Performance, carcass characteristics, and health parameters of growing and finishing pigs fed with diets supplemented with isoquinoline alkaloids and essential oils / Desempenho zootécnico, características de carcaça e parâmetros de saúde de suínos em crescimento e terminação submetidos a dietas suplementadas com alcaloides isoquinolínicos e óleos essenciais

The goal of this study was to evaluate, in a commercial herd, the use of isoquinoline alkaloids and carvacrol versus a preventive antibiotic program, such as feed additives, on the performance, carcass traits, and health status of pigs in the growing and finishing phase. There were 576 PIC immunocastrated males and females, at 70 days of age and 28.429 ± 2.302 kg of initial weight used. The experimental design was a 4 × 2 factorial randomized block, with four preventive programs, two sexes, and six repetitions per treatment (the pen with 12 animals of the same sex was the replicate). The treatments were T1 (positive control program with antibiotic shocks at preventive level), T2 (negative control with the absence of antibiotics as a growth promoter or as preventive), T3 (isoquinoline alkaloids at 100 to 150 g ton-1), T4 (isoquinoline alkaloids at 90 g ton-1 + carvacrol essential oil at 1 kg ton-1). T1 and T3 presented higher daily feed intakes, followed by T2, and T4 showed the worst feed consumption (P < 0.05). T1 showed higher daily weight gain compared to T4 (P < 0.05), without differences between T2 and T3. T2 showed better feed conversion than T1 and T3, but it was similar to T4. There were no effects of the treatments on the carcass traits. Intestinal crypt hyperplasia and crypt abscesses (lesions caused by Lawsonia intracellularis) were significantly higher for T2 and T3 compared to T1, which was similar to T4. T2 presented the highest carcass condemnation at slaughter (7%), differing (P < 0.05) from T1, T3, and T4 (1, 2, and 3%, respectively). Isoquinoline alkaloids are an alternative for antibiotic-free diets for pigs in the growing and finishing phase, preserving the performance and carcass indices and minimizing sanitary carcass condemnations at the slaughterhouse.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em um rebanho comercial, o uso de alcalóides isoquinolínicos e do carvacrol frente a um programa preventivo com antibióticos, como aditivos alimentares, sobre o desempenho zootécnico, características de carcaça e o status de saúde de suínos em fase de recria e terminação. Foram utilizados 576 suínos PIC, machos imunocastrados e fêmeas, com 70 dias de idade e 28.429 ± 2.302 kg de peso médio inicial. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, modelo fatorial 4 x 2, com quatro programas preventivos e dois sexos e 6 repetições por tratamento (baia com 12 animais do mesmo sexo representou a unidade experimental). Os tratamentos foram: T1 - Controle Positivo (programa com choque antibiótico em nível preventivo), T2 - Controle Negativo (ausência de aditivos promotores de crescimento ou preventivos), T3 - Alcalóides isoquinolínicos (100 a 150 g ton-1), T4 - Alcalóides isoquinolínicos (90 g ton-1) + Óleo essencial - carvacrol (1 kg ton-1). T1 e T3 apresentaram maior consumo diário de ração, seguidos de T2, sendo que T4 apresentou o pior consumo (P < 0,05). O ganho de peso diário foi maior para T1 em relação a T4 (P < 0,05), não sendo verificada diferença entre T1 versus T2 e T3. T2 apresentou melhor conversão alimentar que T1 e T3, não diferindo de T4. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para as características da carcaça. A hiperplasia e o abscesso das criptas intestinais (lesões causadas pela Lawsonia Intracellularis) foram significativamente superiores para T2 e T3 comparado com T1, que foi semelhante a T4. T2 apresentou maiores condenações de carcaça ao abate (7%), diferindo (P < 0,05) de T1, T3 e T4, respectivamente, 1, 2 e 3%. Os alcaloides isoquinolínicos são uma alternativa para dietas isentas de antibióticos para suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação, preservando o desempenho e os índices de carcaça e minimizando as condenações sanitárias de carcaças no frigorífico.(AU)

Isoquinolone alkaloids mitigate microscopic digestive tract lesions induced by sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in feedlot cattle / Alcaloides isoquinolínicos atenuam lesões microscópicas digestivas induzidas por acidose ruminal subaguda em bovinos confinados

Feedlot cattle is submitted to a diet rich in energy and reduced in fibres that induces the sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) with its lesions and clinical signs. Recent studies have demonstrated some amelioration of this condition by the use of isoquinolone alkaloids found in Macleaya cordata (Papaveraceae) such as Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine. These compounds have demonstrated antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and immune-modulatory effects in both humans and animals The aim on this study, using histopathology and a score system, was to evaluate the differences between a non-treated and a treated group feed with these alkaloids, present in trade preparation Sangrovit-RS® as a source of sanguinarine (SG), chelerythrine (CH) and protropine (PA) standardized to 0.15% w/w SG, using feedlot cattle under a high-grain diet as an inflammatory model for gastrointestinal system. The samples of forestomachs were evaluated and graded using scores ranging from zero (0) to three (3) obtained at light-microscopic fields of 400X. Parameters such as inflammation, hydropic degeneration, hyperkeratosis, and vesicle formation were accessed in the different layers of the tissues, considering the severity and dispersion of the microscopic lesions. The soft tissues such as the abomasum, small intestine, cecum and colon had their total amount of inflammatory cells counted at light-microscopic fields of 200X. The rumen of the SG-CH-PRO-treated group showed a significant reduction in the epithelial hydropic degeneration scores (p ≤ 0.001) and lamina propria inflammation (p ≤ 0.001).The reticulum had a similar reduction in scores of epithelial (p ≤ 0.002) and stratum corneum hydropic degeneration (p ≤ 0.001), hyperkeratosis (p ≤ 0.002) and inflammation in lamina propria (p ≤ 0.001) and epithelium (p ≤ 0.002). The omasum had no significant differences. All non-keratinized tissues, except for ileum, had a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.001) in the total counting of inflammatory cells. In this trial, the feedlot cattle feed with high grain diet and treated with isoquinolone alkaloids expressed lesions that indicate ameliorations and worsening's. Ameliorating effects of the alkaloids were better demonstrated in tissues with reduced or no corneal layer in the mucosa and in the absence of a lipopolysaccharides rich acidic environment reinforcing the notion of the topic action, the dependence of the media pH and the time of exposure modulating the pharmacological mechanisms of these alkaloids. The observed cytolytic (oncolysis) effect in epithelial forestomachs cells under low pH values, worsening the osmotic status, should be considered before clinical applications.(AU)

As dietas para bovinos confinados possuem alta quantidade de alimentos energéticos com menor quantidade de alimentos volumosos (fibras), favorecendo a indução de acidose ruminal subaguda com formação de lesões gastrointestinais e sintomas clínicos deletérios. Recentes trabalhos têm demonstrado alguma amenização desta condição pelo uso de alcaloides isoquinolínicos encontrados na Macleaya cordata (Papaveraceae) tais como a sanguinarina e a cheleretrina, os quais tem demonstrado efeitos anti-inflamatórios, antimicrobianos e imuno modulatórios em humanos e animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi, através da histopatologia e de um sistema de escores, avaliar as diferenças entre um grupo não tratado e um grupo tratado com alcaloides isoquinolínicos, presentes na formulação Sangrovit RS® como fonte de sanguinarina (SG), chelerethrina (CH) and protropina (PA) padronizadas em 0,15 % w/w SG, usando bovinos em confinamento recebendo uma dieta rica em grãos como modelo inflamatório para o sistema gastrointestinal. Amostras dos pré-estômagos foram avaliadas por escores variando de zero a três, obtidos por microscopia de luz em diferentes campos em aumentos de 400X. Inflamação, degeneração hidrópica, hiperqueratose e formação de vesículas foram avaliadas nas diferentes camadas dos pré-estômagos tendo em vista a intensidade e a extensão das lesões. Tecidos não queratinizados como abomaso e intestino delgado, ceco e cólon tiveram seu total de células inflamatórias contadas por microscopia de luz em diferentes campos com aumentos de 200X. No rumem do grupo tratado houve uma redução significante no número de campos contendo degeneração hidrópica epitelial (p ≤ 0,001) e inflamação de lâmina própria (p ≤ 0,001). O retículo teve uma redução similar nos escores scores de degeneração hidrópica epitelial (p ≤ 0.002), degeneração hidrópica no estrato córneo (p ≤ 0.001), hiperqueratose (p ≤ 0.002) e inflamação na lamina própria (p ≤ 0.001) e inflamação epitelial (p ≤ 0.002). Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes no omaso. Todos os tecidos não queratinizados, exceto pelo íleo, tiveram uma redução significativa (p ≤ 0.001) no total de células inflamatórias. Neste experimento, bovinos em confinamento recebendo dieta rica em grãos e tratados com alcaloides isoquinolínicos tiveram lesões que tiveram melhoras e pioras. Os efeitos de melhora foram melhor demonstrados em tecidos sem camada córnea e na ausência de um meio ácido rico em lipopolisacarídeos, reforçando a noção da ação tópica, da dependência do pH do meio e do tempo de exposição modulando os mecanismos farmacológicos destes alcalóides. O efeito citolítico (oncólise) sobre células epiteliais de pré-estômagos em baixos valores de pH, piorando o estado osmótico das células, deveria ser considerado antes das aplicações clínicas.(AU)

Assessment of benzophenanthridine and protopine alkaloids in broiler challenged and not by Salmonella Heidelberg

Salmonellosis is a globally important zoonosis, and Salmonella Heidelberg is one of the most prevalent serovars in poultry production worldwide, as well as in food poisoning cases. Antimicrobial drugs were previously widely used to face health challenges in animal production; however, since their ban as performance enhancers, many alternative strategies have been proposed. One of these strategies is the use of plant extracts, such as those containing the alkaloids benzophenanthridine and protopine. These compounds have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and nutritional effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the supply of a product containing benzophenanthridine and protopine (Sangrovit(r)WS 100 g/1000 L of drinking water) to broilers during different rearing periods 1-21, 1-6 and 6-21 days of age challenged or not with Salmonella Heidelberg at six days of age. There was no effect of the product on the performance, jejunal morphometry, cecal goblet cell counts, or control of Salmonella spp. in broilers challenged or not with Salmonella Heidelberg. However, the group receiving the alkaloids from 1 to 21 days of age, compared with the control group, presented a numerical difference of 28 points in productive efficiency index, which directly impacts live production cost of live broiler, representing savings of R$ 0.11/kg of meat produced.

Assessment of benzophenanthridine and protopine alkaloids in broiler challenged and not by Salmonella Heidelberg

Salmonellosis is a globally important zoonosis, and Salmonella Heidelberg is one of the most prevalent serovars in poultry production worldwide, as well as in food poisoning cases. Antimicrobial drugs were previously widely used to face health challenges in animal production; however, since their ban as performance enhancers, many alternative strategies have been proposed. One of these strategies is the use of plant extracts, such as those containing the alkaloids benzophenanthridine and protopine. These compounds have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and nutritional effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the supply of a product containing benzophenanthridine and protopine (Sangrovit(r)WS 100 g/1000 L of drinking water) to broilers during different rearing periods 1-21, 1-6 and 6-21 days of age challenged or not with Salmonella Heidelberg at six days of age. There was no effect of the product on the performance, jejunal morphometry, cecal goblet cell counts, or control of Salmonella spp. in broilers challenged or not with Salmonella Heidelberg. However, the group receiving the alkaloids from 1 to 21 days of age, compared with the control group, presented a numerical difference of 28 points in productive efficiency index, which directly impacts live production cost of live broiler, representing savings of R$ 0.11/kg of meat produced.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DOS ALCALÓIDES DA BENZOFENANTRIDINA E PROTOPINA EM FRANGOS DE CORTE DESAFIADOS OU NÃO POR Salmonella Heidelberg

A salmonelose é caracterizada como uma zoonose de importância mundial, sendo a Salmonella Heidelberg um dos sorovares de maior prevalência na criação mundial de frangos de corte, bem como nas toxinfecções alimentares. Devido aos desafios sanitários, os antimicrobianos foram amplamente utilizados, entretanto, a partir de sua proibição como melhorador de desempenho houve a intensificação da utilização estratégica de produtos alternativos. Dentre esses produtos, destacam-se os extratos de plantas constituídos pelos alcalóides da benzofenantridina e protopina, que apresentam efeitos antimicrobianos, anti-inflamatórios, imunomodulatórios, nutricionais, dentre outros. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos dos alcalóides da benzofenantridina e protopina (Sangrovit®WS 100 g/1000 L de água) fornecido na água de bebida de frangos de corte em diferentes períodos de criação (do primeiro ao 21º dia, do primeiro ao sexto dia e do sexto ao 21º dia de idade) desafiados ou não com Salmonella Heidelberg aos seis dias de idade. Os resultados não demonstraram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos em relação à suplementação dos alcalóides da benzofenantridina e protopina na água de bebida desafiados ou não por Salmonella Heidelberg sobre os parâmetros de desempenho, morfometria intestinal do jejuno, contagem de células caliciformes do ceco e controle de Salmonella spp. Contudo, o grupo que consumiu os alcalóides do primeiro ao 21º dia de idade, quando comparado numericamente ao grupo controle apresentou uma diferença superior de 28 pontos no índice de eficiência produtiva, impactando diretamente no custo do frango vivo por representar uma economia de R$0,11/Kg de carne produzida.

Salmonellosis is characterized as a zoonosis of worldwide importance being Salmonella Heidelberg one of the most prevalent serotypes in the global creation of broilers, as well as in foodborne diseases. Owing to health challenges, the antimicrobials were widely used, however, from his prohibition as a performance enhancer there was the increased the strategic use of alternative products. Among these products, we highlight the plant extracts constituted by the benzophenanthridine and protopine alkaloids, which have antimicrobial effects, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, nutritional, and others. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of benzophenanthridine and protopina alkaloids (Sangrovit®WS 100 g / 1000 L of water) supplied in the drinking water of broiler in different periods of creation (first to 21 days, from first to sixth day, and the sixth to 21 days of age) challenged or not with Salmonella Heidelberg six days old. The results did not show no significant difference between treatments regarding supplementation of benzophenanthridine and protopine alkaloids in the drinking water of broilers challenged or not with Salmonella Heidelberg about the performance parameters, intestinal jejunum morphometry, goblet cell count of cecum and Salmonella spp. control. However, the group that consumed the alkaloids of the first to 21 days of age, when compared numerically with the control group had a higher difference of 28 points in productive efficiency rate, directly impacting in the cost of live broiler by represent an economy of R$0,11/Kg of meat produced.

Studies with sanguinarine like alkaloids as feed additive in broiler diets

This research included two studies evaluating the live performance of broilers fed Sangrovit® (minimum of 1.5% sanguinarine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid extracted from Macleaya cordata). Both studies were conducted using Ross 308 female broiler chicks. Birds were fed corn-soybean meal all-vegetable diets without growth promoters with 5 treatments and 8 replications in each study. In the first study, treatments were composed of a Negative Control without feed additive and four diets with graded increases of Sangrovit of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 ppm. In the second study, chicks received a similar diet from placement to 21 days of age and subsequently were given feeds with graded reductions in crude protein (CP) as follow: a Negative Control with 19.7% CP without sanguinarine, and then 19.7, 19.2, 18.8 and 18.3% CP supplemented with Sangrovit at 20 ppm. It was demonstrated that body weight was increased when birds were fed 50 ppm of Sangrovit at 21 d when compared to the Negative Control. Also comparatively to the Negative Control, cumulative feed conversion was improved for birds fed with Sangrovit at 37.5 ppm as well as feed intake from placement to 7 days at 12.5 ppm. No differences were observed in feed intake. Birds supplemented with Sangrovit and 18.8% CP had similar body weight gain and feed intake as the Negative Control with 19.7% CP. Mortality in both studies was not correlated with the treatments. Results from both studies indicate benefits of the supplementation of Sangrovit in diets for broilers.

Studies with sanguinarine like alkaloids as feed additive in broiler diets

This research included two studies evaluating the live performance of broilers fed Sangrovit® (minimum of 1.5% sanguinarine, a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid extracted from Macleaya cordata). Both studies were conducted using Ross 308 female broiler chicks. Birds were fed corn-soybean meal all-vegetable diets without growth promoters with 5 treatments and 8 replications in each study. In the first study, treatments were composed of a Negative Control without feed additive and four diets with graded increases of Sangrovit of 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 ppm. In the second study, chicks received a similar diet from placement to 21 days of age and subsequently were given feeds with graded reductions in crude protein (CP) as follow: a Negative Control with 19.7% CP without sanguinarine, and then 19.7, 19.2, 18.8 and 18.3% CP supplemented with Sangrovit at 20 ppm. It was demonstrated that body weight was increased when birds were fed 50 ppm of Sangrovit at 21 d when compared to the Negative Control. Also comparatively to the Negative Control, cumulative feed conversion was improved for birds fed with Sangrovit at 37.5 ppm as well as feed intake from placement to 7 days at 12.5 ppm. No differences were observed in feed intake. Birds supplemented with Sangrovit and 18.8% CP had similar body weight gain and feed intake as the Negative Control with 19.7% CP. Mortality in both studies was not correlated with the treatments. Results from both studies indicate benefits of the supplementation of Sangrovit in diets for broilers.