45 min. post mortem in assessment of meat with lowered drip loss. Samples of 100 longissimus dorsi (LD) (Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc fatteners were examined after slaughter for following parameters: muscle acidity in 35 min, 2 h, 3 h, 24 h and 48 h (pH1, pH2, pH3, pH24 and pH48), colour lightness (L*, a*, b*), meat yield after curing and thermal processing in 72 °C (technological yield), water-holding capacity (WHC) and drip loss in 48, 96 and 144 h (DL48, DL96, DL144). To verify the accuracy of analysed methods two groups were distinguished according to DL48, e.g. Low DL (DL48≤4%) and High DL (DL48>4%). In High DL pH1 to pH48 were statistically lower while L*, WHC, DL48, DL96, DL144 were statistically higher (P≤0.05). On the basis of pH-dependent methods classification to RFN (red, firm, normal), PSE (pale, soft, exudative), DFD (dark, firm, dry) and AM (acid meat) was performed and then the percentage share of Low DL and High DL among meat classified as RFN was evaluated. Despite most samples were classified as RFN Low DL share among them did not exceed 50%. If meat sample shows metabolites concentration below threshold value and was assigned to Low DL (or was assigned to High DL above threshold value) it was regarded as correctly classified. The most promising cut-off point (correct classification of 73%) was 45 µmol both for glycogen and lactate.

RESUMO: Neste estudo foram analisadas 100 amostras de longissimus dorsi (LD) de suinos Landrace, Yorkshire (L × Y) × Duroc (D). Dois grupos foram distinguidos de acordo com a perda por gotejamento medida 48 horas após o abate, por ex. DL baixo (DL48≤%) e DL alto (DL48> 4%). Em DL alto maior leveza (L*), capacidade de retenção de água (WHC), perda por gotejamento em 48 (DL48), 96 (DL96), 144 (DL144) e menor acidez muscular de 35 min. a 48 horas post mortem (pH1 a pH48) foram anotados (P≤0.01). A baixa participação de DL dentro das amostras classificadas como RFN (vermelha, firme, normal) com base em vários métodos de avaliação da qualidade da carne suína usando diferentes pontos de tempo de pH e valores de limiar não excederam 50%. A tentativa de uso de várias concentrações de metabólitos musculares mediu 45 min. post mortem (glicogênio, lactato e suas combinações) como valores limiares na avaliação de DL baixo e DL alto foi então realizado. Os pontos de corte mais promissores (45 µmol por g de tecido muscular tanto para glicogênio quanto para lactato) permitiram classificar corretamente 83.82% de DL baixo e 50% de DL alto respectivamente abaixo e acima deles.