Photosensitization in cattle caused by spontaneous and experimentally ingestion of Stryphnodendron fissuratum

Background: Stryphnodendron fissuratum is a tree from the Brazilian Cerrado. Its fruit is toxic to cattle and can cause clinical digestive signs, hepatogenous photosensitization, and abortion. Cases of poisoning in cattle, goats and guinea pigs have been experimentally reproduced; however, photosensitization could not be reproduced. The aim of this work was to describe an outbreak of natural poisoning and experimental reproduction in cattle, both with hepatogenous photosensitization.Materials, Methods & Results: Its described and natural outbreak and an experimental poisoning. In the outbreak, three bovines in the acute phase and three in the chronic phase were examined. Blood samples were collected from all of these animals in order to measure serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea, and creatinine. The first three animals underwent necropsy and histopathological evaluation. The experiment was conducted with two nine-month-old calves that received an oral paste made with crushed S. fissuratum fruits mixed with water. These fruits were collected at a farm at which cattle poisoning cases had occurred. Blood samples were collected in order to measure serum levels of AST, GGT, urea, and creatinine, before plant administration and then daily during the experimental period. Skin biopsies were taken before plant administration and new one after the first signs of skin lesions. The natural outbreak affected 52 of 160 bovine (31 calves and 21 cows) in the lot. Two calves and 14 cows died. Clinical signs consisted of depression, ataxia, incoordination, behavioral changes, decubitus, and death. One animal that died and 36 others that recovered had photodermatitis. Necropsy findings in the animals consisted of bad corporal condition, pale kidneys, evidence of liver lobular pattern, dry rumen contents, and full bladder.[...]

Photosensitization in cattle caused by spontaneous and experimentally ingestion of Stryphnodendron fissuratum

Background: Stryphnodendron fissuratum is a tree from the Brazilian Cerrado. Its fruit is toxic to cattle and can cause clinical digestive signs, hepatogenous photosensitization, and abortion. Cases of poisoning in cattle, goats and guinea pigs have been experimentally reproduced; however, photosensitization could not be reproduced. The aim of this work was to describe an outbreak of natural poisoning and experimental reproduction in cattle, both with hepatogenous photosensitization.Materials, Methods & Results: Its described and natural outbreak and an experimental poisoning. In the outbreak, three bovines in the acute phase and three in the chronic phase were examined. Blood samples were collected from all of these animals in order to measure serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea, and creatinine. The first three animals underwent necropsy and histopathological evaluation. The experiment was conducted with two nine-month-old calves that received an oral paste made with crushed S. fissuratum fruits mixed with water. These fruits were collected at a farm at which cattle poisoning cases had occurred. Blood samples were collected in order to measure serum levels of AST, GGT, urea, and creatinine, before plant administration and then daily during the experimental period. Skin biopsies were taken before plant administration and new one after the first signs of skin lesions. The natural outbreak affected 52 of 160 bovine (31 calves and 21 cows) in the lot. Two calves and 14 cows died. Clinical signs consisted of depression, ataxia, incoordination, behavioral changes, decubitus, and death. One animal that died and 36 others that recovered had photodermatitis. Necropsy findings in the animals consisted of bad corporal condition, pale kidneys, evidence of liver lobular pattern, dry rumen contents, and full bladder.[...](AU)

ULTRASSONOGRAFIA EM MODO B E DOPPLER PULSADO PARA A AVALIAÇÃO DA INJÚRIA RENAL AGUDA INDUZIDA EM CÃES ADULTOS

A lesão renal aguda resulta principalmente da ação de agentes nefotóicos e de isquemia renal que geralmente afetam a porção tubular do néfron, sendo o uso de medicamentos potencialmente nefrotóxicos, como a gentamicina, umas das principais causas. A detecção precoce da lesão renal aguda permite a intervenção apropriada podendo prevenir ou atenuar o dano à célula tubular e o desenvolvimento da insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). O diagnóstico requer a associação de técnicas, sendo eficaz o emprego do exame ultrassonográfico associado aos exames laboratoriais. A ultrassonografia permite a avaliação da morfologia e da ecogenicidade renal por meio do exame em modo bidimensional (modo B) e da hemodinâmica renal por meio da avaliação com o Doppler pulsado pelo cálculo dos índices de resistividade e pulsabilidade. No presente estudo a lesão renal aguda foi induzida em seis cães, com o uso de 30mg/kg de gentamicina uma vez ao dia, durante dez dias, com o objetivo de confirmar a importância da ultrassonografia em modo B e Doppler pulsado para o diagnóstico, acompanhamento e determinação do prognóstico. Os cães foram acompanhados durante 45 dias por meio de exame clínico, exame de urina, dosagem sérica de ureia e creatinina, dosagem de GGT urinária e exame ultrassonográfico. Seis cães saudáveis foram utilizados como grupo controle e acompanhados nos mesmos momentos. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a ultrassonografia foi capaz de diagnosticar a lesão renal aguda mais precocemente que as alterações laboratoriais, além de ser útil para o acompanhamento e determinação do prognóstico, uma vez que o aspecto ultrassonográfico voltou à normalidade na maioria dos cães após a recuperação e, os cães que desenvolveram IRA apresentaram valores mais elevados do volume, dos índices Doppler e do grau de ecogenicidade.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) resulting from toxic or ischemic insults and usually affect the tubular portion of the nephron, the use of potentially nephrotoxic drugs such as gentamycin one of the main causes. Early detection allows the AKI appropriate intervention may prevent or mitigate damage to the tubular cell and the development of acute renal failure (ARF). Diagnosis requires a combination of techniques, and be effective employment ultrasonography associated with laboratory tests. Ultrasound allows assessment of morphology and renal echogenicity by taking on bi-dimensional mode (B-mode) and renal hemodynamics through the assessment with pulsed Doppler with resistivity and pulsatility indices calculation. In this study, AKI was induced in six dogs with 30mg/kg of gentamicin once a day, for 10 days, in order to confirm the importance of B-mode and pulsed Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis determination. Dogs were followed for 45 days by clinical examination, urinalysis, serum urea and creatinine, urinary GGT dosing and ultrasound. Six healthy dogs were used as control group and followed the same moments. The results of this study demonstrated that ultrasound is earlier than changes in laboratory diagnosis of ARI, and is useful for monitoring and prognosis determination, since the ultrasound aspect returned to normal in most dogs after recovery and dogs with ARF had higher values of the volume, of the Doppler indices and the degree of echogenicity.

Influência da monofenilbutazona associada ou não ao omeprazol sobre o sistema digestório e renal de pôneis hígidos / Influence of mofebutazone associated or not to omeprazole on the digestive and renal tracts of healthy ponies

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram averiguar se a monofenilbutazona causa efeitos colaterais no trato digestório e lesões renais em pôneis hígidos e verificar a capacidade do omeprazol em inibir a gênese de úlceras gástricas. O experimento foi executado em duas etapas. Na primeira foram utilizados seis pôneis, sendo três deles tratados diariamente por via intravenosa (IV) com as doses de 3, 4,5 ou 6mg kg-1 de monofenilbutazona durante 12 dias. Os demais, além de antiinflamatório, também receberam 3mg kg-1 de omeprazol. Já na segunda etapa foram incluídos quatro pôneis hígidos, sendo dois tratados com doses diárias de 4,5mg kg-1 de monofenilbutazona durante 12 dias e os demais com 5mL de NaCl a 0,9 por cento, por via IV. Todos os pôneis foram submetidos à gastroscopia antes e após cada etapa experimental. Adicionalmente, na primeira etapa, foram realizadas urinálise e determinação dos valores de variáveis hematológicas (hematócrito e proteína plasmática total) e bioquímicas (creatinina, albumina, Ca+2 e P+3). Na primeira etapa, apenas os dois pôneis tratados com 6mg kg-1 de monofenilbutazona apresentaram úlceras na região aglandular, ao longo da margo plicatus. Na segunda etapa, dois animais também apresentaram úlceras gástricas, sendo que um deles havia recebido apenas NaCl a 0,9 por cento. A ocorrência das úlceras não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pela administração e pela dose da monofenilbutazona, nem pela presença do omeprazol. O efeito da monofenilbutazona sobre as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas foi inexpressivo (P+3) ou ausente (hematócrito, proteína plasmática total, creatinina, albumina, Ca+2) (P>0,05). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que: a ocorrência de úlceras na região aglandular de pôneis hígidos não sofre a influência da aplicação e da dose de monofenilbutazona, quando administrada durante 12 dias; úlceras em grau 4 na região aglandular de pôneis não necessariamente estão acompanhadas de sintomatologia clínica...(AU)

This research aimed to investigate whether mofebutazone causes gastrointestinal and renal side effects in healthy ponies as well as to verify the capacity of omeprazole to inhibit the genesis of gastric ulcers. The experiment was carried out in two phases. In the first, six ponies were used, with three of them being treated daily with different doses (3, 4.5 and 6mg kg-1) of intravenous (IV) mofebutazone for 12 days. The other ponies were given 3mg kg-1 of omeprazole in addition to the anti-inflammatory drug. In the second phase, four ponies were included, with two of them being treated daily with 4.5mg kg-1 of mofebutazone for 12 days and the two remainders with 5mL of IV NaCl at 0.9 percent. All ponies underwent gastroscopy before and after each experimental phase. Additionally, in the first phase, urine, hematological (hematocrit, and total plasma protein) and biochemical (creatinine, albumin, Ca+2 and P+3) analysis were determined. In the first phase, only the two ponies treated with 6mg kg-1 of mofebutazone presented ulcers in the aglandular region along the margo plicatus. In the second phase, two animals also presented gastric ulcers, with one having received only NaCl at 0.9 percent solution. Ulcers occurrence was neither influenced (P>0.05) by the administration and dose of mofebutazone, nor by the presence of omeprazole. Mofebutazone effect on the hematological and biochemical variables was unremarkable (P+3) or absent (hematocrit, total plasma protein, creatinine, albumin, Ca+2) (P>0.05). Based on these results the following conclusions could be drawn: the occurrence of gastric ulcers in the aglandular region of healthy ponies was not influenced by application and dose of mofebutazone when administered for 12 days; grade four ulcers in the aglandular region of ponies may not be accompanied by clinical signs; healthy ponies tolerate application of up to 6mg kg-1 of IV mofebutazone for 12 days without the occurrence of renal...(AU)

Renal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis dogs

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis that affects both animals and man. Dogs are the etiological agents main reservoir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical laboratory aspects and renal histopathology of VL dogs. Thirty-four symptomatic (case) and 17 asymptomatic (control) VL seropositive dogs of different breeds, sexes, and ages from Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil, were used. Diagnosis was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence test. Clinical and laboratory tests included blood cell count and renal function analysis (urea and creatinine). Animals were subjected to euthanasia and necropsy. Renal fragments were prepared by the usual histological techniques and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff. Physical examination showed that lymph node hypertrophy (85.29%) and skin lesions (35.29%) were frequent in the case group. Anemia was found in 55.88% of the case and in 11.76% of the control group. There was a significant difference between groups by Fishers exact test. Two case-group dogs showed azotemia. Renal histopathological evaluation showed that 61.76% case and 17.65% control-group dogs had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was seen in 32.35% case and 64.70% control-group animals. There was a significant difference for both types of glomerulonephritis between groups. Amastigote forms of Leishmania were found in the renal parenchyma, in the inflammatory infiltrate of one case-group dog. We concluded that, in canine VL, regardless of the clinical signs at physical examination, the kidneys are frequently compromised.