Possible effects of different types of agricultural wastes on food security and mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) production / Possíveis efeitos de diferentes tipos de resíduos agrícolas na segurança alimentar e na produção de cogumelos (Pleurotus ostreatus)

One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions.

Uma das novas iniciativas de águas e agricultura ecológica no Peru é incentivar a utilização de resíduos agrícolas, porque a baixa produção agrícola é uma ameaça à segurança alimentar no país. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos da colheita na produção de basidiocarpos do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus, em Acobamba-Huancavelica. O ensaio teve um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos incluíram T1, restolho de cevada; T2, soqueiras de trigo; T3, restolho de ervilha; T4, restolho de fava; e T5, restolho de quinoa. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, assumindo a forma de experimento com um nível de design aplicado e explicativo. Os dados registrados foram tabulados e analisados com análise de variância, bem como teste de Tukey (α:0,05), para o qual foi utilizado o software estatístico Infostat. Os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e gráficos para melhor interpretação. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que o tempo (colonização), diâmetro (caule, píleo), comprimento (caule) e peso (basidiocarpos) apresentam diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, mostrando melhora significativa em todos os parâmetros. Apesar da diferença numérica, o teste de comparação de médias de Tukey revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias para a variável tempo de colonização do fungo, sugerindo que o tratamento T5 em que usou o substrato quinoa, apresentou a maior média. O tratamento T4, no qual foram usadas restolhos de fava, apresentou a média mais baixa. Em conclusão, incrementos em todos os parâmetros foram observados em todos os tratamentos de Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus nas condições de Acobamba.

Ergosterol isolated from the basidiomycete Pleurotus salmoneostramineus affects Trypanosoma cruzi plasma membrane and mitochondria

Background Major drawbacks of the available treatment against Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) include its toxicity and therapeutic inefficiency in the chronic phase of the infection, which makes it a concern among neglected diseases. Therefore, the discovery of alternative drugs for treating chronic Chagas disease requires immediate action. In this work, we evaluated the mushroom Pleurotus salmoneostramineus in the search for potential antiparasitic compounds. Methods Fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Pleurotus salmoneostramineus were triturated and submitted to organic solvent extraction. After liquid-liquid partition of the crude extract, three fractions were obtained and the bioguided fractionation study was conducted to isolate the active metabolites. The elucidation of the chemical structure was performed using GC-MS and NMR techniques. The biological assays for antiparasitic activity were carried out using trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and murine macrophages for mammalian cytotoxicity. The mechanism of action of the isolated compound used different fluorescent probes to evaluate the plasma membrane permeability, the potential of the mitochondrial membrane and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results The most abundant fraction showing the antiparasitic activity was isolated and chemically elucidated, confirming the presence of ergosterol. It showed anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity against trypomastigotes, with an IC50 value of 51.3 μg/mL. The compound demonstrated no cytotoxicity against mammalian cells to the maximal tested concentration of 200 μg/mL. The mechanism of action of ergosterol in Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes resulted in permeabilization of the plasma membrane, as well as depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to parasite death. Nevertheless, no increase in ROS levels could be observed, suggesting damages to plasma membrane rather than an induction of oxidative stress in the parasite. Conclusions The selection of naturally antiparasitic secondary metabolites in basidiomycetes, such as ergosterol, may provide potential scaffolds for drug design studies against neglected diseases.(AU)

Ergosterol isolated from the basidiomycete Pleurotus salmoneostramineus affects Trypanosoma cruzi plasma membrane and mitochondria

Background Major drawbacks of the available treatment against Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) include its toxicity and therapeutic inefficiency in the chronic phase of the infection, which makes it a concern among neglected diseases. Therefore, the discovery of alternative drugs for treating chronic Chagas disease requires immediate action. In this work, we evaluated the mushroom Pleurotus salmoneostramineus in the search for potential antiparasitic compounds. Methods Fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Pleurotus salmoneostramineus were triturated and submitted to organic solvent extraction. After liquid-liquid partition of the crude extract, three fractions were obtained and the bioguided fractionation study was conducted to isolate the active metabolites. The elucidation of the chemical structure was performed using GC-MS and NMR techniques. The biological assays for antiparasitic activity were carried out using trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and murine macrophages for mammalian cytotoxicity. The mechanism of action of the isolated compound used different fluorescent probes to evaluate the plasma membrane permeability, the potential of the mitochondrial membrane and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results The most abundant fraction showing the antiparasitic activity was isolated and chemically elucidated, confirming the presence of ergosterol. It showed anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity against trypomastigotes, with an IC50 value of 51.3 μg/mL. The compound demonstrated no cytotoxicity against mammalian cells to the maximal tested concentration of 200 μg/mL. The mechanism of action of ergosterol in Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes resulted in permeabilization of the plasma membrane, as well as depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to parasite death. Nevertheless, no increase in ROS levels could be observed, suggesting damages to plasma membrane rather than an induction of oxidative stress in the parasite. Conclusions The selection of naturally antiparasitic secondary metabolites in basidiomycetes, such as ergosterol, may provide potential scaffolds for drug design studies against neglected diseases.(AU)

Ergosterol isolated from the basidiomycete Pleurotus salmoneostramineus affects Trypanosoma cruzi plasma membrane and mitochondria

Abstract Background Major drawbacks of the available treatment against Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) include its toxicity and therapeutic inefficiency in the chronic phase of the infection, which makes it a concern among neglected diseases. Therefore, the discovery of alternative drugs for treating chronic Chagas disease requires immediate action. In this work, we evaluated the mushroom Pleurotus salmoneostramineus in the search for potential antiparasitic compounds. Methods Fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Pleurotus salmoneostramineus were triturated and submitted to organic solvent extraction. After liquid-liquid partition of the crude extract, three fractions were obtained and the bioguided fractionation study was conducted to isolate the active metabolites. The elucidation of the chemical structure was performed using GC-MS and NMR techniques. The biological assays for antiparasitic activity were carried out using trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and murine macrophages for mammalian cytotoxicity. The mechanism of action of the isolated compound used different fluorescent probes to evaluate the plasma membrane permeability, the potential of the mitochondrial membrane and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results The most abundant fraction showing the antiparasitic activity was isolated and chemically elucidated, confirming the presence of ergosterol. It showed anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity against trypomastigotes, with an IC50 value of 51.3 g/mL. The compound demonstrated no cytotoxicity against mammalian cells to the maximal tested concentration of 200 g/mL. The mechanism of action of ergosterol in Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes resulted in permeabilization of the plasma membrane, as well as depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to parasite death. Nevertheless, no increase in ROS levels could be observed, suggesting damages to plasma membrane rather than an induction of oxidative stress in the parasite. Conclusions The selection of naturally antiparasitic secondary metabolites in basidiomycetes, such as ergosterol, may provide potential scaffolds for drug design studies against neglected diseases.

Maintenance culture medium and inoculum based on peach palm leaves for Pleurotus spp. production / Meio de manutenção e inóculo a partir de folhas de pupunheira para a produção de Pleurotus spp

Este trabalho avaliou a utilização da água de imersão das folhas de pupunheira como componente do meio de cultivo para manutenção da cepa fúngica e a produção de inóculo de Pleurotus spp. utilizando como suporte folhas de pupunheira, um resíduo agrícola. Ainda, para verificar a capacidade do inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira (FP) de produzir corpos frutíferos, foi realizado um experimento comparando FP com o inóculo à base de grãos de trigo (GT). Para tanto, realizou-se a comparação das velocidades de crescimento radial entre o meio de cultivo TDA (extrato de trigo, dextrose e ágar) utilizado para a manutenção de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e o meio FPDA (água de imersão de folhas de pupunheira, dextrose e ágar), e a comparação das velocidades de crescimento linear entre os grãos de trigo, utilizados como suporte para o inóculo de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e as folhas de pupunheira. O meio de cultivo TDA apresentou velocidade radial superior ao meio FPDA para as duas espécies, no entanto, o tipo de suporte não influenciou significativamente a velocidade de crescimento linear de P. ostreatus, que apresentou 6,71 mm/dia em grãos de trigo e 6,18 mm/dia em folhas de pupunheira. Assim, quando o inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira é utilizado, a água de imersão deste suporte pode ser aproveitada para a confecção do meio de cultivo de manutenção (FPDA), diminuindo os custos produção. Observou-se que Pleurotus sajor-caju , quando cultivado em folhas de pupunheira utilizando inóculo FP, apresentou cerca de 47% de rendimento, 3% de eficiência biológica e 0,2 g/dia de produtividade, sem diferença significativa com o inóculo GT.

This study evaluated the use of immersion water from peach palm leaves (PPLDA) as a component of the culture medium for the maintenance of Pleurotus spp. and the use of agricultural waste, peach palm leaves, as inoculum support for the fungi. The performance of the inoculum based on peach palm leaves (PPL) for the production of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies was compared with that using wheat grains (WG) as inoculum support. PPLDA culture medium (immersion water of peach palm leaves, dextrose, and agar) showed a lower radial velocity of mycelial growth for both fungi than that obtained with the culture medium WDA (wheat extract, dextrose and agar), commonly used as maintenance medium for Pleurotus spp. However, the type of inoculum support does not significantly influence the linear velocity of P. ostreatus mycelial growth, reaching 6.71 mm/day on wheat grains and 6.18 mm/day on peach palm leaves. Thus, when the inoculum based on peach palm leaves is utilized, the immersion water used for preparing this support can be used for preparing the PPLDA maintenance culture medium, diminishing the production costs of Pleurotus mushrooms. Data also showed that when Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultivated on peach palm leaves, using PPL as inoculum support, the fruiting bodies production parameters (Y = 47%, BE = 3% and Pr = 0.2 g/day) did not differ from that obtained using WG.

Maintenance culture medium and inoculum based on peach palm leaves for Pleurotus spp. production / Meio de manutenção e inóculo a partir de folhas de pupunheira para a produção de Pleurotus spp

This study evaluated the use of immersion water from peach palm leaves (PPLDA) as a component of the culture medium for the maintenance of Pleurotus spp. and the use of agricultural waste, peach palm leaves, as inoculum support for the fungi. The performance of the inoculum based on peach palm leaves (PPL) for the production of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies was compared with that using wheat grains (WG) as inoculum support. PPLDA culture medium (immersion water of peach palm leaves, dextrose, and agar) showed a lower radial velocity of mycelial growth for both fungi than that obtained with the culture medium WDA (wheat extract, dextrose and agar), commonly used as maintenance medium for Pleurotus spp. However, the type of inoculum support does not significantly influence the linear velocity of P. ostreatus mycelial growth, reaching 6.71 mm/day on wheat grains and 6.18 mm/day on peach palm leaves. Thus, when the inoculum based on peach palm leaves is utilized, the immersion water used for preparing this support can be used for preparing the PPLDA maintenance culture medium, diminishing the production costs of Pleurotus mushrooms. Data also showed that when Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultivated on peach palm leaves, using PPL as inoculum support, the fruiting bodies production parameters (Y = 47%, BE = 3% and Pr = 0.2 g/day) did not differ from that obtained using WG.(AU)

Este trabalho avaliou a utilização da água de imersão das folhas de pupunheira como componente do meio de cultivo para manutenção da cepa fúngica e a produção de inóculo de Pleurotus spp. utilizando como suporte folhas de pupunheira, um resíduo agrícola. Ainda, para verificar a capacidade do inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira (FP) de produzir corpos frutíferos, foi realizado um experimento comparando FP com o inóculo à base de grãos de trigo (GT). Para tanto, realizou-se a comparação das velocidades de crescimento radial entre o meio de cultivo TDA (extrato de trigo, dextrose e ágar) utilizado para a manutenção de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e o meio FPDA (água de imersão de folhas de pupunheira, dextrose e ágar), e a comparação das velocidades de crescimento linear entre os grãos de trigo, utilizados como suporte para o inóculo de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e as folhas de pupunheira. O meio de cultivo TDA apresentou velocidade radial superior ao meio FPDA para as duas espécies, no entanto, o tipo de suporte não influenciou significativamente a velocidade de crescimento linear de P. ostreatus , que apresentou 6,71 mm/dia em grãos de trigo e 6,18 mm/dia em folhas de pupunheira. Assim, quando o inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira é utilizado, a água de imersão deste suporte pode ser aproveitada para a confecção do meio de cultivo de manutenção (FPDA), diminuindo os custos produção. Observou-se que Pleurotus sajor-caju , quando cultivado em folhas de pupunheira utilizando inóculo FP, apresentou cerca de 47% de rendimento, 3% de eficiência biológica e 0,2 g/dia de produtividade, sem diferença significativa com o inóculo GT.(AU)

Maintenance culture medium and inoculum based on peach palm leaves for Pleurotus spp. production / Meio de manutenção e inóculo a partir de folhas de pupunheira para a produção de Pleurotus spp.

Este trabalho avaliou a utilização da água de imersão das folhas de pupunheira como componente do meio de cultivo para manutenção da cepa fúngica e a produção de inóculo de Pleurotus spp. utilizando como suporte folhas de pupunheira, um resíduo agrícola. Ainda, para verificar a capacidade do inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira (FP) de produzir corpos frutíferos, foi realizado um experimento comparando FP com o inóculo à base de grãos de trigo (GT). Para tanto, realizou-se a comparação das velocidades de crescimento radial entre o meio de cultivo TDA (extrato de trigo, dextrose e ágar) utilizado para a manutenção de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e o meio FPDA (água de imersão de folhas de pupunheira, dextrose e ágar), e a comparação das velocidades de crescimento linear entre os grãos de trigo, utilizados como suporte para o inóculo de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e as folhas de pupunheira. O meio de cultivo TDA apresentou velocidade radial superior ao meio FPDA para as duas espécies, no entanto, o tipo de suporte não influenciou significativamente a velocidade de crescimento linear de P. ostreatus, que apresentou 6,71 mm/dia em grãos de trigo e 6,18 mm/dia em folhas de pupunheira. Assim, quando o inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira é utilizado, a água de imersão deste suporte pode ser aproveitada para a confecção do meio de cultivo de manutenção (FPDA), diminuindo os custos produção. Observou-se que Pleurotus sajor-caju , quando cultivado em folhas de pupunheira utilizando inóculo FP, apresentou cerca de 47% de rendimento, 3% de eficiência biológica e 0,2 g/dia de produtividade, sem diferença significativa com o inóculo GT.(AU)

This study evaluated the use of immersion water from peach palm leaves (PPLDA) as a component of the culture medium for the maintenance of Pleurotus spp. and the use of agricultural waste, peach palm leaves, as inoculum support for the fungi. The performance of the inoculum based on peach palm leaves (PPL) for the production of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies was compared with that using wheat grains (WG) as inoculum support. PPLDA culture medium (immersion water of peach palm leaves, dextrose, and agar) showed a lower radial velocity of mycelial growth for both fungi than that obtained with the culture medium WDA (wheat extract, dextrose and agar), commonly used as maintenance medium for Pleurotus spp. However, the type of inoculum support does not significantly influence the linear velocity of P. ostreatus mycelial growth, reaching 6.71 mm/day on wheat grains and 6.18 mm/day on peach palm leaves. Thus, when the inoculum based on peach palm leaves is utilized, the immersion water used for preparing this support can be used for preparing the PPLDA maintenance culture medium, diminishing the production costs of Pleurotus mushrooms. Data also showed that when Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultivated on peach palm leaves, using PPL as inoculum support, the fruiting bodies production parameters (Y = 47%, BE = 3% and Pr = 0.2 g/day) did not differ from that obtained using WG.(AU)

Production of mycelial biomass by the Amazonian edible mushroom Pleurotus albidus

Edible mushroom species are considered as an adequate source of food in a healthy diet due to high content of protein, fiber, vitamins, and a variety of minerals. The representatives of Pleurotus genus are characterized by distinct gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal properties among the edible mushrooms commercialized worldwide. In the present study, the growth of mycelial biomass of Pleurotus albidus cultivated in submerged fermentation was evaluated. Saccharose, fructose, and maltose were the three main carbon sources for mycelial biomass formation with corresponding yields of 7.28 g L1, 7.07 g L1, and 6.99 g L1. Inorganic nitrogen sources did not stimulate growth and the optimal yield was significantly higher with yeast extract (7.98 g L1). The factorial design used to evaluate the influence of saccharose and yeast extract concentration, agitation speed, and initial pH indicated that all variables significantly influenced the production of biomass, especially the concentration of saccharose. The greater amount of saccharose resulted in the production of significantly more biomass. The highest mycelial biomass production (9.81 g L1) was reached in the medium formulated with 30.0 g L1 saccharose, 2.5 g L1 yeast extract, pH 7.0, and a speed of agitation at 180 rpm. Furthermore, P. albidus manifested different aspects of morphology and physiology under the growth conditions employed. Media composition affected mycelial biomass production indicating that the diversification of carbon sources promoted its improvement and can be used as food or supplement.(AU)

Haemonchus contortus: I. atividade de Pleurotus ostreatus em diferentes estádios biológicos do nematoide; II. potencial do poli (ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico) no nanoencapsulamento de IgY anti-H. contortus

A produção de pequenos ruminantes representa uma das principais fontes de renda para pequenos e médios produtores em regiões tropicais e subtropicais, principalmente nas regiões nordeste e sul do Brasil. Dentre os problemas sanitários que afetam os animais, as doenças parasitárias se destacam como um dos principais fatores limitantes da produtividade e regularidade na oferta dos produtos e derivados. Dados epidemiológicos indicam que mais de 80% da carga parasitária de pequenos ruminantes é constituída pelo helminto Haemonchus contortus. Este parasito possui distribuição cosmopolita e é considerado o mais patogênico entre os nematoides gastrointestinais, pois possui hábito hematófago. A enfermidade além de causar a morte de ovinos e caprinos em casos mais graves, pode reduzir a produção e gerar custos adicionais com utilização de antiparasitários. O uso excessivo e indiscriminado de anti-helmínticos resultou na seleção de nematódeos multirresistentes e por consequência, a redução da eficácia dos produtos disponíveis. Dessa forma, estudos que buscam métodos de controle não químicos tornam-se indispensáveis para continuidade deste seguimento. Neste contexto, esta tese foi elaborada com os objetivos de avaliar e aprimorar diferentes alternativas no controle de H. contortus: (1) avaliar in vitro a atividade ovicida e larvicida do extrato aquoso do cogumelo Pleurotus ostreatus e em gerbils experimentalmente infectados com H. contortus; (2) analisar o potencial do polímero poli (ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico) (PLGA) em diferentes proporções de ácido lático e ácido glicólico (50:50, 82:18) no nanoencapsulamento de imunoglobulinas Y anti-H. contortus na liberação in vitro e in vivo utilizando ratos Wistar. Concluímos assim, que o extrato aquoso de P. ostreatus demonstrou efeitos nematicidas em baixas concentrações contra os ovos e larvas de H. contortus in vitro, no entanto sem efeitos no teste in vivo. Da mesma forma foi demonstrado que as nanoesferas de PLGA têm a capacidade de servir como depósitos de anticorpos IgY e que as nanopartículas podem ser exploradas para a entrega de anticorpos. No entanto, em ambos os estudos são necessárias mais avaliações para verificar a resposta das formulações no hospedeiro alvo.

The production of small ruminants is one of the main sources of income for small and medium farmers in tropical and subtropical regions, mainly in the northeast and south regions of Brazil. Among the health problems that affect animals, parasitic diseases stand out as one of the main factors limiting productivity and regularity in the offer of products and derivatives. Epidemiological data indicate that more than 80% of the parasitic load of small ruminants is made up of the helminth Haemonchus contortus. This parasite has a cosmopolitan distribution and is considered the most pathogenic among gastrointestinal nematodes, as it has a bloodsucking habit. The disease in addition to causing the death of sheep and goats in more severe cases, can reduce production and generate additional costs with the use of antiparasitic agents. Due to the importance of control, the excessive and indiscriminate use of anthelmintic resulted in the selection of multi-resistant nematodes and, consequently, a reduction in the action of the available products. Thus, studies that seek non-chemical control methods are essential. Therefore, this thesis was developed with the objectives of evaluating and improving different alternatives in the control of H. contortus: (1) to evaluate in vitro the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of the aqueous extract of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and in gerbils experimentally infected with H. contortus; (2) to analyse the potential of the poly (lactic acidco- glycolic acid) polymer (PLGA) in different proportions of lactic acid and glycolic acid (50:50, 82:18) in the anti-H. contortus immunoglobulin Y nanoencapsulation in vitro and in vivo release using Wistar rats. We conclude that the aqueous extract of P. ostreatus demonstrated nematocidal effects in low concentrations against eggs and larvae of H. contortus in vitro, however without effects in the in vivo test. Likewise, we demonstrate that PLGA nanospheres have the ability to serve as deposits of IgY antibodies and that nanoparticles can be exploited for the delivery of antibodies. However, in both studies, further evaluations are needed to verify the response of the formulations in the target host

Atividade in vitro de Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida e Pleurotus djamor em ovos de ciatostomíneos de equinos

O Brasil possui o terceiro maior rebanho de equinos do mundo, contando com 5 milhões de cabeça, gerando aproximadamente 7,5 bilhões por ano e consequentemente empregos diretos. Por esse motivo é importante manter a saúde e bem estar desses animais. No entanto, as doenças parasitárias em equinos atrasam seu desenvolvimento podendo levar o animal a óbito, ocasionando sérias perdas econômicas. A resistência antihelmíntica instalada em diversos rebanhos é um sério problema na medicina veterinária, uma vez que os tratamentos antiparasitários não surtem efeito esperado nessas infecções ou causam alta toxidade no animal. O gênero Pleurotus, é um fungo conhecido mundialmente como shimeji, um cogumelo comestível que possui mais de 1000 espécies descritas. Sabe-se que esse fungo é capaz de produzir compostos bioativos que auxiliam no combate a patologias e melhoram o bem estar de pessoas, além de ser considerado um fungo nematófago capaz de produzir toxinas eficazes no controle de diversos parasitos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade de três espécies de Pleurotus in vitro sobre ovos de ciatostomíneos de equinos naturalmente infectados. Para esse experimento, foram realizados extratos aquosos das espécies Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida e Pleurotus djamor. Os ovos de ciatostomíneos foram recuperados e incubados (27º C) juntamente com os extratos, nas concentrações crescentes de 0,62%, 1,25%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%. O grupo controle negativo foi realizado somente com água destilada. A leitura foi realizada após 48h em microscópio invertido. Todas as concentrações apresentaram efeitos na eclodibilidade. Observou-se que o P. florida foi mais efetivo que os demais Pleurotus, inibindo a eclodibilidade em até 92,19% na maior concentração (10%), com CL50 de 2,13% (±0,12), já a inibição do P. ostreatus foi de 55,46%, com CL50 7,44% (±0,09), enquanto o P. djamor 23,67% na mesma concentração. A utilização desse fungo em ovos de ciatostomíneos in vitro demonstrou atividade ovicida sendo necessário maiores estudos a fim de verificar o seu potencial para uso em controle biológico desse nematoide.

Brazil has the third largest herd of horses in the world, with 5 million heads, generating approximately US $ 7.5 billion per year and consequently using direct. For this reason, it is important to maintain the health and well being of these animals. However, parasitic diseases in horses delay their development and may lead the animal to death, causing serious economic losses. The anti-helminth resistance installed in several herds is a serious problem in veterinary medicine, since antiparasitic treatments do not have the expected effect on these infections or cause high toxicity in the animal. The fungus Pleurotus spp., known worldwide as oyster mushroom, an edible mushroom, has over 1000 species already described. It is known that this fungus is capable of producing bioactive compounds that help to combat pathologies and improve the well-being of people, in addition to being considered a nematophagous fungus capable of producing toxins effective in the control of various parasites. The object of this study was to evaluate the activity of different species of Pleurotus spp. in vitro on naturally infected equine cyathostomes eggs. In search of this, the aqueous extract of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus florida and Pleurotus djamor were used. Eggs were recovered and incubated (27 ° C) along with extracts at increasing concentrations of 0.62%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, 10% and a negative control group with distilled water. The reading was done in 48h in inverted microscope. All concentrations showed effects on hatchability. It was observed that P. florida was more effective than the other Pleurotus, inhibiting hatchability by up to 92.19% at the highest concentration (10%), with LC50 of 2.13% (± 0.12), while inhibition P. ostreatus was 55.46%, coLC50 7.44% (± 0.09), while P. djamor 23.67% at the same concentration. The use of this fungus against cyathostomines shows great potential as a biological control of the nematode.

Inclusão do substrato de shimeji-preto na cinética de fermentação in vitro do feno de Brachiaria brizantha / Effect of inclusion of oyster mushroom substrate on the in vitro fermentation kinetics of Brachiaria brizantha hay

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a inclusão do substrato exaurido de Pleurotus ostreatus na fermentação in vitro de dietas a base de feno de Brachiaria brizantha. O experimento foi realizado utilizando a técnica de produção de gases semi-automática, e o inóculo ruminal foi colhido de três bovinos fistulados mantidos em pasto de Brachiaria brizantha. Foi utilizado feno de Brachiaria brizantha e substrato exaurido da produção de Pleurotus para composição das dietas: SE (100% substrato exaurido), FB (100% feno de Brachiaria brizantha), SE5 (5% SE + 95% FB), SE20 (20% SE + 80%FB) e SE30 (30% SE + 70% FB). O experimento foi conduzido em fatorial 5x3 com cinco tratamentos e três inóculos ruminal. A cinética de degradação da matéria seca foi determinada após 96 horas de fermentação [D (96h)]. Não houve diferenças significativas para o volume acumulado de gases (A) para as dietas FB (262,6 mL/g MS), SE5 (284,3 mL/g MS), SE20 (256,6 mL/g MS) e SE30 (261,7 mL/g MS), indicando que a inclusão do substrato não afetou a fermentação do feno. A dieta SE apresentou menor volume de gás e menor degradabilidade com valores de 165,9 mL e 52%, respectivamente, indicando menor valor nutricional desse substrato em relação ao feno de Brachiaria brizantha, provavelmente pela ação de enzimas que degradam carboidratos estruturais presentes nos micélios do Pleurotus. A dieta SE apresentou menor tempo de colonização (L=2,6 h; P<0,05), o que pode ser atribuído a uma interação entre o micélio e o substrato, facilitando a sua colonização inicial. A inclusão do substrato exaurido não resultou em ganhos no crescimento e degradação microbiana em relação à dieta FB, entretanto parece ter favorecido a colonização inicial desse substrato. A utilização do SE não afeta negativamente a colonização, e a princípio pode ser utilizada como ingrediente em dietas de ruminantes...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of exhausted substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus on the in vitro fermentation of Brachiaria brizantha hay-based diets. The experiment was conducted using the semi-automated gas production technique. The ruminal inoculum was collected from three fistulated cattle kept on Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Brachiaria brizantha hay and exhausted substrate of Pleurotus production were used for composition of the diets: ES (100% exhausted substrate), BH (100% Brachiaria brizantha hay), ES5 (5% ES + 95% BH), ES20 (20% ES + 80% BH), and ES30 (30% ES + 70% BH). The experimental design was a 5x3 factorial scheme consisting of five treatments and three ruminal inocula. The degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) was determined after 96 hours of fermentation [D (96h)]. No significant differences in the cumulative volume of gas (A) were observed between BH (262.6 mL/g DM), ES5 (284.3 mL/g MS), ES20 (256.6 mL/g MS) and ES30 (261.7 mL/g MS), indicating that inclusion of the substrate did not affect hay fermentation. A lower gas volume (165.9 mL) and lower degradability (52%) were observed for the ES diet, showing a lower nutritional value of this substrate compared to Brachiaria brizantha hay, probably due to the action of enzymes that degrade structural carbohydrates found in the mycelia of Pleurotus. The ES diet exhibited a shorter colonization time (L=2.6 h; P<0.05), a finding that may be attributed to the interaction between the mycelium and substrate, facilitating initial colonization. The inclusion of exhausted substrate did not increase microbial growth or degradation compared to the BH diet, but seems to have favored initial colonization of this substrate. The use of ES does not negatively affect colonization and may be used as an ingredient of ruminant diets...

Inclusão do substrato de shimeji-preto na cinética de fermentação in vitro do feno de Brachiaria brizantha / Effect of inclusion of oyster mushroom substrate on the in vitro fermentation kinetics of Brachiaria brizantha hay

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a inclusão do substrato exaurido de Pleurotus ostreatus na fermentação in vitro de dietas a base de feno de Brachiaria brizantha. O experimento foi realizado utilizando a técnica de produção de gases semi-automática, e o inóculo ruminal foi colhido de três bovinos fistulados mantidos em pasto de Brachiaria brizantha. Foi utilizado feno de Brachiaria brizantha e substrato exaurido da produção de Pleurotus para composição das dietas: SE (100% substrato exaurido), FB (100% feno de Brachiaria brizantha), SE5 (5% SE + 95% FB), SE20 (20% SE + 80%FB) e SE30 (30% SE + 70% FB). O experimento foi conduzido em fatorial 5x3 com cinco tratamentos e três inóculos ruminal. A cinética de degradação da matéria seca foi determinada após 96 horas de fermentação [D (96h)]. Não houve diferenças significativas para o volume acumulado de gases (A) para as dietas FB (262,6 mL/g MS), SE5 (284,3 mL/g MS), SE20 (256,6 mL/g MS) e SE30 (261,7 mL/g MS), indicando que a inclusão do substrato não afetou a fermentação do feno. A dieta SE apresentou menor volume de gás e menor degradabilidade com valores de 165,9 mL e 52%, respectivamente, indicando menor valor nutricional desse substrato em relação ao feno de Brachiaria brizantha, provavelmente pela ação de enzimas que degradam carboidratos estruturais presentes nos micélios do Pleurotus. A dieta SE apresentou menor tempo de colonização (L=2,6 h; P<0,05), o que pode ser atribuído a uma interação entre o micélio e o substrato, facilitando a sua colonização inicial. A inclusão do substrato exaurido não resultou em ganhos no crescimento e degradação microbiana em relação à dieta FB, entretanto parece ter favorecido a colonização inicial desse substrato. A utilização do SE não afeta negativamente a colonização, e a princípio pode ser utilizada como ingrediente em dietas de ruminantes...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of exhausted substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus on the in vitro fermentation of Brachiaria brizantha hay-based diets. The experiment was conducted using the semi-automated gas production technique. The ruminal inoculum was collected from three fistulated cattle kept on Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Brachiaria brizantha hay and exhausted substrate of Pleurotus production were used for composition of the diets: ES (100% exhausted substrate), BH (100% Brachiaria brizantha hay), ES5 (5% ES + 95% BH), ES20 (20% ES + 80% BH), and ES30 (30% ES + 70% BH). The experimental design was a 5x3 factorial scheme consisting of five treatments and three ruminal inocula. The degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) was determined after 96 hours of fermentation [D (96h)]. No significant differences in the cumulative volume of gas (A) were observed between BH (262.6 mL/g DM), ES5 (284.3 mL/g MS), ES20 (256.6 mL/g MS) and ES30 (261.7 mL/g MS), indicating that inclusion of the substrate did not affect hay fermentation. A lower gas volume (165.9 mL) and lower degradability (52%) were observed for the ES diet, showing a lower nutritional value of this substrate compared to Brachiaria brizantha hay, probably due to the action of enzymes that degrade structural carbohydrates found in the mycelia of Pleurotus. The ES diet exhibited a shorter colonization time (L=2.6 h; P<0.05), a finding that may be attributed to the interaction between the mycelium and substrate, facilitating initial colonization. The inclusion of exhausted substrate did not increase microbial growth or degradation compared to the BH diet, but seems to have favored initial colonization of this substrate. The use of ES does not negatively affect colonization and may be used as an ingredient of ruminant diets...(AU)

Efficiency of treatments for controlling Trichoderma spp during spawning in cultivation of lignicolous mushrooms

Trichoderma spp is the cause of the green mold disease in mushroom cultivation production. Many disinfection treatments are commonly applied to lignocellulose substrates to prevent contamination. Mushroom growers are usually worried about the contaminations that may occur after these treatments during handling or spawning. The aim of this paper is to estimate the growth of the green mold Trichoderma sp on lignocellulose substrates after different disinfection treatments to know which of them is more effective to avoid contamination during spawning phase. Three different treatments were assayed: sterilization (121 ºC), immersion in hot water (60 and 80 ºC), and immersion in alkalinized water. Wheat straw, wheat seeds and Eucalyptus or Populus sawdust were used separately as substrates. After the disinfection treatments, bagged substrates were sprayed with 3 mL of suspension of conidia of Trichoderma sp (10(5) conidia/mL) and then separately spawned with Pleurotus ostreatus or Gymnopilus pampeanus. The growth of Trichoderma sp was evaluated based on a qualitative scale. Trichoderma sp could not grow on non-sterilized substrates. Immersions in hot water treatments and immersion in alkalinized water were also unfavorable treatments for its growth. Co- cultivation with mushrooms favored Trichoderma sp growth. Mushroom cultivation disinfection treatments of lignocellulose substrates influence on the growth of Trichoderma sp when contaminations occur during spawning phase. The immersion in hot water at 60 ºC for 30 min or in alkalinized water for 36 h, are treatments which better reduced the contaminations with Trichoderma sp during spawning phase for the cultivation of lignicolous species.

Aflatoxin detoxification by manganese peroxidase purified from Pleurotus ostreatus

Manganese peroxidase (MnP) was produced from white rot edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on the culture filtrate. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The final enzyme activity achieved 81UmL-1, specific activity 78 U mg-1 with purification fold of 130 and recovery 1.2% of the crude enzyme. SDS-PAGE indicated that the pure enzyme have a molecular mass of approximately 42 kDa. The optimum pH was between 4-5 and the optimum temperature was 25 ºC. The pure MnP activity was enhanced by Mn2+,Cu2+,Ca2+ and K+ and inhibited by Hg+2 and Cd+2.H2O2 at 5 mM enhanced MnP activity while at 10 mM inhibited it significantly. The MnP-cDNA encoding gene was sequenced and determined (GenBank accession no. AB698450.1). The MnP-cDNA was found to consist of 497 bp in an Open Reading Frame (ORF) encoding 165 amino acids. MnP from P. ostreatus could detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) depending on enzyme concentration and incubation period. The highest detoxification power (90%) was observed after 48 h incubation at 1.5 U mL-1 enzyme activities.(AU)

Morphology and mycelial growth rate of Pleurotus spp. strains from the Mexican mixtec region

Two native Pleurotus spp. strains (white LB-050 and pale pink LB-051) were isolated from rotten tree trunks of cazahuate (Ipomoea murucoides) from the Mexican Mixtec Region. Both strains were chemically dedikaryotized to obtain their symmetrical monokaryotic components (neohaplonts). This was achieved employing homogenization time periods from 60 to 65 s, and 3 day incubation at 28 °C in a peptone-glucose solution (PGS). Pairing of compatible neohaplonts resulted in 56 hybrid strains which were classified into the four following hybrid types: (R1-n xB1-n, R1-n xB2-1, R2-n xB1-n and R2-n xB2-1). The mycelial growth of Pleurotus spp. monokaryotic and dikaryotic strains showed differences in texture (cottony or floccose), growth (scarce, regular or abundant), density (high, regular or low), and pigmentation (off-white, white or pale pink). To determine the rate and the amount of mycelium growth in malt extract agar at 28 °C, the diameter of the colony was measured every 24 h until the Petri dish was completely colonized. A linear model had the best fit to the mycelial growth kinetics. A direct relationship between mycelial morphology and growth rate was observed. Cottony mycelium presented significantly higher growth rates (p < 0.01) in comparison with floccose mycelium. Thus, mycelial morphology can be used as criterion to select which pairs must be used for optimizing compatible-mating studies. Hybrids resulting from cottony neohaplonts maintained the characteristically high growth rates of their parental strains with the hybrid R1-n xB1-n being faster than the latter.

Atividade ovicida in vitro de Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida SOBRE Ancylostoma sp. e Toxocara canis

Os animais de companhia são acometidos por uma infinidade de afecções parasitárias. Dentre elas se destacam as infecções causadas por ancilostomídeos e ascarídeos, pois estes, são responsáveis por uma alta taxa de mortalidade de cães e gatos, principalmente na fase inicial de vida. Além disso, parasitos do gênero Toxocara e Ancylostoma apresentam grande importância médico veterinária, pois são agentes das zoonoses Larva migrans visceral e Larva migrans cutânea respectivamente. Muitas pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas com intuito de minimizar os danos associados a estes parasitos, contudo, uma área ainda pouco explorada é relacionada a produtos naturais. Os fungos do gênero Pleurotus são bastante requisitados no mercado internacional tendo aplicações gastronômicas e medicinais, entretanto suas atividades nematicidas sobre nematoides de carnívoros ainda não foi relatada. Em busca disso, aproximadamente 1000 ovos de Ancylostoma sp. foram vertidos em placas de cultura de 6 poços, e em cada placa foi aplicada uma solução com diferentes concentrações do extrato aquoso de Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (50mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12,5 mg/ml, 6,25 mg/ml, 3,12 mg/ml). As placas foram incubadas por 48h a 26ºC, e após o período, a leitura de eclosão de larvas foi realizada. No segundo experimento 1000 ovos de Toxocara canis foram vertidos em placas de cultura de 6 poços, e aplicada as mesmas concentrações anteriores do extrato aquoso e incubadas a 26º C por 21 dias. A cada 7 dias foram realizadas leituras em microscópio invertido para classificação da evolução embrionário dos ovos. Em ambos experimentos o controle negativo foi composto apenas de solução com ovos e água destilada. Foram realizadas triplicatas em todos os grupos de cada teste. No teste com Ancylostoma sp., houve um percentual de redução de eclodibilidade de no 67,16% em relação ao controle, tendo a concentração de 3,12% o maior percentual de eclodibilidade de larvas dentre as concentrações testadas. Já o ensaio experimental com ovos de Toxocara canis, todos as concentrações foram eficazes na diminuição de ovos larvados a partir do décimo quarto dia de avaliações. O Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida mostrou possuir uma boa atividade ovicida tanto sobre ovos de Ancylostoma spp., quanto sobre ovos de T. canis, demonstrando um grande potencial na utilização como controle biológico do nematódeos.

Companion animals are plagued by a multitude of parasitic diseases. Among them are the infections caused by hookworms and ascarids, as these are responsible for a high death rate of dogs and cats, especially in the initial phase of life. In addition, parasites of the genus Toxacara and Ancylostoma present great veterinary medical importance, as they are agents of zoonoses "Larva migrans visceral" and "Larva migrans cutaneum", respectively. Many researches are being developed in order to minimize the damages associated with these parasites, however, an area not yet explored is related to natural products. The fungi of the genus Pleurotus are highly requested in the international market, with gastronomic and medicinal applications, but their nematicidal activities on carnivorous nematodes have not yet been reported. In search of this, approximately 1000 eggs of Ancylostoma spp. were poured into 6-well culture plates, and a solution with different concentrations of the aqueous extract of Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%). The plates were incubated for 48 h at 26 ° C, and after the period, larval hatching was performed. In the second experiment 1,000 Toxocara canis eggs were poured into 6-well culture plates and the same concentrations of the aqueous extract were applied and incubated at 26 ° C for 21 days. Every 7 days, the egg embryo evolution was classified. In both experiments the negative control was composed only of solution with eggs and distilled water. Triplicates were performed in all groups of each test. In the test with Ancylostoma spp., There was a percentage of reduction of hatchability up to 67.16% in relation to the control, and the concentration of 3.12% was the highest percentage of hatchability of larvae among the tested concentrations. In the experimental trial with Toxocara canis eggs, all concentrations were effective in the reduction of larval eggs from the fourteenth day of evaluations. Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida showed to have a good ovicidal activity both on Ancylostoma spp. eggs and on Toxocara canis eggs, demonstrating a great potential in the biological control of the nematode.

Secretion of laccase and manganese peroxidase by Pleurotus strains cultivate in solid-state using Pinus spp. sawdust

Pleurotus species secrete phenol oxidase enzymes: laccase (Lcc) and manganese peroxidase (MnP). New genotypes of these species show potential to be used in processes aiming at the degradation of phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dyes. Hence, a screening of some strains of Pleurotus towards Lcc and MnP production was performed in this work. Ten strains were grown through solid-state fermentation on a medium based on Pinus spp. sawdust, wheat bran and calcium carbonate. High Lcc and MnP activities were found with these strains. Highest Lcc activity, 741 ± 245 U gdm-1 of solid state-cultivation medium, was detected on strain IB11 after 32 days, while the highest MnP activity occurred with strains IB05, IB09, and IB11 (5,333 ± 357; 4,701 ± 652; 5,999 ± 1,078 U gdm-1, respectively). The results obtained here highlight the importance of further experiments with lignocellulolytic enzymes present in different strains of Pleurotus species. Such results also indicate the possibility of selecting more valuable strains for future biotechnological applications, in soil bioremediation and biological biomass pre-treatment in biofuels production, for instance, as well as obtaining value-added products from mushrooms, like phenol oxidase enzymes.(AU)

Extracellular polysaccharide production by a strain of Pleurotus djamor isolated in the south of Brazil and antitumor activity on Sarcoma 180

Polysaccharides with medicinal properties can be obtained from fruiting bodies, mycelium and culture broth of several fungus species. This work was carried out in batch culture using a stirred tank reactor with two different initial glucose concentrations (40-50 g/L) and pH values (3.0-4.0) to enhance extracellular polysaccharides production by Pleurotus djamor UNIVILLE 001 and evaluate antitumor effect of intraperitonial administration of Pleurotus djamor extract on sarcoma 180 animal model. According to factorial design, the low pH value (pH 3.0) led to a gain of 1.6 g/L on the extracellular polysaccharide concentration, while glucose concentration in the tested range had no significant effect on the concentration of polysaccharide. With 40 g/L initial glucose concentration and pH 3.0, it was observed that yield factor of extracellular polysaccharide on substrate (Y P/S = 0.072) and maximum extracellular polysaccharide productivity (Q Pmax = 11.26 mg/L.h) were about 188% and 321% respectively higher than those obtained in the experiment performed at pH 4.0. Under these conditions, the highest values of the yield factor of biomass on substrate (Y X/S = 0.24) and maximal biomass productivity (Q Xmax = 32.2 mg/L.h) were also reached. In tumor response study, mean tumor volume on the 21th day was 35.3 cm³ in untreated group and 1.6 cm³ in treated group (p = 0.05) with a tumor inhibition rate of 94%. These impressive results suggests an inhibitory effect of P.djamor extract on cancer cells.

Extracellular polysaccharide production by a strain of Pleurotus djamor isolated in the south of Brazil and antitumor activity on Sarcoma 180

Polysaccharides with medicinal properties can be obtained from fruiting bodies, mycelium and culture broth of several fungus species. This work was carried out in batch culture using a stirred tank reactor with two different initial glucose concentrations (40-50 g/L) and pH values (3.0-4.0) to enhance extracellular polysaccharides production by Pleurotus djamor UNIVILLE 001 and evaluate antitumor effect of intraperitonial administration of Pleurotus djamor extract on sarcoma 180 animal model. According to factorial design, the low pH value (pH 3.0) led to a gain of 1.6 g/L on the extracellular polysaccharide concentration, while glucose concentration in the tested range had no significant effect on the concentration of polysaccharide. With 40 g/L initial glucose concentration and pH 3.0, it was observed that yield factor of extracellular polysaccharide on substrate (Y P/S = 0.072) and maximum extracellular polysaccharide productivity (Q Pmax = 11.26 mg/L.h) were about 188% and 321% respectively higher than those obtained in the experiment performed at pH 4.0. Under these conditions, the highest values of the yield factor of biomass on substrate (Y X/S = 0.24) and maximal biomass productivity (Q Xmax = 32.2 mg/L.h) were also reached. In tumor response study, mean tumor volume on the 21th day was 35.3 cm³ in untreated group and 1.6 cm³ in treated group (p = 0.05) with a tumor inhibition rate of 94%. These impressive results suggests an inhibitory effect of P.djamor extract on cancer cells.

Evaluation of growth and production of Pleurotus sp. in sterilized substrates / Avaliação do crescimento e da produção de Pleurotus sp. em substratos esterilizados

The gender Pleurotus is also known as oyster mushroom, shimeji or hiratake. Aiming to select the best substrates to cultivate two species of Pleurotus, this work measured vigor, mycelium growth (cm.day-1), fresh mass (g), productivity (%) and biological efficiency (%) of P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) and P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06) cultivated in the following substrates: sugarcane bagasse, elephant grass, waste of castor oil plant and pasteurized rice straw. Fungal cultures were recovered in culture medium CDA. For the evaluation of mycelium growth, moist substrates were put into a closed assay tube with sterilized aluminum paper. Then, they were inoculated in 10 mm culture dishes and taken to the incubator at 26 ± 2C. Mycelium vigor was measured with grades from 1 to 3 according to density. For axenic cultivation, substrates were placed into 250 g flasks of substrate and autoclaved twice at 121C (1 atm) for 60 minutes, and then inoculated with 3% of spawn. The lineage P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) showed higher growth rates in relation to P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06). Substrates showing lower C/N ratio provided more mycelium vigor. Castor oil plant waste based-substrate showed good perspectives to growing P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03).

O gênero Pleurotus é conhecido como cogumelo ostra, shimeji ou hiratake. Neste trabalho, com a finalidade de selecionar substratos para o cultivo de duas espécies de Pleurotus, foram avaliados vigor, crescimento micelial (cm.dia-1), massa fresca (g), produtividade (%) e eficiência biológica (%) de P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) e P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06) cultivados nos substratos: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, capim-elefante, resíduos da cultura da mamona e palha de arroz esterilizados. As culturas fúngicas foram recuperadas em meio de cultura CDA. Para avaliar o crescimento micelial, os substratos úmidos foram acondicionados em tubos de ensaio e fechados com papel alumínio esterilizados. Depois, foram inoculados com discos de cultura de 10 mm de diâmetro e incubados em estufa a 26 ± 2C. O vigor do micélio foi mensurado por meio de notas de 1 a 3, conforme adensamento. Para o cultivo axênico, os substratos foram colocados em frascos de 250 g de substrato e autoclavados duas vezes a 121C (1 atm) por 60 minutos, posteriormente inoculados com 3% de spawn. Ao serem analisadas, a linhagem P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) apresentou maior velocidade de crescimento que a P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06), os substratos com menor relação C/N propiciaram maior vigor de micélio e o substrato à base de resíduos da cultura da mamona apresentou perspectivas para o cultivo de P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03).