Growth of black pepper plantlets under different substrates and irrigation levels

Optimization of the use of water and the possibility of using residues as substrate in the black pepper production chain can yield economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and physiological traits of black pepper plantlets (Piper nigrum L.), cv. Bragantina, at different irrigation levels and soilless substrates. Plantlets were grown for 120 days on three substrates [biosolid + crushed coconut fiber (3:1, by volume); biosolid + granitic rock powder (3:1, by volume); and biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder (2:1:1, by volume)] and at five irrigation levels [36 % (very low); 55 % (low); 85 % (moderate); 100 % (well-irrigated); and 126 % of the reference irrigation level (over-irrigated)]. The biometric traits evaluated increased as the irrigation levels increased, with the exception of root dry mass, which was not influenced by this factor, nor water use efficiency, which decreased as the irrigation levels increased. In general, plants grown with a mixture of the three wastes (biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder) exhibited higher values for biometric variables and chlorophyll content when they were moderately, well or over-irrigated, in comparison with the other two substrates. It was possible to achieve the plantlet commercial standard using this three waste mixture and the moderate irrigation level.

Growth of black pepper plantlets under different substrates and irrigation levels

Optimization of the use of water and the possibility of using residues as substrate in the black pepper production chain can yield economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and physiological traits of black pepper plantlets (Piper nigrum L.), cv. Bragantina, at different irrigation levels and soilless substrates. Plantlets were grown for 120 days on three substrates [biosolid + crushed coconut fiber (3:1, by volume); biosolid + granitic rock powder (3:1, by volume); and biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder (2:1:1, by volume)] and at five irrigation levels [36 % (very low); 55 % (low); 85 % (moderate); 100 % (well-irrigated); and 126 % of the reference irrigation level (over-irrigated)]. The biometric traits evaluated increased as the irrigation levels increased, with the exception of root dry mass, which was not influenced by this factor, nor water use efficiency, which decreased as the irrigation levels increased. In general, plants grown with a mixture of the three wastes (biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder) exhibited higher values for biometric variables and chlorophyll content when they were moderately, well or over-irrigated, in comparison with the other two substrates. It was possible to achieve the plantlet commercial standard using this three waste mixture and the moderate irrigation level.(AU)

Growth of black pepper plantlets under different substrates and irrigation levels

ABSTRACT Optimization of the use of water and the possibility of using residues as substrate in the black pepper production chain can yield economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric and physiological traits of black pepper plantlets (Piper nigrum L.), cv. Bragantina, at different irrigation levels and soilless substrates. Plantlets were grown for 120 days on three substrates [biosolid + crushed coconut fiber (3:1, by volume); biosolid + granitic rock powder (3:1, by volume); and biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder (2:1:1, by volume)] and at five irrigation levels [36 % (very low); 55 % (low); 85 % (moderate); 100 % (well-irrigated); and 126 % of the reference irrigation level (over-irrigated)]. The biometric traits evaluated increased as the irrigation levels increased, with the exception of root dry mass, which was not influenced by this factor, nor water use efficiency, which decreased as the irrigation levels increased. In general, plants grown with a mixture of the three wastes (biosolid + crushed coconut fiber + granitic rock powder) exhibited higher values for biometric variables and chlorophyll content when they were moderately, well or over-irrigated, in comparison with the other two substrates. It was possible to achieve the plantlet commercial standard using this three waste mixture and the moderate irrigation level.

Chemical attributes of a remineralized Oxisol / Atributos químicos de um Latossolo remineralizado

Remineralizers are comminuted rocks that are applied to soil, and their use as an agricultural amendment was regulated in Brazil in 2013. However, mechanisms of action of these materials must be better known to enable them to be best used in agricultural fields. Soil chemical attributes of an Oxisol were monitored after the application of a diabase remineralizer. The increase in exchangeable Na observed was associated with the dissolution of the border of the plagioclase crystals where this element is highly concentrated (albite). Therefore, it was inferred that the time since the application of the remineralizer (1 to 2 years depending on the treatment) was not sufficient to exhaust this crystal volume. Unfortunately, the presence of several sources of Ca-containing minerals in the remineralizer did not allow to infer if the calcic nuclei was dissolving. An increase in effective cation exchange capacity was observed without the concurrent increase in the pH of the soil. The two non-exclusive hypotheses proposed to explain this result were that an extra surface charge has originated on the surface of the newly precipitated oxidic phases and/or from the dissolution of the remineralizer grains. Rapid precipitation of amorphous solids (as measured by the increase in Alo and Feo) would also explain the lack of increase in exchangeable Fe and Al despite the large amount of Al2O3(11.90%) and Fe2O3 (14.45%) in the remineralizer.(AU)

O uso de remineralizadores como insumo agrícola foi regularizado em 2013, mas seus mecanismos de ação precisam ser melhor conhecidos para viabilizar o manejo nos campos agrícolas. Atributos químicos de um Latossolo foram monitorados após remineralização com diabásio. O aumento de Na trocável foi atribuído à dissolução das bordas dos plagioclásios (albita) onde a concentração deste elemento é maior. Infelizmente, não é possível especular se o tempo decorrido desde a aplicação (um a dois anos, dependendo do tratamento) foi suficiente para solubilizar o núcleo cálcico (anortita) destes cristais, já que o remineralizador possui outros minerais fonte de Ca. Houve aumento da capacidade de troca catiônica efetiva sem aumento do pH. As hipóteses propostas para explicar este fenômeno são a precipitação de fases oxídicas amorfas e o aparecimento de cargas elétricas na superfície dos grãos do remineralizador durante sua dissolução. Apesar da concentração de Al2O3 do remineralizador (11,90%) e Fe2O3 (14,45%), não houve aumento destes elementos no complexo de troca, possivelmente por sua rápida precipitação em formas amorfas (Alo e Feo no solo).(AU)

Potencial de olivina melilitito, granito e sienito na disponibilização de potássio em solos / Potential of olivine melilitite, granite and sienite in the availability of potassium in soils

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de pós de rochas na disponibilização de potássio em solos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando as rochas olivina melilitito, granito e sienito. Amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico e de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo foram coletadas, secas ao ar e peneiradas, corrigidas a pH 5,2 com calcário dolomítico e mantidas a 80% da capacidade de campo na incubação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois solos e cinco formas de K, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: sem adubação; KCl, pó de rocha de olivina melilitito e granito e sienito. Os pós de rocha foram acrescentados em quantidades equivalentes a 500 kg ha-1 de K2O, com base no teor total de K das rochas. Após o período de incubação de 180 dias, foram cultivados em sucessão feijão, trigo e trigo mourisco. A determinação do K no solo foi realizada após extração com solução de Mehlich-1 e resina trocadora de íons. O olivina melilitito não diferiu do KCl em relação à absorção de potássio pelas plantas e na disponibilização desse elemento no solo, exceto na extração pela resina no Argissolo após o cultivo de feijão, representando uma fonte potencial deste nutriente a ser melhor avaliada como fertilizante na agricultura. Os pós de rocha de granito e sienito não mostraram resposta quanto às variáveis testadas, evidenciando serem materiais de disponibilização mais lenta de potássio às plantas.

This study aimed to assess the potential of rock powders in the availability of potassium in soils. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using the rocks olivine melilitite, granite and sienite. Samples of a Humic Cambisol and a Red-Yellow Argisol were collected, air dried and sieved, adjusted to pH 5.2 with lime and incubated at 80% of water fi eld capacity. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design using a 2 x 5 factorial, with two soil types and fi ve forms of K, with four replicates. The treatment no fertilizers, KCl, olivine melilitite, and granite and sienite rock powders. Rock powders were added in amounts equivalent to 500 kg ha-1 K2O based on the total K content of the rocks. After an incubation period of 180 days, beans, wheat and buckwheat were grown in succession. The content of K in the soil was determined after extraction with Mehlich-1 and ion exchange resin. Olivine melilitite did not differ from KCl in relation to potassium uptake by plants and in the availability of K in the soil, except for resin extraction in Argisol after beans cultivation, so it represents a potential K source to be better evaluated as agricultural fertilizer.The granite and sienite powder did not respond to the variables tested, which points out that they are materials with slow K availability to plants.

Potencial de olivina melilitito, granito e sienito na disponibilização de potássio em solos / Potential of olivine melilitite, granite and sienite in the availability of potassium in soils

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de pós de rochas na disponibilização de potássio em solos. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando as rochas olivina melilitito, granito e sienito. Amostras de um Cambissolo Húmico e de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo foram coletadas, secas ao ar e peneiradas, corrigidas a pH 5,2 com calcário dolomítico e mantidas a 80% da capacidade de campo na incubação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com dois solos e cinco formas de K, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: sem adubação; KCl, pó de rocha de olivina melilitito e granito e sienito. Os pós de rocha foram acrescentados em quantidades equivalentes a 500 kg ha-1 de K2O, com base no teor total de K das rochas. Após o período de incubação de 180 dias, foram cultivados em sucessão feijão, trigo e trigo mourisco. A determinação do K no solo foi realizada após extração com solução de Mehlich-1 e resina trocadora de íons. O olivina melilitito não diferiu do KCl em relação à absorção de potássio pelas plantas e na disponibilização desse elemento no solo, exceto na extração pela resina no Argissolo após o cultivo de feijão, representando uma fonte potencial deste nutriente a ser melhor avaliada como fertilizante na agricultura. Os pós de rocha de granito e sienito não mostraram resposta quanto às variáveis testadas, evidenciando serem materiais de disponibilização mais lenta de potássio às plantas.(AU)

This study aimed to assess the potential of rock powders in the availability of potassium in soils. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using the rocks olivine melilitite, granite and sienite. Samples of a Humic Cambisol and a Red-Yellow Argisol were collected, air dried and sieved, adjusted to pH 5.2 with lime and incubated at 80% of water fi eld capacity. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design using a 2 x 5 factorial, with two soil types and fi ve forms of K, with four replicates. The treatment no fertilizers, KCl, olivine melilitite, and granite and sienite rock powders. Rock powders were added in amounts equivalent to 500 kg ha-1 K2O based on the total K content of the rocks. After an incubation period of 180 days, beans, wheat and buckwheat were grown in succession. The content of K in the soil was determined after extraction with Mehlich-1 and ion exchange resin. Olivine melilitite did not differ from KCl in relation to potassium uptake by plants and in the availability of K in the soil, except for resin extraction in Argisol after beans cultivation, so it represents a potential K source to be better evaluated as agricultural fertilizer.The granite and sienite powder did not respond to the variables tested, which points out that they are materials with slow K availability to plants.(AU)

Fungicides and silicate clay on the control of antracnosis in yellow passionfruit / Fungicidas e argila silicatada no controle da antracnose do maracujá amarelo

The anthracnose, caused by Glomerella cingulata (anamorf Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), is the most important fungal disease for aerial parts of yellow passionfruit. However, few studies about anthracnose control in field conditions have been published. The objective of this research was to evaluate silicate clay and fungicides for anthracnose control. Treatments evaluated were: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), copper oxychloride (180g i.a./100L), silicate clay (15g /L) and control (untreated plants). The sanity of the plants was evaluated through area under disease progress curve (AUCPD), final severity (SEVF) and disease progress curves. Experimental design was completely randomized with five repetitions. Tebuconazole and silicate clay proportioned significant reduction for AUCPD and SEVF compared to control. Copper oxychloride reduced only SEVF. Treatment with tebuconazole reduced AUCPD and SEVF in 75% and 71%, and silicate clay in 82%, respectively. Copper oxychloride reduced SEVF in 76%. The disease progress curves confirmed results and showed lower growth of anthracnose for tebuconazole and silicate clay. Silicate clay and tebuconazole are efficient to control anthracnose in passionfruit.

A antracnose, causada por Glomerella cingulata (anamorfo Colletotrichum gloesporioides), é a principal doença fúngica de parte aérea do maracujazeiro amarelo. Todavia, poucos estudos de controle da doença a campo têm sido publicados, motivo pelo qual é importante avaliar diferentes fungicidas e substâncias alternativas para o manejo da antracnose. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), oxicloreto de cobre (180g i.a./100L), argila silicatada (15g /L) e testemunha. A partir da avaliação da severidade da doença, determinou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), severidade final (SEVF) e as curvas de progresso da doença. O delineamento adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Tebuconazole e argila silicatada proporcionaram os melhores resultados no controle da doença pela redução significativa da AACPD e SEVF em relação à testemunha. Oxicloreto de cobre diferiu da testemunha apenas para SEVF. Tratamento com tebuconazole reduziu AACPD e SEVF em 75% e 71%, e argila silicatada em 82% as variáveis, respectivamente. Oxicloreto de cobre reduziu SEVF em 76%. As curvas de progresso da doença corroboram os resultados pelo menor crescimento da antracnose para tebuconazole e da argila silicatada. O Tebuconazole e a argila silicatada são eficientes no controle da antracnose do maracujazeiro.

Fungicides and silicate clay on the control of antracnosis in yellow passionfruit / Fungicidas e argila silicatada no controle da antracnose do maracujá amarelo

The anthracnose, caused by Glomerella cingulata (anamorf Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), is the most important fungal disease for aerial parts of yellow passionfruit. However, few studies about anthracnose control in field conditions have been published. The objective of this research was to evaluate silicate clay and fungicides for anthracnose control. Treatments evaluated were: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), copper oxychloride (180g i.a./100L), silicate clay (15g /L) and control (untreated plants). The sanity of the plants was evaluated through area under disease progress curve (AUCPD), final severity (SEVF) and disease progress curves. Experimental design was completely randomized with five repetitions. Tebuconazole and silicate clay proportioned significant reduction for AUCPD and SEVF compared to control. Copper oxychloride reduced only SEVF. Treatment with tebuconazole reduced AUCPD and SEVF in 75% and 71%, and silicate clay in 82%, respectively. Copper oxychloride reduced SEVF in 76%. The disease progress curves confirmed results and showed lower growth of anthracnose for tebuconazole and silicate clay. Silicate clay and tebuconazole are efficient to control anthracnose in passionfruit.

A antracnose, causada por Glomerella cingulata (anamorfo Colletotrichum gloesporioides), é a principal doença fúngica de parte aérea do maracujazeiro amarelo. Todavia, poucos estudos de controle da doença a campo têm sido publicados, motivo pelo qual é importante avaliar diferentes fungicidas e substâncias alternativas para o manejo da antracnose. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: tebuconazole (20g i.a./100L), oxicloreto de cobre (180g i.a./100L), argila silicatada (15g /L) e testemunha. A partir da avaliação da severidade da doença, determinou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), severidade final (SEVF) e as curvas de progresso da doença. O delineamento adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Tebuconazole e argila silicatada proporcionaram os melhores resultados no controle da doença pela redução significativa da AACPD e SEVF em relação à testemunha. Oxicloreto de cobre diferiu da testemunha apenas para SEVF. Tratamento com tebuconazole reduziu AACPD e SEVF em 75% e 71%, e argila silicatada em 82% as variáveis, respectivamente. Oxicloreto de cobre reduziu SEVF em 76%. As curvas de progresso da doença corroboram os resultados pelo menor crescimento da antracnose para tebuconazole e da argila silicatada. O Tebuconazole e a argila silicatada são eficientes no controle da antracnose do maracujazeiro.