Femur properties of embryo in the layer hybrid and pure breeds

Layer hybrids are more superior in the egg yield than pure breeds. But this superiority causes some problems in the bones during the production period. There are a lot of differences among genotypes in the production period that have been examined extensively, however, the differences throughout incubation period arent known yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in femur properties of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos during the incubation period. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were used from one hybrid (Lohman White) and two pure breeds (Denizli & Gerze). The eggs were incubated. Hatching eggs from each genotype at the beginning of embryonic days (E) 19 and E21 were examined. At these embryonic ages, 12 eggs were selected from each genotype. The eggs were opened and embryos were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Both femurs were dissected from each embryo and then structure, mineral composition and mechanical properties of femur were determined. The genotype affected the length, width and Zn level in the femur of embryos. Weight, length, width, load of yield and ultimate, ash and all examined minerals increased with embryonic development. These results showed that some femur properties of embryos were influenced by the genotype and layer hybrid embryos are beginning to be advantageous in terms of Zn level in the femur at E21. This study leads to better understanding femur development during the incubation period in layer hybrid and pure breeds.(AU)

Femur properties of embryo in the layer hybrid and pure breeds

Layer hybrids are more superior in the egg yield than pure breeds. But this superiority causes some problems in the bones during the production period. There are a lot of differences among genotypes in the production period that have been examined extensively, however, the differences throughout incubation period arent known yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in femur properties of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos during the incubation period. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were used from one hybrid (Lohman White) and two pure breeds (Denizli & Gerze). The eggs were incubated. Hatching eggs from each genotype at the beginning of embryonic days (E) 19 and E21 were examined. At these embryonic ages, 12 eggs were selected from each genotype. The eggs were opened and embryos were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Both femurs were dissected from each embryo and then structure, mineral composition and mechanical properties of femur were determined. The genotype affected the length, width and Zn level in the femur of embryos. Weight, length, width, load of yield and ultimate, ash and all examined minerals increased with embryonic development. These results showed that some femur properties of embryos were influenced by the genotype and layer hybrid embryos are beginning to be advantageous in terms of Zn level in the femur at E21. This study leads to better understanding femur development during the incubation period in layer hybrid and pure breeds.

Comparison of Some Relative Gene Expressions in the Yolk Sac Membrane and Small Intestine of the Embryos in the Layer Hybrid and Pure Breeds

ABSTRACT Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.

Comparison of Some Relative Gene Expressions in the Yolk Sac Membrane and Small Intestine of the Embryos in the Layer Hybrid and Pure Breeds

Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.(AU)

Comparison of Some Relative Gene Expressions in the Yolk Sac Membrane and Small Intestine of the Embryos in the Layer Hybrid and Pure Breeds

Pure breeds are important due to the fact that they adapt well to poor husbandry conditions. However, gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters of pure breeds and layer hybrids have not been studied yet. Therefore, this study was directed to detect the gene expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the yolk sac membrane and small intestine of the embryos in layer hybrid and pure breeds. A total of 354 hatching eggs were collected from 29 wk old Denizli, Gerze and Lohman White (LW) breeder flocks. Twelve eggs from each genotype were selected at embryonic day 19 (E19) and day 21 (E21). APN, SI, PepT1, EAAT3, CAT1, B0AT, SGLT1 and GLUT5 mRNA expressions were evaluated in the yolk sac membrane (YSM) and small intestine of the embryos from different genotypes. Expressions of APN and EAAT3 in the small intestine of Denizli embryo were upregulated from E19 to E21. B0AT, PepT1 and SGLT1 expressions were upregulated in the small intestine of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos with increasing embryonic age. SI expression in the small intestine of the LW embryos was upregulated from E19 to E21. APN, B0AT and EAAT3 expressions in the YSM of Denizli embryos were dowregulated from E19 to E21. EAAT3 and SGLT1 expressions in the YSM of Gerze embryos were upregulated at E21 and compared to E19. Taken together, our results indicate that genotype and embryonic age influenced the expression of digestive enzymes and nutrient transporter genes in the small intestine and YSM of embryos.

Survival, growth, and hormone production in vitro from preantral follicles of crossbred female goats (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian)

The present study aimed to evaluate the survival, growth, antrum formation, oocyte extrusion, and hormone production during in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles isolated from pure-breed (Saanen) or crossbreed (F1 generation: ½ Saanen + ½ Anglo-Nubian) goats. Secondary follicles (diameter: 150-250 µm) from Saanen or crossbreed (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian) goats were isolated from the ovarian cortex by microdissection and cultured in vitro for 18 days in α-modified minimum essential medium (α-MEM+) supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor and increasing concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone. Every six days follicular morphology, growth, antrum formation, and follicular extrusion were evaluated. In addition, on days 2, 6, 12, and 18 of culture the medium samples were collected and stored at -20°C for further measurement of estradiol and progesterone. The follicular survival, antrum formation, and oocyte extrusion were analyzed by the Chi square test. Follicular diameter and hormone assays were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Survival rates, growth, antral follicle formation, and oocyte extrusion of preantral follicles cultured in vitro were similar between the different genetic groups. The production of estradiol and progesterone indicated the maintenance of cell viability throughout the culture. In conclusion, preantral follicles from pure-breed or crossbreed goats can be used with the same efficiency for in vitro culture of isolated caprine preantral follicles.

Survival, growth, and hormone production in vitro from preantral follicles of crossbred female goats (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian)

The present study aimed to evaluate the survival, growth, antrum formation, oocyte extrusion, and hormone production during in vitro culture of caprine preantral follicles isolated from pure-breed (Saanen) or crossbreed (F1 generation: ½ Saanen + ½ Anglo-Nubian) goats. Secondary follicles (diameter: 150-250 µm) from Saanen or crossbreed (Saanen × Anglo-Nubian) goats were isolated from the ovarian cortex by microdissection and cultured in vitro for 18 days in α-modified minimum essential medium (α-MEM+) supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor and increasing concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone. Every six days follicular morphology, growth, antrum formation, and follicular extrusion were evaluated. In addition, on days 2, 6, 12, and 18 of culture the medium samples were collected and stored at -20°C for further measurement of estradiol and progesterone. The follicular survival, antrum formation, and oocyte extrusion were analyzed by the Chi square test. Follicular diameter and hormone assays were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Survival rates, growth, antral follicle formation, and oocyte extrusion of preantral follicles cultured in vitro were similar between the different genetic groups. The production of estradiol and progesterone indicated the maintenance of cell viability throughout the culture. In conclusion, preantral follicles from pure-breed or crossbreed goats can be used with the same efficiency for in vitro culture of isolated caprine preantral follicles.(AU)