Effect of increasing levels of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins on improving performance and plasma vitamin concentration in modern hybrids pig's growth and finishing phase / Efeito do aumento dos níveis de vitaminas lipossolúveis e hidrossolúveis na melhoria do desempenho e na concentração plasmática de vitaminas em suínos híbridos modernos nas fases de crescimento e terminação

The objective was to evaluate the supplementation of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins on the performance and plasma concentrations of vitamins in modern hybrids pigs. A total of 144 commercial hybrid castrated male, 43.531 ± 1.099kg, were used in a randomized block design with six treatments, eight replicates and three animals per pen. The experimental treatments were different vitamin supplementation levels - 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the recommended by Rostagno et al. (2011) for male pigs in growth I (40 to 50kg), growth II (50 to 70kg), and finishing I (70 to 90kg) phases. For growth phases I and II, a linear effect (P<0.05) due to increase in vitamin supplementation was observed on performance. For finishing phase I and total phase, a linear effect (P<0.05) was observed with increased final average weight (FAW) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). For average daily weight gain (ADWG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) a quadratic effect was observed (P<0.05). A linear (P<0.05) increase in plasmatic α-tocopherol and B12 was observed with the 125%. Thus, it is concluded that the 125% vitamin supplementation improved performance of modern hybrids pigs (40 to 90kg).

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação de vitaminas lipossolúveis e hidrossolúveis sobre o desempenho e as concentrações plasmáticas de vitaminas em suínos híbridos modernos. Um total de 144 híbridos machos castrados, 43,531 ± 1,099kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, oito repetições e três animais por baia. Os tratamentos foram diferentes níveis de vitaminas - 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% do recomendado por Rostagno et al. (2011) para suínos machos nas fases de crescimento I (40 a 50kg), crescimento II (50 a 70kg) e terminação I (70 a 90kg). Para as fases de crescimento I e II, observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) devido ao aumento na suplementação vitamínica sobre o desempenho. Para a fase de terminação I e a fase total, observou-se efeito linear (P<0,05) com o aumento do peso médio final (PMF) e melhoria da conversão alimentar (CA). Já para as variáveis de ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD) e consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD,) observou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,05). Houve aumento linear (P<0,05) em α-tocoferol e cobalamina plasmáticos devido à suplementação de 125%. Assim, conclui-se que a suplementação com 125% de vitaminas melhorou o desempenho de suínos híbridos modernos (40 a 90kg).

Protein and energy for maintenance and gain of European quail fed different energy sources and housed at two temperatures

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether replacing corn starch (CS) energy with isolated soy protein (ISP) and soybean oil (SO) and the ambient temperature affect the protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Thus, a total of 432 European quail from 10 to 30 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design, were used to estimate the protein and energy requirements for maintenance through the comparative slaughter methodology. The treatments consisted of three diets formulated with the replacement of CS, corresponding to 15% of the metabolizable energy in the diet, with ISP and SO, two controlled temperatures (26 and 35 °C), and three levels of feed supply (ad libitum, and 70 and 40% of ad libitum intake), with four replicates of six birds. Protein and energy requirements for weight gain were determined from 160 European quail, slaughtered every five days at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days of age. Birds were housed in four groups of 40 birds in a room with thermoneutral temperature (26 °C). The energy sources of the feed and temperatures studied affected protein and energy requirements for maintenance and gain of European quail. Replacing CS energy by 15% of dietary energy with SO results in lower protein and energy maintenance requirements for European quail at both temperatures. The protein and energy weight gain requirements of quail fed SO as an energy source is higher than CS and ISP.(AU)

Dietary net energy levels for growing barrows from 30 to 70 kg / Níveis de energia líquida para suínos machos castrados dos 30 aos 70 kg

This study evaluated the effect of dietary net energy (NE) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of barrows from 30 to 70 kg of body weight (BW). Sixty barrows with initial body weight (IBW) of 31.94 ± 3.54 kg and final body weight (FBW) of 71.98 ± 5.99 kg were allotted to one of five dietary NE levels (2.40, 2.45, 2.50, 2.55, and 2.60 Mcal kg-¹), using a completely randomized block design with six replicates and two barrows per replicate. The experimental period was divided into phase I: 30 to 50 kg and phase II: 50 to 70 kg. The variables analyzed were average daily feed intake (ADFI), net energy intake (NEI), digestible lysine intake (LysI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), FBW, digestible lysine conversion:gain (LysI:G), Cost:Gain (C:G), loin eye area (LEA), muscle depth (MD), first backfat layer (BF1), second backfat layer (BF2), total backfat (BFt), lean meat percentage, and carcass bonus index (BI). In phase I, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in FBW, ADG, NEI, and LysI with increasing NE levels in the diet. In phase II, increasing dietary NE levels also increased (P < 0.05) FBW, ADG, NEI, LysI, and FC linearly. Overall, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in ADG, NEI, LysI, and FC with increasing NE levels in the diet. The other performance variables were not affected (P > 0.05) by the NE levels. There was an increase (P < 0.05) in BF2 with increasing NE levels, but the other carcass characteristics were not altered (P > 0.05). We recommended 2.60 Mcal of NE kg-¹ in the diet for growing barrows from 30 to 70 kg.

Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de energia líquida (EL), mantendo a relação caloria: nutriente, no desempenho e características de carcaça de suínos dos 30 aos 70 kg. Foram utilizados 60 suínos machos castrados, com pesos iniciais de 31,94 ± 3,54 kg e finais de 71,98 ± 5,99 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em cinco níveis de EL (2,40; 2,45; 2,50; 2,55; 2,60 Mcal de EL kg-¹ de dieta), com seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. O período experimental foi dividido em fase I: 30 aos 50 kg e fase II: 50 aos 70 kg. As variáveis analisadas foram os consumos de ração diária (CRD), energia líquida (CEL) e lisina digestível (CLdig), ganho de peso diário (GPD), conversão alimentar (CA), peso final (PF), conversão de lisina digestível: ganho (CLdig:G), custo: ganho (C:G), área de olho de lombo (AOL), profundidade de músculo (PM), espessura de toucinho da primeira camada (ET1), espessura de toucinho da segunda camada (ET2), espessura de toucinho total (ETt), percentual de carne magra (CM) e o índice de bonificação de carcaça (IB). Dos 30 aos 50 kg, verificou-se aumento linear (P < 0,05) do PF, GPD e dos CEL e CLdig com o aumento dos níveis de EL na dieta. Dos 50 aos 70 kg, o aumento dos níveis de EL na dieta promoveu melhora linear (P < 0,05) do PF, GPD, CEL, CLdig e da CA dos suínos. No período total, verificou-se aumento linear (P < 0,05) do GPD, CEL, CLdig e melhora linear (P < 0,05) da CA de acordo com o aumento do nível de EL na dieta. As demais variáveis de desempenho não foram afetadas (P > 0,05) pelos níveis de EL. Verificou-se aumento (P < 0,05) da ET2 de acordo com o aumento do nível de EL, porém sem alterar (P > 0,05) as demais características de carcaça. Recomenda-se o nível 2,60 Mcal de EL kg-¹ de dieta para suínos machos castrados dos 30 aos 70 kg.

Protein to energy ratios and cost, performance, and ammonia excretion in juvenile jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), South American catfish

ABSTRACT: The determination of nutritional requirements, based on diets administered in practice, considers physiological specificities and sustainability are essential to the development of suitable aquaculture technologies for novel fish species. The growth of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard) juveniles (31.54 ± 4.92 g) fed five diets comprising increasing levels of digestible protein (DP: 24, 29, 34, 39, and 44 %) and digestible energy (DE: 12.13, 13.39, 13.81, 14.64, and 15.06 MJ kg1) with DP:DE ratios: 20, 22, 25, 27, and 29 g MJ1, respectively, was evaluated. Each diet was fed to three groups of 25 fish for 75 days. Regression analysis showed that the different DP:DE ratios affected both growth and economic performance as well as excretion of total ammonia nitrogen. Fish fed diets with DP:DE ratios between 22 and 27 g MJ1 achieved a higher daily weight gain, superior apparent net protein utilization, feed conversion rates, and lower feed costs. For the economically viable and environmentally friendly farming of jundiá juveniles in the initial growout stage (30 to 80 g average weight), the best DP:DE ratio was 25 g MJ1 DP:DE (34.05 % DP and 13.81 MJ kg1 DE).

Protein to energy ratios and cost, performance, and ammonia excretion in juvenile jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), South American catfish

The determination of nutritional requirements, based on diets administered in practice, considers physiological specificities and sustainability are essential to the development of suitable aquaculture technologies for novel fish species. The growth of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard) juveniles (31.54 ± 4.92 g) fed five diets comprising increasing levels of digestible protein (DP: 24, 29, 34, 39, and 44 %) and digestible energy (DE: 12.13, 13.39, 13.81, 14.64, and 15.06 MJ kg−1) with DP:DE ratios: 20, 22, 25, 27, and 29 g MJ−1, respectively, was evaluated. Each diet was fed to three groups of 25 fish for 75 days. Regression analysis showed that the different DP:DE ratios affected both growth and economic performance as well as excretion of total ammonia nitrogen. Fish fed diets with DP:DE ratios between 22 and 27 g MJ−1 achieved a higher daily weight gain, superior apparent net protein utilization, feed conversion rates, and lower feed costs. For the economically viable and environmentally friendly farming of jundiá juveniles in the initial grow–out stage (30 to 80 g average weight), the best DP:DE ratio was 25 g MJ−1 DP:DE (34.05 % DP and 13.81 MJ kg−1 DE).

Nutritional plans of net energy with a constant calorie: nutrient ratio on the performance of piglets from 7 to 30 kg

This study was conducted to evaluate different nutritional plans of net energy (NE) with a constant calorie:nutrient ratio on the performance of piglets from 7 to 30 kg. Sixty barrows with an initial weight of 7.11±0.89 kg were distributed among five nutritional plans: two NE-decreasing plans (A and B, starting from NE concentrations of 2.47 and 2.52 Mcal kg−1, respectively, and ending both at 2.37 Mcal kg−1) and three NE-constant plans (C, 2.37 Mcal kg−1; D, 2.42 Mcal kg−1; and E, 2.47 Mcal kg−1). The nutritional plans were composed of two decreasing plans: A, 2.47-2.42-2.37- 2.37-2.37 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; B, 2.52-2.47-2.42-2.37-2.37 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; and three constant plans: C, 2.37 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; D, 2.42 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed; E, 2.47 Mcal of NE kg−1 of feed, from 7 to 10, 10 to 15, 15 to 20, 20 to 25, and 25 to 30 kg, respectively, with six replicates per treatment and two animals per experimental unit. Animal performance was evaluated through the following measurements: average daily feed intake (ADFI), NE intake, standardized ileal digestible lysine intake (SID Lys intake), average daily gain (ADG), feed:gain ratio (F:G), final weight (FW), feed cost per kg of weight gain (CWG), economic efficiency index (EEI), and fecal score. Piglets' final weight was 32.95±3.30 kg. Considering the total experimental period, there was no effect of the nutritional plan on ADG, F:G, CWG, and EEI. The final weight of piglets under plan D was higher than that recorded for those allocated to plan C, not differing from the other nutritional plans. Piglets fed under nutritional plans A and D presented higher ADFI compared with those subjected to other plans. Net energy and SID Lys intakes were significantly higher in piglets subjected to plans A, D, and E compared with those under plans B and C. Net energy nutritional plans did not influence the fecal score and the occurrence of diarrhea of the piglets. Based on our analysis, a nutritional plan containing a constant NE level of 2.42 Mcal kg−1 of feed may be recommended for piglets from 7 to 30 kg.

Protein to energy ratios and cost, performance, and ammonia excretion in juvenile jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), South American catfish

The determination of nutritional requirements, based on diets administered in practice, considers physiological specificities and sustainability are essential to the development of suitable aquaculture technologies for novel fish species. The growth of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard) juveniles (31.54 ± 4.92 g) fed five diets comprising increasing levels of digestible protein (DP: 24, 29, 34, 39, and 44 %) and digestible energy (DE: 12.13, 13.39, 13.81, 14.64, and 15.06 MJ kg−1) with DP:DE ratios: 20, 22, 25, 27, and 29 g MJ−1, respectively, was evaluated. Each diet was fed to three groups of 25 fish for 75 days. Regression analysis showed that the different DP:DE ratios affected both growth and economic performance as well as excretion of total ammonia nitrogen. Fish fed diets with DP:DE ratios between 22 and 27 g MJ−1 achieved a higher daily weight gain, superior apparent net protein utilization, feed conversion rates, and lower feed costs. For the economically viable and environmentally friendly farming of jundiá juveniles in the initial grow–out stage (30 to 80 g average weight), the best DP:DE ratio was 25 g MJ−1 DP:DE (34.05 % DP and 13.81 MJ kg−1 DE).(AU)

Foliar mineral content of five shrub species with nutritional potential for small ruminants in semiarid regions in northeastern Mexico / Conteúdo mineral foliar de cinco espécies de arbustos com potencial nutricional para pequenos ruminantes em regiões semiáridas do nordeste do México

This study was conducted to determine the monthly composition of the minerals Ca, P, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in five shrub species that are consumed by small ruminants in the semi-arid regions of northeastern Mexico. Leaves samples of shrub species; Celtis pallida, Croton suaveolens, Forestiera angustifolia, Guaiacum angustifolium and Parkinsonia aculeata were randomly collected during twelve consecutive months from July 2018 to June 2019 in two sites, located in Linares and Los Ramones counties, in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Mineral content was analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while phosphorus was measured by the colorimetry method. The Linares county showed the highest content of macro- and micro-minerals. Among species, C. pallida showed the highest values of macro-minerals and P. aculeata content of micro-minerals was highest. Ca (total mean = 40.0 g kg-1 DM), K (15.4 g kg-1), Mg (3.7 g kg-1), Fe (87.2 mg kg-1), Mn (35.5 mg kg-1) were available in adequate quantities, while P (1.3 g kg-1 DM), Cu (6.4 mg kg-1) and Zn (17.7 mg kg-1) were found deficient. Shrub species in this study can be considered as a good source of Ca, K, Mg, Fe and Mn except in C. suaveolens. However, P, Cu and Zn must be supplemented.(AU)

O presente estudo foi realizado com o intuito de determinar os teores dos minerais Ca, P, K, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, ao longo do ano, em cinco espécies de arbustos consumidas por pequenos ruminantes nas regiões semiáridas do nordeste do México. Amostras de folhas de espécies arbustivas; Celtis pallida, Croton suaveolens, Forestiera angustifolia, Guaiacum angustifolium e Parkinsonia aculeata foram coletadas aleatoriamente durante doze meses consecutivos, de Julho de 2018 a Junho de 2019, em dois locais, nos municípios de Linares e Los Ramones, no estado de Nuevo Leon, México. O conteúdo mineral foi analisado através de um espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica, enquanto o fósforo foi medido pelo método da colorimetria. O município de Linares apresentou o maior conteúdo de macro e microminerais. Entre as espécies, C. pallida apresentou os maiores valores de macrominerais, enquanto o teor de microminerais foi maior na P. aculeata. Ca (média = 40.0 g kg-1 MS), K (15.4 g kg-1), Mg (3.7 g kg-1), Fe (87.2 mg kg-1), Mn (35.5 mg kg-1) estavam disponíveis em quantidades adequadas, enquanto P (1.3 g kg-1 MS), Cu (6.4 mg kg-1) e Zn (17.7 mg kg-1) foram encontrados deficientes. As espécies arbustivas deste estudo podem ser consideradas uma boa fonte de Ca, K, Mg, Fe e Mn, exceto na espécie C. suaveolens. No entanto, P, Cu e Zn devem ser suplementados.(AU)

Efeito dos níveis de lisina/proteína ideal sobre desempenho, características de carcaça, digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, de 30kg a 50kg / [Effects of lysine/ideal protein level on performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility and blood parameters of Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg]

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de proteína e aminoácidos, mantendo-se as relações entre os aminoácidos para suínos machos, castrados, de30kg a 50kg. Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos, castrados, com peso inicial de 30,35±1,96kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições com dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação com os demais aminoácidos digestíveis: 0,73%; 0,83%; 0,93%; 1,03% e 1,13% na dieta. Avaliou-se desempenho, avaliação de carcaça, parâmetros sanguíneos e digestibilidade das dietas. Houve efeito quadrático para ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e níveis de creatinina em função dos níveis de lisina, com níveis ótimos estimados em 0,92%, 0,93% e 0,93%, respectivamente. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos. Constatou-se efeito linear positivo para digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, da proteína total e da ureia sérica. Conclui-se que os níveis de proteína e lisina digestível recomendados para dietas de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, na fase de crescimento I, são de 16,70% e 0,93%, respectivamente, pois esses níveis proporcionaram melhorias no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar e na creatinina sérica.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate digestible lysine levels, keeping the relation among amino acids for Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg. Fifty Duroc barrows (30.35±1.96kg live weight) were allotted in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in five treatments with five replicates and two animals in each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of digestible lysine levels (0.73%; 0.83%; 0.93%; 1.03% and 1.13%), keeping the relation with other essential amino acids. Performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and digestibility of the diets were evaluated. There was a quadratic response on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration as a function of the digestible lysine levels, with the greater levels obtained at 0.92%, 0.93% and 0.93%, respectively. The carcass characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. There was a linear increase of apparent digestibility of crude protein, total serum protein and urea. Results suggest that the requirement of protein and digestible lysine was 16.70% and 0.93%, respectively, providing improvements on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration of Duroc barrows in the growth phase.(AU)

Efeito dos níveis de lisina/proteína ideal sobre desempenho, características de carcaça, digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, de 30kg a 50kg / [Effects of lysine/ideal protein level on performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility and blood parameters of Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg]

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de proteína e aminoácidos, mantendo-se as relações entre os aminoácidos para suínos machos, castrados, de30kg a 50kg. Foram utilizados 50 suínos machos, castrados, com peso inicial de 30,35±1,96kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições com dois animais por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram em níveis de lisina digestível, mantendo-se a relação com os demais aminoácidos digestíveis: 0,73%; 0,83%; 0,93%; 1,03% e 1,13% na dieta. Avaliou-se desempenho, avaliação de carcaça, parâmetros sanguíneos e digestibilidade das dietas. Houve efeito quadrático para ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e níveis de creatinina em função dos níveis de lisina, com níveis ótimos estimados em 0,92%, 0,93% e 0,93%, respectivamente. As características de carcaça não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tratamentos. Constatou-se efeito linear positivo para digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta, da proteína total e da ureia sérica. Conclui-se que os níveis de proteína e lisina digestível recomendados para dietas de suínos machos, castrados, da raça Duroc, na fase de crescimento I, são de 16,70% e 0,93%, respectivamente, pois esses níveis proporcionaram melhorias no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar e na creatinina sérica.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate digestible lysine levels, keeping the relation among amino acids for Duroc barrows from 30 to 50kg. Fifty Duroc barrows (30.35±1.96kg live weight) were allotted in a completely randomized experimental design, divided in five treatments with five replicates and two animals in each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of digestible lysine levels (0.73%; 0.83%; 0.93%; 1.03% and 1.13%), keeping the relation with other essential amino acids. Performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and digestibility of the diets were evaluated. There was a quadratic response on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration as a function of the digestible lysine levels, with the greater levels obtained at 0.92%, 0.93% and 0.93%, respectively. The carcass characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. There was a linear increase of apparent digestibility of crude protein, total serum protein and urea. Results suggest that the requirement of protein and digestible lysine was 16.70% and 0.93%, respectively, providing improvements on weight gain, feed conversion and creatinine serum concentration of Duroc barrows in the growth phase.(AU)

Mineralização óssea na tíbia em frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis e fontes de zinco e manganês / Bone mineralization in broilers fed diets containing different levels and sources of zinc and manganese

Objetivou-se estimar nível ótimo de zinco e de manganês de frangos aos 21 e 42 dias, e comparar métodos para quantificar a mineralização óssea, confiabilidade do teste, tempo de execução e efeito da extração da gordura, visando viabilizar procedimento técnico mais prático em termos laboratoriais. Em cada experimento, foram distribuídos 320 pintinhos machos em gaiolas metabólicas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições de oito aves cada. No experimento 1, a inclusão de sulfato de zinco foi de 0,60 e 100 mg/kg e de zinco metionina de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg/kg. No experimento 2, o sulfato de manganês adicionado foi de 0,65 e 100 mg/kg e de manganês metionina de 25, 45, 65, 85 e 105 mg/kg. O zinco e manganês não interferiram nas características ósseas, independente da fonte e nível. A mineralização óssea aumentou conforme elevou-se a concentração dos microminerais, independente da fonte em que estes foram estudados. O método mais adequado para determinação do teor de zinco e de manganês é com a utilização de tíbias. Não há necessidade de extração de gordura da tíbia para determinação do teor de zinco ou de manganês e a análise pode ser realizada com menor tempo de execução sem detrimento dos resultados.

The objective of this study was to estimate the optimal zinc and manganese levels for bone mineralization of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age, besides the methods comparison for quantifying the degree of bone mineralization, reliability test, execution time and effect of fat extraction, aiming to make feasible a more practical technical procedure in laboratory terms. In each experiment, 320 male chicks were housed in iron mesh metabolic cages, distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in eight treatments with five replicates of eight birds each. In experiment 1, zinc sulfate was included at 0, 60, and 100 mg/kg and zinc methionine at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg. In experiment 2, manganese sulfate was added at 0, 65, and 105 mg/kg and manganese methionine at 25, 45, 65, 85, and 105 mg/kg. The evaluated trace minerals (zinc and manganese) did not interfere in the evaluated bone characteristics, regardless of source or level. The degree of bone mineralization increased according to the concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet, regardless of source of these trace elements. The most appropriate method to determine the zinc and manganese content is with the use of tibias. There is no need to extract fat from the tibia to determine the zinc or manganese content, and the analysis can be performed with less time of execution without detriment of the results.

Mineralização óssea na tíbia em frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis e fontes de zinco e manganês / Bone mineralization in broilers fed diets containing different levels and sources of zinc and manganese

Objetivou-se estimar nível ótimo de zinco e de manganês de frangos aos 21 e 42 dias, e comparar métodos para quantificar a mineralização óssea, confiabilidade do teste, tempo de execução e efeito da extração da gordura, visando viabilizar procedimento técnico mais prático em termos laboratoriais. Em cada experimento, foram distribuídos 320 pintinhos machos em gaiolas metabólicas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições de oito aves cada. No experimento 1, a inclusão de sulfato de zinco foi de 0,60 e 100 mg/kg e de zinco metionina de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg/kg. No experimento 2, o sulfato de manganês adicionado foi de 0,65 e 100 mg/kg e de manganês metionina de 25, 45, 65, 85 e 105 mg/kg. O zinco e manganês não interferiram nas características ósseas, independente da fonte e nível. A mineralização óssea aumentou conforme elevou-se a concentração dos microminerais, independente da fonte em que estes foram estudados. O método mais adequado para determinação do teor de zinco e de manganês é com a utilização de tíbias. Não há necessidade de extração de gordura da tíbia para determinação do teor de zinco ou de manganês e a análise pode ser realizada com menor tempo de execução sem detrimento dos resultados.(AU)

The objective of this study was to estimate the optimal zinc and manganese levels for bone mineralization of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age, besides the methods comparison for quantifying the degree of bone mineralization, reliability test, execution time and effect of fat extraction, aiming to make feasible a more practical technical procedure in laboratory terms. In each experiment, 320 male chicks were housed in iron mesh metabolic cages, distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in eight treatments with five replicates of eight birds each. In experiment 1, zinc sulfate was included at 0, 60, and 100 mg/kg and zinc methionine at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/kg. In experiment 2, manganese sulfate was added at 0, 65, and 105 mg/kg and manganese methionine at 25, 45, 65, 85, and 105 mg/kg. The evaluated trace minerals (zinc and manganese) did not interfere in the evaluated bone characteristics, regardless of source or level. The degree of bone mineralization increased according to the concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet, regardless of source of these trace elements. The most appropriate method to determine the zinc and manganese content is with the use of tibias. There is no need to extract fat from the tibia to determine the zinc or manganese content, and the analysis can be performed with less time of execution without detriment of the results.(AU)

Importância dos aminoácidos aromáticos fenilalanina e tirosina na nutrição de peixes / Importance of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in fish nutrition

Aminoácidos essenciais estão diretamente associados com a fisiologia dos peixes emsistemas de criação, desempenhando um papel essencial no metabolismo e produção de energia dos animais. Baseado no conceito de proteína ideal, a exigência adequada de proteína bruta e a inclusão de aminoácidos essenciais que são necessários nutricionalmente para melhorar a eficiência de utilização de nutrientes, desenvolvimento de órgãos, crescimento e formação de tecido muscular, sistema imunológico, reprodução e o bem-estar dos peixes. A fenilalanina é um aminoácido essencial que desempenha importante papel na biossíntese de outros aminoácidos e no sistema neurotransmissor e hormonal, obtendo de sua hidroxilaçãoo aminoácido não-essencial tirosina. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta revisão é demonstrar a importância dos aminoácidos fenilalanina e tirosina na nutrição de peixes e sua influência nos parâmetros de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de espécies comerciais.

Essential amino acids are directly associated with the physiology of fish in farming systems,playing an essential role in the metabolism and energy production of animals. Based on the concept of ideal protein, the adequate requirement of crude protein and the inclusion of essential amino acids are required nutritionally in order to improve nutrient utilization efficiency, organ development, growth and formation of muscle tissue, immune system, reproduction, and the well-being of fish. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that has an important role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and the neurotransmitter and hormonal system, obtaining from its hydroxylation the non-essential amino acid tyrosine. In this sense, the purpose of this review is to demonstrate the importance of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in fish nutrition and their influence on the parameters of theproductive and reproductive performance of commercial species.

Exigência de proteína bruta para codornas europeias / Crude protein requirements for European quails

A precisão no atendimento das exigências nutricionais é de grande importância na produção de codornas, porém há ausência de consenso quanto às recomendações de proteína bruta (PB) para codornas de linhagens específicas para corte. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de PB para codornas europeias sobre o desempenho e sobre as características de carcaça. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, sendo cinco níveis de PB para machos e fêmeas. Na fase inicial (1 a 21dias), foram utilizadas 1.800 codornas e níveis de PB de 20,0, 22,5, 25,0, 27,5 e 30,0%, com seis repetições contendo 30 aves cada. Na fase de crescimento (22 a 45 dias), foram usadas 1.620 codornas e níveis de PB de 17,5, 19,5, 22,0, 24,5 e 27,0%, com seis repetições contendo 27 aves cada. As dietas foram fareladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. O desempenho das codornas foi avaliado ao final de cada período, e o rendimento de carcaça no 45º dia. Aos 21 dias houve maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar, independentemente do sexo, com 25,50% e 27,06% de PB, respectivamente. No período de 22 a 45 dias, observou-se somente efeito do sexo, sendo que as fêmeas obtiveram desempenho superior. Com relação às características de carcaça, os machos obtiveram maior rendimento de carcaças (quente, fria e dorso); já as fêmeas, apresentaram maior rendimento de cortes (peito, moela e fígado).

Accuracy in meeting nutritional requirements has great importance in quail nutrition however there is a lack of consensus on crude protein (CP) recommendations specific for European quails. The present study aimed to define crude protein requirements for European quails on performance and carcass characteristics. A completely randomized design was used in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five CP levels for male and female quails. In the starting phase (1 to 21 days) it was used 1,800 quails and CP levels were 20,0, 22,5, 25,0, 27,5 and 30,0%, with six replicates containing 30 birds each. In the growth phase (22 to 45 days) it was used 1.620 quails and CP levels were 17,5, 19,5, 22,0, 24,5 and 27,0%, with six replicates containing 27 birds each. Theirs d was a corn soybean based diet in grounded form. The performance of the quails was evaluated in the end of each experimental phase and carcass yield in 45 days. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio was higher for 25,50% and 27,06% respectively, regardless of gender, in 21 days. In the growth phase, it was observed just gender effect in which female quails had higher performance. For carcass characteristics, male quails obtained higher carcass and dorse yield and female quails higher breast, liver and gizzard yields.

Exigência de proteína bruta para codornas europeias / Crude protein requirements for European quails

A precisão no atendimento das exigências nutricionais é de grande importância na produção de codornas, porém há ausência de consenso quanto às recomendações de proteína bruta (PB) para codornas de linhagens específicas para corte. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a exigência de PB para codornas europeias sobre o desempenho e sobre as características de carcaça. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 × 2, sendo cinco níveis de PB para machos e fêmeas. Na fase inicial (1 a 21dias), foram utilizadas 1.800 codornas e níveis de PB de 20,0, 22,5, 25,0, 27,5 e 30,0%, com seis repetições contendo 30 aves cada. Na fase de crescimento (22 a 45 dias), foram usadas 1.620 codornas e níveis de PB de 17,5, 19,5, 22,0, 24,5 e 27,0%, com seis repetições contendo 27 aves cada. As dietas foram fareladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. O desempenho das codornas foi avaliado ao final de cada período, e o rendimento de carcaça no 45º dia. Aos 21 dias houve maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar, independentemente do sexo, com 25,50% e 27,06% de PB, respectivamente. No período de 22 a 45 dias, observou-se somente efeito do sexo, sendo que as fêmeas obtiveram desempenho superior. Com relação às características de carcaça, os machos obtiveram maior rendimento de carcaças (quente, fria e dorso); já as fêmeas, apresentaram maior rendimento de cortes (peito, moela e fígado).(AU)

Accuracy in meeting nutritional requirements has great importance in quail nutrition however there is a lack of consensus on crude protein (CP) recommendations specific for European quails. The present study aimed to define crude protein requirements for European quails on performance and carcass characteristics. A completely randomized design was used in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with five CP levels for male and female quails. In the starting phase (1 to 21 days) it was used 1,800 quails and CP levels were 20,0, 22,5, 25,0, 27,5 and 30,0%, with six replicates containing 30 birds each. In the growth phase (22 to 45 days) it was used 1.620 quails and CP levels were 17,5, 19,5, 22,0, 24,5 and 27,0%, with six replicates containing 27 birds each. Theirs d was a corn soybean based diet in grounded form. The performance of the quails was evaluated in the end of each experimental phase and carcass yield in 45 days. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio was higher for 25,50% and 27,06% respectively, regardless of gender, in 21 days. In the growth phase, it was observed just gender effect in which female quails had higher performance. For carcass characteristics, male quails obtained higher carcass and dorse yield and female quails higher breast, liver and gizzard yields.(AU)

Importância dos aminoácidos aromáticos fenilalanina e tirosina na nutrição de peixes / Importance of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in fish nutrition

Aminoácidos essenciais estão diretamente associados com a fisiologia dos peixes emsistemas de criação, desempenhando um papel essencial no metabolismo e produção de energia dos animais. Baseado no conceito de proteína ideal, a exigência adequada de proteína bruta e a inclusão de aminoácidos essenciais que são necessários nutricionalmente para melhorar a eficiência de utilização de nutrientes, desenvolvimento de órgãos, crescimento e formação de tecido muscular, sistema imunológico, reprodução e o bem-estar dos peixes. A fenilalanina é um aminoácido essencial que desempenha importante papel na biossíntese de outros aminoácidos e no sistema neurotransmissor e hormonal, obtendo de sua hidroxilaçãoo aminoácido não-essencial tirosina. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta revisão é demonstrar a importância dos aminoácidos fenilalanina e tirosina na nutrição de peixes e sua influência nos parâmetros de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de espécies comerciais.(AU)

Essential amino acids are directly associated with the physiology of fish in farming systems,playing an essential role in the metabolism and energy production of animals. Based on the concept of ideal protein, the adequate requirement of crude protein and the inclusion of essential amino acids are required nutritionally in order to improve nutrient utilization efficiency, organ development, growth and formation of muscle tissue, immune system, reproduction, and the well-being of fish. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that has an important role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids and the neurotransmitter and hormonal system, obtaining from its hydroxylation the non-essential amino acid tyrosine. In this sense, the purpose of this review is to demonstrate the importance of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in fish nutrition and their influence on the parameters of theproductive and reproductive performance of commercial species.(AU)

Digestible Lysine Requirements the Performance, Carcass Traits and Breast Meat Quality of Slow-Growing Broilers

ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to estimate the digestible lysine requirements of slow-growing broilers on their performance, carcass traits, and breast meat quality. Different broilers were evaluated in each experiment. In Experiment 1, broilers were evaluated from 29-49 days of age (grower phase I), in Experiment 2, from 50 to 69 days old (grower phase II), and in Experiment 3, from 70-84 days old (finisher phase). A completely randomized design with five treatments of four replicates each was applied in all experiments. The following dietary digestible lysine values were investigated: 0.871, 1.011, 1.151, 1.291 and 1.431% in Experiment 1; 0.803, 0.943, 1.083, 1.223 and 1.363% in Experiment 2; and 0.766, 0.906, 1.046, 1.186 and 1.326% in Experiment 3. In all three experiments, digestible lysine values quadratically affected feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Lysine intake linearly increased with increasing digestive lysine values, whereas lysine utilization efficiency linearly decreased. Lysine requirements for maximum feed intake (1.298, 1.109, 1.150%), weight gain (1.183, 1.199, 1.162%), and feed conversion ratio (1.203, 1.162, 1.126%) were estimated in Experiments 1, 2 and 3. Digestible lysine requirement for carcass yield were estimated as 1.162, 1.068 and 1.107% in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Lysine influenced the physical-chemical parameters broiler breast meat. Digestible lysine levels of 1.203, 1.162 and 1.126% are recommended in the diets of Redbro Plume broilers during the phases 29-49, 50-69 and 70-84 days of age to optimize feed conversion ratio.

Digestible Lysine Requirements the Performance, Carcass Traits and Breast Meat Quality of Slow-Growing Broilers

Three experiments were conducted to estimate the digestible lysine requirements of slow-growing broilers on their performance, carcass traits, and breast meat quality. Different broilers were evaluated in each experiment. In Experiment 1, broilers were evaluated from 29-49 days of age (grower phase I), in Experiment 2, from 50 to 69 days old (grower phase II), and in Experiment 3, from 70-84 days old (finisher phase). A completely randomized design with five treatments of four replicates each was applied in all experiments. The following dietary digestible lysine values were investigated: 0.871, 1.011, 1.151, 1.291 and 1.431% in Experiment 1; 0.803, 0.943, 1.083, 1.223 and 1.363% in Experiment 2; and 0.766, 0.906, 1.046, 1.186 and 1.326% in Experiment 3. In all three experiments, digestible lysine values quadratically affected feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Lysine intake linearly increased with increasing digestive lysine values, whereas lysine utilization efficiency linearly decreased. Lysine requirements for maximum feed intake (1.298, 1.109, 1.150%), weight gain (1.183, 1.199, 1.162%), and feed conversion ratio (1.203, 1.162, 1.126%) were estimated in Experiments 1, 2 and 3. Digestible lysine requirement for carcass yield were estimated as 1.162, 1.068 and 1.107% in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Lysine influenced the physical-chemical parameters broiler breast meat. Digestible lysine levels of 1.203, 1.162 and 1.126% are recommended in the diets of Redbro Plume broilers during the phases 29-49, 50-69 and 70-84 days of age to optimize feed conversion ratio.(AU)

Digestible Lysine Requirements the Performance, Carcass Traits and Breast Meat Quality of Slow-Growing Broilers

Three experiments were conducted to estimate the digestible lysine requirements of slow-growing broilers on their performance, carcass traits, and breast meat quality. Different broilers were evaluated in each experiment. In Experiment 1, broilers were evaluated from 29-49 days of age (grower phase I), in Experiment 2, from 50 to 69 days old (grower phase II), and in Experiment 3, from 70-84 days old (finisher phase). A completely randomized design with five treatments of four replicates each was applied in all experiments. The following dietary digestible lysine values were investigated: 0.871, 1.011, 1.151, 1.291 and 1.431% in Experiment 1; 0.803, 0.943, 1.083, 1.223 and 1.363% in Experiment 2; and 0.766, 0.906, 1.046, 1.186 and 1.326% in Experiment 3. In all three experiments, digestible lysine values quadratically affected feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Lysine intake linearly increased with increasing digestive lysine values, whereas lysine utilization efficiency linearly decreased. Lysine requirements for maximum feed intake (1.298, 1.109, 1.150%), weight gain (1.183, 1.199, 1.162%), and feed conversion ratio (1.203, 1.162, 1.126%) were estimated in Experiments 1, 2 and 3. Digestible lysine requirement for carcass yield were estimated as 1.162, 1.068 and 1.107% in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Lysine influenced the physical-chemical parameters broiler breast meat. Digestible lysine levels of 1.203, 1.162 and 1.126% are recommended in the diets of Redbro Plume broilers during the phases 29-49, 50-69 and 70-84 days of age to optimize feed conversion ratio.

Thermal requirements and estimated number of generations of Neopamera bilobata (Say) in strawberry-producing regions of Brazil / Exigências térmicas e estimativa do número de gerações de Neopamera bilobata (Say) em regiões produtoras de morango do Brasil

The thermal threshold and thermal requirements of Neopamera bilobata were determined, and the number of generations that this species may produce in the main strawberry-producing regions of Brazil was estimated. In a climate chamber (70±10% RH and 12h photophase) at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, or 30±1°C, the development of 120 eggs was monitored until the adult stage, at each temperature. Nymphs were maintained in individual cages and fed on strawberry fruits of the cultivar Aromas. The mean duration and viability of the egg and nymph stages were calculated by estimating the lower and upper developmental thresholds and the thermal constant, and this information was used to estimate the number of generations per year in different strawberry-producing regions of Brazil. The egg-to-adult duration decreased as temperatures increased, up to 28°C (93.4, 83.2, 43.9, and 31.4 days at 19, 22, 25, and 28°C, respectively). Viability of nymphs was highest between 22 and 28°C. At 30°C, the egg-to-adult duration increased (36 days), while the viability decreased (11.11%). The lower egg-to-adult developmental threshold was 15.2°C and the thermal constant was 418.4 degree-days. Calculating the number of generations indicated that the largest number (5.1 generations yr-1) was obtained for the municipality of Jaboti, Paraná, and the smallest for Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul (1.9 generations yr-1). Our findings demonstrated that important strawberry-producing regions in Brazil are suitable for the development of N. bilobata.(AU)

A temperatura base e as exigências térmicas de Neopamera bilobata foram determinadas sendo estimado o número de gerações que a espécie realiza nas principais regiões produtoras de morango no Brasil. Em uma câmara climatizada (UR 70±10% e fotofase de 12h) nas temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 ou 30±1°C, o desenvolvimento de 120 ovos por temperatura foi monitorado até a fase adulta. As ninfas foram individualmente mantidas em gaiolas alimentando-as com frutos de morangueiro da cultivar Aromas. A duração média e a viabilidade da fase de ovo e de ninfa foi calculada estimando-se os valores de temperatura base inferior, temperatura base superior, constante térmica e número provável de gerações anuais que o percevejo completa em diferentes regiões produtoras de morangueiro do Brasil. A duração do desenvolvimento ovo-adulto de N. bilobata diminui com a elevação da temperatura até 28°C (93,4; 83,2; 43,9 e 31,4 dias para 19, 22, 25 e 28°C, respectivamente) apresentando maior viabilidade da fase de ninfa entre 22 a 28°C. A 30°C, a duração da fase ovo-adulto aumentou (36 dias), enquanto a viabilidade diminuiu (11,11%). A temperatura base inferior para o desenvolvimento ovo-adulto foi de 15,2°C e a constante térmica de 418,4 graus dia. O maior número de gerações (5,1 gerações/ano) foi obtido para a cidade de Jaboti, PR, e o menor para Caxias do Sul, RS (1,9 gerações/ano). Os valores estimados demonstram que as regiões de importância na produção do morangueiro no Brasil são aptas ao desenvolvimento de N. bilobata.(AU)