Phytobiotic Activity of Piper Auritum and Ocimum Basilicum on Avian E. Coli

Natural antimicrobials, known as phytobiotics, are used in bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe phytobiotic activity, in vitro and in vivo, of an extract and an essential oil of Piper auritum and Ocimum basilicum on avian Eschericia coli serotype O2 in broiler chickens experimentally infected. For the in vitro test, extracts at 4, 8, 12 and 16% in water-based solvent or alcohol at 70% were prepared from leaves of both plants. In the essential oils, solvents at 10% were used. A concentration of 1×108 CFU mL-1 of bacteria was seeded and on each sense disc, 25 µL of the extract or essential oil were poured, except on the positive or negative control. The diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) of bacterial growth was measured. In the in vivo test, 40 chickens were inoculated, by intratracheal route, with a bacterial suspension of 1 × 108 CFU mL-1. E. col was identified and isolated from the organs; mortality, morbidity and relative weight of the organs were measured, and postmortem lesions and histopathologic findings were observed. A completely randomized design and the Kruskal-Wallis test for data analysis was used. By increasing the concentration of the extract, DIZ was greater; at the time of slaughter, differences in body weight (p 0.05) were found and the majority of lesions were observed in lungs. It is concluded that leave extracts of P. auritum and O. basilicum had phytobiotic activity on E. col serotype O2.(AU)

Phytobiotic Activity of Piper Auritum and Ocimum Basilicum on Avian E. Coli

Natural antimicrobials, known as phytobiotics, are used in bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluatethe phytobiotic activity, in vitro and in vivo, of an extract and an essential oil of Piper auritum and Ocimum basilicum on avian Eschericia coli serotype O2 in broiler chickens experimentally infected. For the in vitro test, extracts at 4, 8, 12 and 16% in water-based solvent or alcohol at 70% were prepared from leaves of both plants. In the essential oils, solvents at 10% were used. A concentration of 1×108 CFU mL-1 of bacteria was seeded and on each sense disc, 25 µL of the extract or essential oil were poured, except on the positive or negative control. The diameter of the inhibition zone (DIZ) of bacterial growth was measured. In the in vivo test, 40 chickens were inoculated, by intratracheal route, with a bacterial suspension of 1 × 108 CFU mL-1. E. col was identified and isolated from the organs; mortality, morbidity and relative weight of the organs were measured, and postmortem lesions and histopathologic findings were observed. A completely randomized design and the Kruskal-Wallis test for data analysis was used. By increasing the concentration of the extract, DIZ was greater; at the time of slaughter, differences in body weight (p 0.05) were found and the majority of lesions were observed in lungs. It is concluded that leave extracts of P. auritum and O. basilicum had phytobiotic activity on E. col serotype O2.

Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on pectoral muscle quality and morphometric characteristics of tibia bone in broiler chickens

Although in-feed antibiotics work for broiler chicken's growth, they are a source of public health hazard. Therefore, there is a need for alternates which can act as growth promoter without deleterious effects on the health of meat consumers. Moringa oleifera is one such phytobiotic which is reported to possess antimicrobial and immuno-modulatory properties. This study investigated the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) supplementation on meat quality and bone morphometry of broiler. One-day-old chicks (n=100), divided into five groups (four replicates with n=5), were fed a basal diet (control group) or same diet supplemented with 6, 9, 12 or 15 g/kg MOLP. On d-35, two birds per replicate were euthanized to collect samples of breast muscle, blood and tibia bone. The MOLP supplementation significantly increased pH of breast muscle and ash percentage of tibia bone. The diameter of breast muscle fibres and also weight and weight length index of tibia bone significantly increased with 12 and 15 g/kg MOLP. The water holding capacity (WHC) of breast muscle was significantly higher with 9 and 15 g/kg MOLP; whereas robusticity index of tibia bone significantly decreased with 12 and 15 g/kg MOLP inclusion compared to the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (12g/kg) increased pH, water holding capacity, and muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle and also weight, ash percentage and density indices of tibia bone in broiler chickens.(AU)

Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder supplementation on pectoral muscle quality and morphometric characteristics of tibia bone in broiler chickens

Although in-feed antibiotics work for broiler chicken's growth, they are a source of public health hazard. Therefore, there is a need for alternates which can act as growth promoter without deleterious effects on the health of meat consumers. Moringa oleifera is one such phytobiotic which is reported to possess antimicrobial and immuno-modulatory properties. This study investigated the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) supplementation on meat quality and bone morphometry of broiler. One-day-old chicks (n=100), divided into five groups (four replicates with n=5), were fed a basal diet (control group) or same diet supplemented with 6, 9, 12 or 15 g/kg MOLP. On d-35, two birds per replicate were euthanized to collect samples of breast muscle, blood and tibia bone. The MOLP supplementation significantly increased pH of breast muscle and ash percentage of tibia bone. The diameter of breast muscle fibres and also weight and weight length index of tibia bone significantly increased with 12 and 15 g/kg MOLP. The water holding capacity (WHC) of breast muscle was significantly higher with 9 and 15 g/kg MOLP; whereas robusticity index of tibia bone significantly decreased with 12 and 15 g/kg MOLP inclusion compared to the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (12g/kg) increased pH, water holding capacity, and muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle and also weight, ash percentage and density indices of tibia bone in broiler chickens.

Uso de óleo essencial de orégano, salinomicina e bacitracina de zinco na dieta de frangos de corte / Use of oregano essential oil, salinomycin and bacitracin zinc in diets of broiler chicken

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar dietas com óleo essencial de orégano, associado ou não com salinomicina, como alternativa à bacitracina de zinco sobre o desempenho zootécnico de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 600 pintos de um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb® 500, criados até 42 dias de idade em boxes com cama de casca de arroz providos de comedouros tubulares e bebedouros nipple. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis dietas e 10 repetições de 10 aves cada. As dietas experimentais à base de milho e farelo de soja foram: controle positivo antibiótico (bacitracina de zinco) + 0,05% de anticoccidiano (salinomicina), controle negativo dieta basal (DB) sem aditivos, DB + 0,05% de salinomicina e 0,03% de óleo essencial de orégano (Orego-Stim®), DB + 0,03% de óleo essencial de orégano, DB + 0,05% de salinomicina e 0,05% de óleo essencial de orégano, DB + 0,05% de óleo essencial de orégano. Não foi encontrado efeito da utilização do óleo de orégano até 21 dias no desempenho das aves. Nos demais períodos, aos 35 e 42 dias, o desempenho das aves tratadas com 0,03% de óleo essencial de orégano + salinomicina apresentou resultados semelhantes ao controle positivo, levando à conclusão de que a dose de 0,03% de óleo essencial de orégano + salinomicina pode substituir a bacitracina de zinco + salinomicina em dietas para frangos de corte.(AU)

The inclusion of oregano essential oil, alone or associated with salinomycin, was evaluated as an alternative to zinc bacitracin on the performance of broiler chickens. This study used 600 male Cobb 500® day-old chicks, raised 42 days in boxes with rice hulls, provided with tubular feeders and nipple drinkers. The experimental design was completely randomized with six diets and 10 replications with 10 birds per experimental unit. The diets were based on corn and soybean meal: positive control - antibiotic (zinc bacitracin) + 0.05% anticoccidial (salinomycin), negative control - basal diet (BD) without additives, DB + 0.05% of salinomycin and 0.03% of oregano essential oil (Orego-Stim®), DB + 0.03% of oregano essential oil, DB + 0.05% of salinomycin and 0.05% of oregano essential oil, DB + 0.05% of oregano essential oil. There were no treatment effects on broiler performance until 21 days of age. In the other periods, at 35 and 42 days, the oregano essential oil at 0.03% combined with salinomycin presented similar effects as the positive control, leading to the conclusion that 0.03% of oregano essential oil associated with the salinomycin can replace zinc bacitracin + salinomycin in broiler chicken diets.(AU)

Erva-mate na alimentação de frangos de corte e poedeiras comerciais

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a suplementação de erva-mate (ErM) na dieta de frangos de corte e poedeiras comerciais. O 1º experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a erva-mate (ErM) em dietas de frangos de corte, na fase de crescimento, sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, variáveis séricas e qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados 600 frangos de corte, da linhagem Cobb, com 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0,00; 0,15; 0,30; 0,45 e 0,60% de ErM), seis repetições e 20 aves/unidade experimental. Não houve efeito dos níveis de ErM para o peso médio, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, nos rendimentos de carcaça, cortes e teor de gordura abdominal (P>0,05), entretanto, o rendimento de carcaça dos animais alimentandos com 0,60% de ErM foi maior quando comparado com o tratamento controle (P<0,05). Os parâmetros da qualidade da carne do peito e da coxa não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Foi observado que os valores de colesterol total e triglicerídeos sanguíneos aos 28 e 42 dias de idade diminuíram conforme a o aumento dos níveis de ErM na dieta (P<0,05). No entanto, o HDL e o LDL não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Aos 28 dias de idade, verificou-se que as aves que consumiram a dieta com 0,60% de ErM apresentaram níveis de colesterol LDL menor quando comparado com o tratamento controle (P<0,05). A oxidação lipídica das coxas foi avaliada em um delineamento experimental casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x5, com cinco tratamentos de ErM (0,00; 0,15; 0,30; 0,45 e 0,60%) e cinco períodos de armazenamento (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias) pela metodologia de TBARS. Não foi observado interação entre o nível de inclusão de ErM e o período de armazenamento na quantificação de malonaldeido (MDA) (P>0,05). A suplementação de ErM reduziu linearmente (P<0,05) a concentração de MDA na carne, ou seja, uma desaceleração nas reações de autoxidação. Independentemente do nível avaliado, houve aumento da oxidação lipídica à medida que o período de armazenamento aumentava (P<0,05). A erva-mate na alimentação de frangos de corte diminuíram os níveis de lipídeos no sangue e proporcionou maior estabilidade à autoxidação lipídica. Dentro dos níveis de erva-mate avaliados, o nível de 0,60% apresentou ser o mais relevante. No 2º experimento, avaliou-se a suplementação da ErM na alimentação de poedeiras, sobre o desempenho e qualidade e oxidação nos ovos. Foram utilizadas 280 poedeiras da linhagem Hy-line W36, com 33 semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0,00; 0,15; 0,30; 0,45 e 0,60% de ErM), sete repetições e 8 aves por unidade experimental. Os parâmetros produtivos, consumo de ração, produção de ovos e conversão alimentar kg kg-1 e kg dz-1 e, qualidade dos ovos não sofreram influência com a adição de níveis de ErM (P>0,05). As variáveis séricas de colesterol total e de triglicerídeos apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente (P<0,05), à medida que aumentou a adição de ErM na dieta das aves. Para avaliar a oxidação lipídica na gema dos ovos, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x8x2, sendo cinco tratamentos (0,00; 0,15; 0,30; 0,45 e 0,60% de ErM), oito períodos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 e 56 dias) e dois ambientes de armazenamento (refrigerado RE / não refrigerado - NR) pela metodologia de TBARS. Observou-se interação entre a ErM, o período e o local de armazenamento sobre a concentração MDA (P<0,01). Ao desdobrar o efeito da interação entre os fatores, observou-se que a partir do sétimo dia de armazenamento com 0,15 % de ErM, a concentração de malonaldeído diferiu (P<0,01) entre os ambientes RE e NR. Os ovos em ambiente NR obtiveram maiores valores de TBARS, apresentando elevada concentração de MDA, no decorrer do período de armazenamento. Para avaliar a capacidade de sequestro do radical DPPH na gema dos ovos, foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x7x2, sendo cinco tratamentos (0,00; 0,15; 0,30; 0,45 e 0,60% de ErM), sete períodos de armazenamento (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 60 dias) e dois ambientes de armazenamento (RE e NR). Foram observadas duas interações. Ao desdobrar o efeito da interação, níveis de ErM e o período de armazenamento, observou-se que a partir do décimo dia, há influência dos níveis de erva-mate na porcentagem de inibição do DPPH, onde o nível de 0,60% de ErM. A segunda interação, entre os ambientes e os períodos de armazenamento, observou-se que com o decorrer dos dias, a capacidade sequestrante foi diminuída, independentemente dos ambientes. No entanto, as gemas dos ovos provenientes do ambiente NR, apresentaram menor inibição do radical DPPH, quando comparados com os de ambiente RE. A erva-mate na alimentação de poedeiras possibilitou melhorias nas variáveis séricas e maior estabilidade à autoxidação lipídica na gema dos ovos. Dentro dos níveis de erva-mate avaliados, o nível de 0,60% apresentou ser o mais relevante.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the addition of yerba mate (YM) in poultry production feeding. The first experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating performance (YM) in broiler diets, in the growth phase, on performance, carcass yield, serum variables and meat quality. A total of 600 broilers of the Cobb lineage, at 21 days of age, were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0,00, 0,15, 0,30, 0,45 and 0,60% of ErM), six replicates and 20 birds / experimental unit. There was no effect of the YM levels for the mean weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yields, cuts and abdominal fat content (P> 0.05), however, the carcass yield of feeding animals with 0.60% YM was higher when compared to the control treatment (P <0.05). Meat and thigh quality parameters were not influenced by treatments (P> 0.05). It was observed that values of total cholesterol and triglycerides at 28 and 42 days of age decreased as the levels of YM in the diet increased (P <0.05). However, LDL and HDL does not show a difference between treatments (P> 0.05). At 28 days of age, birds that consumed a diet of 0.60% YM had lower LDL cholesterol levels when compared to control (P <0.05). The lipid oxidation of the thighs was evaluated in a randomized experimental design in a 5x5 factorial scheme, with five treatments of ErM (0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60%) and five periods of storage 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) by TBARS methodology. No interaction was observed between the inclusion level of YM and storage period in the quantification of malonaldehyde (MDA) (P> 0.05). YM supplementation reduced linearly (P <0.05) the concentration of MDA in the meat, that is, a deceleration in autoxidation reactions. Regardless of the level evaluated, there was an increase in lipid oxidation as the storage period increased (P <0.05). The yerba mate in broiler feed reduced blood levels of lipids and provide greater stability to lipid autoxidation. Within the levels of yerba mate, the level of 0.60% presented the most relevant. At the second experiment, YM supplementation was evaluated in laying hens feeding on the performance, eggs quality and oxidation. It was used two hundred and eighty laying hens from Hy-line W36 lineage, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60% of YM), seven replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. The feed intake, egg production, FC (kg.kg-1) and (kg.dz-1) and egg quality was not influenced by YM levels (P>0.05). As the serum variables of total cholesterol and triglycerides presented linear decreasing behavior (P <0.05), as the addition of YM in the diet of birds increased. For the calculation of lipid oxidation in egg yolk, a completely randomized design was used in a 5x8x2 factorial scheme, with five treatments (0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60% of YM), eight (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 56 days) and two storage environments (refrigerated - RE / uncooled - UN) by TBARS methodology. Interaction between ErM, the period and the storage site on the MDA concentration (P <0.01) was observed. By unfolding the effect of the interaction between the factors, it is observed that from the day of storage with 0.15% ErM, a differentiated mesh concentration (P <0.01) between the RE and UN environments. The eggs in the UN environment obtained higher values of TBARS, presenting a high concentration of MDA, not during the storage period. In order to evaluate the DPPH radical sequestration capacity in egg evaluation, a completely randomized design method was used in a 5x7x2 factorial scheme, with five treatments (0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60 % Of YM), seven storage periods (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days) and two storage environments (RE and UN). Two interactions were observed. By unfolding the effect of the interaction, ErM levels and the storage period, it was observed that from the tenth day, there is influence of the levels of YM on the percentage of inhibition of DPPH, where the level of 0.60% of ErM. The second interaction, between the environments and the periods of storage, it was observed that with the course of the days, the sequestering capacity was diminished, independently of the environments. However, the egg yolks from the UN environment presented lower inhibition of the DPPH moiety when compared to those from the RE environment. The yerba mate in the feeding of laying hens allowed improvements in the serum variables and greater stability in the lipid auto-oxidation in the yolk of the egg. Within the levels of yerba mate, the level of 0.60% presented the most relevant.