Least limiting water range, S-index and compressibility of a Udalf under different management systems

Agricultural areas in the region of Turuçu, on the Southeast Hillside in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil present many examples of soil physical degradation. Accordingly, strategies aimed at evaluating and ameliorating the structural quality of soils should be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these areas. This study aimed to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR), S-index, compressibility parameters, organic carbon and the organic matter granulometric fractions of a Udalf under different agricultural uses. Soil samples with disturbed and non-disturbed structure from the 0.00 to 0.10 m layer were collected on farms in the Southeast Hillside, Turuçu region, RS, for analyzing soil under: i) conventional system of corn after tobacco crop, (CT); ii) conventional system of corn after native field (CNF), iii) native field (NF) and iv) native area (NA). Both the CT and the CNF systems had a negative influence on the values of bulk density, soil porosity, least limiting water range, compressibility parameters and total organic carbon, coarse fraction carbon and carbon associated with minerals.

Least limiting water range, S-index and compressibility of a Udalf under different management systems

Agricultural areas in the region of Turuçu, on the Southeast Hillside in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil present many examples of soil physical degradation. Accordingly, strategies aimed at evaluating and ameliorating the structural quality of soils should be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these areas. This study aimed to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR), S-index, compressibility parameters, organic carbon and the organic matter granulometric fractions of a Udalf under different agricultural uses. Soil samples with disturbed and non-disturbed structure from the 0.00 to 0.10 m layer were collected on farms in the Southeast Hillside, Turuçu region, RS, for analyzing soil under: i) conventional system of corn after tobacco crop, (CT); ii) conventional system of corn after native field (CNF), iii) native field (NF) and iv) native area (NA). Both the CT and the CNF systems had a negative influence on the values of bulk density, soil porosity, least limiting water range, compressibility parameters and total organic carbon, coarse fraction carbon and carbon associated with minerals.(AU)

Microstructural strength of four subtropical soils evaluated by rheometry: properties, difficulties and opportunities

The structural strength of soils has been extensively described by physical and mechanical properties evaluated on the mesoscale for different soils and management conditions. However, changes in the organization of the soil matrix at the microstructural level, which can be obtained by rheometry, are still seldom used in soil mechanics. Our aim was to use the amplitude sweep test, a rheometry technique, to investigate the microstructural strength of four subtropical soils (two Oxisols, an Ultisol and a Vertisol) and to discuss difficulties with respect to the samples, water content, soil density and vertical force. The various rheological properties which reveal the soil microstructural strength were determined: deformation at the end of the linear viscoelastic range, LVE range (LVE), shear stress at the end of the LVE range (LVE), deformation at yield point, YP (YP), storage and loss moduli at YP (GGYP), maximum shear stress (max), and integral z. In general, soil elasticity (LVE and YP) and microstructural strength (LVE and max) were greater in the Oxisols and the Vertisol, which both possess high clay content, while the latter also contains expansive clay minerals. The lowest structural strength was observed in the Ultisol which had a high sand content. As rheological properties are related to soil properties such as particle size distribution and carbon content, they can be applied in the evaluation of the microstructural strength of clayey and sandy soils and allows for inferences regarding inter-particle shear strength. However, the test is not applicable to very dry soil samples and sample preparations can affect the results. We suggest a number of approaches to find solutions for these difficulties/problems.

Microstructural strength of four subtropical soils evaluated by rheometry: properties, difficulties and opportunities

The structural strength of soils has been extensively described by physical and mechanical properties evaluated on the mesoscale for different soils and management conditions. However, changes in the organization of the soil matrix at the microstructural level, which can be obtained by rheometry, are still seldom used in soil mechanics. Our aim was to use the amplitude sweep test, a rheometry technique, to investigate the microstructural strength of four subtropical soils (two Oxisols, an Ultisol and a Vertisol) and to discuss difficulties with respect to the samples, water content, soil density and vertical force. The various rheological properties which reveal the soil microstructural strength were determined: deformation at the end of the linear viscoelastic range, LVE range (LVE), shear stress at the end of the LVE range (LVE), deformation at yield point, YP (YP), storage and loss moduli at YP (GGYP), maximum shear stress (max), and integral z. In general, soil elasticity (LVE and YP) and microstructural strength (LVE and max) were greater in the Oxisols and the Vertisol, which both possess high clay content, while the latter also contains expansive clay minerals. The lowest structural strength was observed in the Ultisol which had a high sand content. As rheological properties are related to soil properties such as particle size distribution and carbon content, they can be applied in the evaluation of the microstructural strength of clayey and sandy soils and allows for inferences regarding inter-particle shear strength. However, the test is not applicable to very dry soil samples and sample preparations can affect the results. We suggest a number of approaches to find solutions for these difficulties/problems.(AU)

Fertilizer shanks to promote soil decompaction in the seeding operation

ABSTRACT: Intensification of soil compaction process under no-tillage (NT) is motivating the search for alternatives to mitigate soil compaction state. This study evaluated changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties caused by seeder with fertilizer shanks at different depths compared with the double discs lagged seeder, to investigate the possibility of soil decompaction by sowing under NT in southern Brazil. The study was conducted in a clayed Oxisol, for 27 years under NT. Treatments were three planting mechanisms: S0.10m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.10m depth; S0.15m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.15m depth and, D0.07m: double discs lagged acting to 0.07m depth in an experimental randomized block design with four replications. We evaluated the soil mechanical resistance, water infiltration rate, soil bulk density, pore size distribution and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Results indicated that the use of seeder with fertilizer shanks acting at 0.15m deep promoted the soil decompaction by the reduction of penetration resistance and increase of porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. To have significant increase in water infiltration rate the fertilizer shanks of the seeder must be deepened to the lower limit of the compacted surface layer.

RESUMO: A intensificação do processo de compactação do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) motiva a procura por alternativas para atenuação do estado de compactação do solo. Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar modificações em propriedades físico-hídricas do solo originadas por semeadoras equipadas com hastes sulcadoras que atuam em diferentes profundidades, em comparação à semeadora com discos duplos defasados, para investigar a possibilidade de descompactação do solo na operação de semeadura em áreas sob SPD na região Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, de textura argilosa, há 27 anos sob SPD. Os tratamentos foram três mecanismos de semeadura: H0,10m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,10m de profundidade; H0,15m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m de profundidade; e D0,07m: discos duplos defasados atuando a 0,07m de profundidade, em delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a resistência mecânica à penetração, taxa de infiltração de água no solo, densidade do solo, distribuição do tamanho de poros e condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização de semeadora com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m promove a descompactação do solo através da redução da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, aumento da porosidade e da condutividade hidráulica. Para que haja aumento significativo da infiltração de água no solo, a haste sulcadora da semeadora deve ser aprofundada até o limite inferior da camada superficial compactada.

Fertilizer shanks to promote soil decompaction in the seeding operation / Haste sulcadora para descompactação do solo na operação de semeadura

Intensification of soil compaction process under no-tillage (NT) is motivating the search for alternatives to mitigate soil compaction state. This study evaluated changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties caused by seeder with fertilizer shanks at different depths compared with the double discs lagged seeder, to investigate the possibility of soil decompaction by sowing under NT in southern Brazil. The study was conducted in a clayed Oxisol, for 27 years under NT. Treatments were three planting mechanisms: S0.10m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.10m depth; S0.15m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.15m depth and, D0.07m: double discs lagged acting to 0.07m depth in an experimental randomized block design with four replications. We evaluated the soil mechanical resistance, water infiltration rate, soil bulk density, pore size distribution and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Results indicated that the use of seeder with fertilizer shanks acting at 0.15m deep promoted the soil decompaction by the reduction of penetration resistance and increase of porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. To have significant increase in water infiltration rate the fertilizer shanks of the seeder must be deepened to the lower limit of the compacted surface layer.

A intensificação do processo de compactação do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) motiva a procura por alternativas para atenuação do estado de compactação do solo. Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar modificações em propriedades físico-hídricas do solo originadas por semeadoras equipadas com hastes sulcadoras que atuam em diferentes profundidades, em comparação à semeadora com discos duplos defasados, para investigar a possibilidade de descompactação do solo na operação de semeadura em áreas sob SPD na região Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, de textura argilosa, há 27 anos sob SPD. Os tratamentos foram três mecanismos de semeadura: H0,10m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,10m de profundidade; H0,15m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m de profundidade; e D0,07m: discos duplos defasados atuando a 0,07m de profundidade, em delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a resistência mecânica à penetração, taxa de infiltração de água no solo, densidade do solo, distribuição do tamanho de poros e condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização de semeadora com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m promove a descompactação do solo através da redução da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, aumento da porosidade e da condutividade hidráulica. Para que haja aumento significativo da infiltração de água no solo, a haste sulcadora da semeadora deve ser aprofundada até o limite inferior da camada superficial compactada.

Oxisol physical quality with application of landfill leachate / Qualidade física de latossolo com aplicação de lixiviado de aterro sanitário

The organic carbon present in the landfill leachate (LL) can improve the physical quality of the soil when applied in agricultural areas, minimizing the problem of disposal of this waste. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of different doses of LL on the physical quality of the Red Latosol (Oxisol) after five years of applications. The treatment consisted of applications of LL in doses of 32, 65, 98 and 130 m3 ha-1 crop-1 and the treatment that receives mineral fertilizer. The physical quality of the soil was evaluated in soil samples collected in the layers 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m, through the analysis of stability and diameter of the aggregates, soil density, total aeration capacity, field capacity and available water content. After five years of application of LL, at doses of 65, 98 and 130 m3 ha-1 crop-1 have promoted a linear increase of the aggregates with diameter greater than 2.00 mm, of the weighted average and geometric diameters and of the soil density, with a consequent reduction of the ratio between macro and micropores and the aeration capacity of the layers 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. After five years of these applications, the soils that received the dose of 32 m3 ha-1 crop-1 presented the best physical quality in relation to the other doses, since this dose did not promote an increase of the aggregates larger than 2 mm in the superficial layer (0.00-0.10 m) and wasthe dose with lower effect in the reduction of aeration of the soil, in relation to the others (65, 98 and130 m3 ha-1 crop-1) in the layers 0.00-0.10 and 0.10 0.20 m.(AU)

O carbono orgânico presente no lixiviado de aterro sanitário (LAS) pode melhorar a qualidade física do solo quando aplicado em áreas agrícolas, minimizando o problema de descarte desse dejeto. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes doses de LAS sobre a qualidade física de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico após cinco anos de aplicações. Os tratamentos consistiram de aplicações de LAS nas doses de 32, 65, 98 e 130 m3 ha-1 safra-1 e um tratamento que recebe fertilizante mineral. A qualidade física do solo foi avaliada em amostras de solo coletadas nas camadas 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, por meio da análise da estabilidade e diâmetro dos agregados, densidade do solo, capacidade de aeração total, capacidade de campo e teor de água disponível. Após cinco anos de aplicações de LAS, nas doses de 65, 98 e 130 m3 ha-1 safra-1 promoveram aumento linear dos agregados com diâmetro maior que 2,00 mm, dos diâmetros médio ponderado e geométrico e da densidade do solo, com consequente redução da razão entre macro e microporos e da capacidade de aeração das camadas 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. Após cinco anos de aplicações de LAS, os solos que receberam a dose de 32 m3 ha-1 safra-1 apresentaram a melhor qualidade física em relação às demais doses, pois, essa dose não promoveu aumento dos agregados maiores que 2 mm na camada superficial (0,00-0,10 m) e foi a dose com menor influência na redução da aeração do solo, em relação às demais (65, 98 e 130 m3 ha-1 safra-1) nas camadas 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m.(AU)

Fertilizer shanks to promote soil decompaction in the seeding operation / Haste sulcadora para descompactação do solo na operação de semeadura

Intensification of soil compaction process under no-tillage (NT) is motivating the search for alternatives to mitigate soil compaction state. This study evaluated changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties caused by seeder with fertilizer shanks at different depths compared with the double discs lagged seeder, to investigate the possibility of soil decompaction by sowing under NT in southern Brazil. The study was conducted in a clayed Oxisol, for 27 years under NT. Treatments were three planting mechanisms: S0.10m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.10m depth; S0.15m: cutting disc combined with shank acting to 0.15m depth and, D0.07m: double discs lagged acting to 0.07m depth in an experimental randomized block design with four replications. We evaluated the soil mechanical resistance, water infiltration rate, soil bulk density, pore size distribution and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Results indicated that the use of seeder with fertilizer shanks acting at 0.15m deep promoted the soil decompaction by the reduction of penetration resistance and increase of porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. To have significant increase in water infiltration rate the fertilizer shanks of the seeder must be deepened to the lower limit of the compacted surface layer. (AU)

A intensificação do processo de compactação do solo em sistema plantio direto (SPD) motiva a procura por alternativas para atenuação do estado de compactação do solo. Esse trabalho objetiva avaliar modificações em propriedades físico-hídricas do solo originadas por semeadoras equipadas com hastes sulcadoras que atuam em diferentes profundidades, em comparação à semeadora com discos duplos defasados, para investigar a possibilidade de descompactação do solo na operação de semeadura em áreas sob SPD na região Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico, de textura argilosa, há 27 anos sob SPD. Os tratamentos foram três mecanismos de semeadura: H0,10m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,10m de profundidade; H0,15m: disco de corte combinado com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m de profundidade; e D0,07m: discos duplos defasados atuando a 0,07m de profundidade, em delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a resistência mecânica à penetração, taxa de infiltração de água no solo, densidade do solo, distribuição do tamanho de poros e condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado. Os resultados indicaram que a utilização de semeadora com haste sulcadora atuando a 0,15m promove a descompactação do solo através da redução da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, aumento da porosidade e da condutividade hidráulica. Para que haja aumento significativo da infiltração de água no solo, a haste sulcadora da semeadora deve ser aprofundada até o limite inferior da camada superficial compactada. (AU)

Software for micromorphometric characterization of soil pores obtained from 2-D image analysis

Studies of soil porosity through image analysis are important to an understanding of how the soil functions. However, the lack of a simplified methodology for the quantification of the shape, number, and size of soil pores has limited the use of information extracted from images. The present work proposes a software program for the quantification and characterization of soil porosity from data derived from 2-D images. The user-friendly software was developed in C++ and allows for the classification of pores in terms of size, shape, and combinations of size and shape. Using raw data generated by image analysis systems, the software calculates the following parameters for the characterization of soil porosity: total area of pore (Tap), number of pores, pore shape, pore shape and pore area, and pore shape and equivalent pore diameter (EqDiam). In this paper, the input file with the raw soil porosity data was generated using the Noesis Visilog 5.4 image analysis system; however other image analysis programs can be used, in which case, the input file requires a standard format to permit processing by this software. The software also shows the descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance, and the coefficient of variation) of the parameters considering the total number of images evaluated. The results show that the software is a complementary tool to any analysis of soil porosity, allowing for a precise and quick analysis.

Software for micromorphometric characterization of soil pores obtained from 2-D image analysis

Studies of soil porosity through image analysis are important to an understanding of how the soil functions. However, the lack of a simplified methodology for the quantification of the shape, number, and size of soil pores has limited the use of information extracted from images. The present work proposes a software program for the quantification and characterization of soil porosity from data derived from 2-D images. The user-friendly software was developed in C++ and allows for the classification of pores in terms of size, shape, and combinations of size and shape. Using raw data generated by image analysis systems, the software calculates the following parameters for the characterization of soil porosity: total area of pore (Tap), number of pores, pore shape, pore shape and pore area, and pore shape and equivalent pore diameter (EqDiam). In this paper, the input file with the raw soil porosity data was generated using the Noesis Visilog 5.4 image analysis system; however other image analysis programs can be used, in which case, the input file requires a standard format to permit processing by this software. The software also shows the descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, variance, and the coefficient of variation) of the parameters considering the total number of images evaluated. The results show that the software is a complementary tool to any analysis of soil porosity, allowing for a precise and quick analysis.(AU)

Texture and organic carbon contents do not impact amount of carbon protected in Malagasy soils

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is usually said to be well correlated with soil texture and soil aggregation. These relations generally suggest a physical and physicochemical protection of SOC within soil aggregates and on soil fine particles, respectively. Because there are few experimental evidences of these relations on tropical soils, we tested the relations of soil variables (SOC and soil aggregate contents, and soil texture) with the amount of SOC physically protected in aggregates on a set of 15 Malagasy soils. The soil texture, the SOC and water stable macroaggregate (MA) contents and the amount of SOC physically protected inside aggregates, calculated as the difference of C mineralized by crushed and intact aggregates, were characterized. The relation between these variables was established. SOC content was significantly correlated with soil texture (clay+fine silt fraction) and with soil MA amount while protected SOC content was not correlated with soil MA amount. This lack of correlation might be attributed to the highest importance of physicochemical protection of SOC which is demonstrated by the positive relation between SOC and clay+fine silt fraction.

Texture and organic carbon contents do not impact amount of carbon protected in Malagasy soils

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is usually said to be well correlated with soil texture and soil aggregation. These relations generally suggest a physical and physicochemical protection of SOC within soil aggregates and on soil fine particles, respectively. Because there are few experimental evidences of these relations on tropical soils, we tested the relations of soil variables (SOC and soil aggregate contents, and soil texture) with the amount of SOC physically protected in aggregates on a set of 15 Malagasy soils. The soil texture, the SOC and water stable macroaggregate (MA) contents and the amount of SOC physically protected inside aggregates, calculated as the difference of C mineralized by crushed and intact aggregates, were characterized. The relation between these variables was established. SOC content was significantly correlated with soil texture (clay+fine silt fraction) and with soil MA amount while protected SOC content was not correlated with soil MA amount. This lack of correlation might be attributed to the highest importance of physicochemical protection of SOC which is demonstrated by the positive relation between SOC and clay+fine silt fraction.

Aggregate breakdown and dispersion of soil samples amended with sugarcane vinasse

Soil aggregation is a very complex issue related to important soil attributes and processes. The aggregate breakdown and dispersion of soil samples amended with sugarcane vinasse were evaluated using ultrasonic energy. Vinasse is an important byproduct of sugarcane industries, intensively applied to soils in Brazil as liquid fertilizer. Samples of two Oxisols and one Ultisol were used in this study. The physical and chemical characterization of soils was performed, and the 1 to 2 mm size aggregates (200 g) were packed in PVC columns (6.0 cm high and 4.0 cm internal diameter) and incubated with sugarcane vinasse under lab conditions for 1, 30 and 60 days. After incubation, aggregates were submitted to levels of ultrasonic energy, and the particle size distribution (53 to 2,000 µm, 2 to 53 µm, and 2 µm fractions) was quantified. Mathematical equations were used to relate the mass of aggregates in each of these fractions to the applied ultrasonic energy, and parameters related to aggregate stability were then obtained. Soils showed an aggregate-hierarchy resulting in a stepwise breakdown under ultrasonic agitation. Considering this soil-aggregation hierarchy, vinasse contributed even in a short time to the bonding between and within 2 to 53 µm aggregates, mainly in the Oxisols. This may be related to organic compounds present in the vinasse, cementing soil particles. Potassium enrichment of soil samples did not contribute to soil dispersion.

Aggregate breakdown and dispersion of soil samples amended with sugarcane vinasse

Soil aggregation is a very complex issue related to important soil attributes and processes. The aggregate breakdown and dispersion of soil samples amended with sugarcane vinasse were evaluated using ultrasonic energy. Vinasse is an important byproduct of sugarcane industries, intensively applied to soils in Brazil as liquid fertilizer. Samples of two Oxisols and one Ultisol were used in this study. The physical and chemical characterization of soils was performed, and the 1 to 2 mm size aggregates (200 g) were packed in PVC columns (6.0 cm high and 4.0 cm internal diameter) and incubated with sugarcane vinasse under lab conditions for 1, 30 and 60 days. After incubation, aggregates were submitted to levels of ultrasonic energy, and the particle size distribution (53 to 2,000 µm, 2 to 53 µm, and 2 µm fractions) was quantified. Mathematical equations were used to relate the mass of aggregates in each of these fractions to the applied ultrasonic energy, and parameters related to aggregate stability were then obtained. Soils showed an aggregate-hierarchy resulting in a stepwise breakdown under ultrasonic agitation. Considering this soil-aggregation hierarchy, vinasse contributed even in a short time to the bonding between and within 2 to 53 µm aggregates, mainly in the Oxisols. This may be related to organic compounds present in the vinasse, cementing soil particles. Potassium enrichment of soil samples did not contribute to soil dispersion.

Resíduo alcalino da indústria de celulose na correção da acidez de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico / Alkaline residue of cellulose industry in the acidity correction of a Humic Aluminic Cambisol

A indústria de celulose gera resíduos alcalinos que devem ser caracterizados para avaliar sua viabilidade técnica para uso em solos agrícolas, como alternativa aos corretivos da acidez. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo alcalino em alguns atributos químicos e físicos de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico e no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de trigo. Os tratamentos foram doses de calcário (Cal) correspondentes a 0,5 e 1 SMP e de resíduo alcalino (Res) correspondentes a 0,25, 0,5 e 1 SMP para elevar o pH do solo a 6,0, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O solo foi acondicionado em vasos com volume de 4 L e cultivado com trigo, em casa de vegetação. O uso do resíduo alcalino aumenta o pH, os teores e a saturação por sódio e reduz o grau de fl oculação da argila, porém não afeta a estabilidade dos agregados do solo. Os dois corretivos adicionam cátions básicos ao solo, porém o resíduo aumenta a relação Ca/Mg. O resíduo é uma alternativa para neutralizar a acidez de solos e melhorar as condições químicas do solo para o crescimento da cultura do trigo.

Cellulose industry generates alkaline residues which must be characterized in order to evaluate the technical viability of their use in agricultural soils as an alternative of soil acidity correction. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the application of alkaline residue on some chemical and physical properties of a Humic Cambisol and on the initial growth phase of a wheat crop. The treatments consisted in doses of lime corresponding to 0.5 and 1 SMP and doses of residue corresponding to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 SMP in order to increase pH up to 6.0. The wheat was sown in 4 L pots fi lled with soil . The pots were arranged in a greenhouse according to a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates. The addition of Res increased soil pH, the sodium content and soil sodium saturation and reduced the clay fl occulation. However, the stability of soil aggregates was not affected. Both correctives increased the soil’s basic cations, although the residue increased the Ca/Mg ratio. This alkaline residue is an alternative to correct acid soils and improve the chemical conditions of soils to grow wheat.

Resíduo alcalino da indústria de celulose na correção da acidez de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico / Alkaline residue of cellulose industry in the acidity correction of a Humic Aluminic Cambisol

A indústria de celulose gera resíduos alcalinos que devem ser caracterizados para avaliar sua viabilidade técnica para uso em solos agrícolas, como alternativa aos corretivos da acidez. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de resíduo alcalino em alguns atributos químicos e físicos de um Cambissolo Húmico alumínico e no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de trigo. Os tratamentos foram doses de calcário (Cal) correspondentes a 0,5 e 1 SMP e de resíduo alcalino (Res) correspondentes a 0,25, 0,5 e 1 SMP para elevar o pH do solo a 6,0, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. O solo foi acondicionado em vasos com volume de 4 L e cultivado com trigo, em casa de vegetação. O uso do resíduo alcalino aumenta o pH, os teores e a saturação por sódio e reduz o grau de fl oculação da argila, porém não afeta a estabilidade dos agregados do solo. Os dois corretivos adicionam cátions básicos ao solo, porém o resíduo aumenta a relação Ca/Mg. O resíduo é uma alternativa para neutralizar a acidez de solos e melhorar as condições químicas do solo para o crescimento da cultura do trigo.(AU)

Cellulose industry generates alkaline residues which must be characterized in order to evaluate the technical viability of their use in agricultural soils as an alternative of soil acidity correction. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the application of alkaline residue on some chemical and physical properties of a Humic Cambisol and on the initial growth phase of a wheat crop. The treatments consisted in doses of lime corresponding to 0.5 and 1 SMP and doses of residue corresponding to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 SMP in order to increase pH up to 6.0. The wheat was sown in 4 L pots fi lled with soil . The pots were arranged in a greenhouse according to a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates. The addition of Res increased soil pH, the sodium content and soil sodium saturation and reduced the clay fl occulation. However, the stability of soil aggregates was not affected. Both correctives increased the soils basic cations, although the residue increased the Ca/Mg ratio. This alkaline residue is an alternative to correct acid soils and improve the chemical conditions of soils to grow wheat.(AU)

Atributos físico-hidricos e produtividade de trigo em um Latossolo sob estados de compactação

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of additional compaction on the physical-hydraulic attributes and wheat yield (Triticum spp) in an Oxisol under no-tillage. The cultivation was made in strips (10x50m) which were implanted in four treatments or states of compaction: SC - without additional compaction with a roller compactor 1P- one roller pass, 3P- tree rolear passes and 5P- five roler passes. To evaluate soil bulk density (Bd), macroporosity (Map), microporosity (Mip) and total porosity (Tp), undisturbed soil samples were collected from three layers: 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0, 2 and 0.2-0.3m, at five random locations in each treatment. Soil samples were also collected in the layer 0.0 to 0.3m to perform the Proctor test and determine the maximum soil bulk density (Bdmax). The water infiltration rate in the soil was evaluated by means of concentric rings. The relative soil bulk density (Bdrel) was calculated using the relationship between the Bd and Bdmax. To determine the wheat yield a useful area of 4.08m2 was delimited and harvested, with five replicates in each treatment. By increasing the number of roller compactor passes, there was a reduction in Map and increase in Bd. The wheat yield and the infiltration rate decreased, respectively, by 23% and 97% when comparing SC treatment on 5P. The optimal Bdrel wheat yield in this Oxisol was of 0.83.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de estados de compactação sobre os atributos físico-hídricos do solo e na produtividade da cultura do trigo (Triticum spp) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob sistema plantio direto. O cultivo do trigo foi em faixas (10x50m) nas quais foram implantados quatro tratamentos correspondentes aos estados de compactação: SC-unidade experimental sem passagem do rolo compactador, 1P-uma passada com o rolo compactador, 3P-três passadas e 5P-cinco passadas. Para avaliar a densidade (Ds), o volume de macroporos (Map) e de microporos (Mip) e a porosidade (Pt) do solo foram coletadas amostras indeformadas nas profundidades de 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,3m, em cinco pontos aleatórios em cada tratamento. Outra amostra foi coletada na camada de 0,0-0,3m, para realizar o ensaio de Proctor normal e determinar a densidade máxima do solo (Dsmax). A taxa infiltração de água no solo foi avaliada por meio de anéis concêntricos, a densidade do solo relativa (Dsrel) foi calculada através da relacão entre a Ds e a Dsmax. Para determinar a produtividade do trigo delimitou-se uma área útil de 4,08m2, com cinco subamostras em cada tratamento. Com o aumento das passadas do rolo compactador, ocorreu redução da map e incremento da Ds. A produtividade do trigo e a taxa de infiltração de água no solo foram reduzidas, respectivamente, em 23% e 97% quando se comparou o tratamento SC em relação ao 5P. A Dsrel ótima para a produtividade do trigo no Latossolo estudado foi de 0,83.

Atributos físico-hidricos e produtividade de trigo em um Latossolo sob estados de compactação

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of additional compaction on the physical-hydraulic attributes and wheat yield (Triticum spp) in an Oxisol under no-tillage. The cultivation was made in strips (10x50m) which were implanted in four treatments or states of compaction: SC - without additional compaction with a roller compactor 1P- one roller pass, 3P- tree rolear passes and 5P- five roler passes. To evaluate soil bulk density (Bd), macroporosity (Map), microporosity (Mip) and total porosity (Tp), undisturbed soil samples were collected from three layers: 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0, 2 and 0.2-0.3m, at five random locations in each treatment. Soil samples were also collected in the layer 0.0 to 0.3m to perform the Proctor test and determine the maximum soil bulk density (Bdmax). The water infiltration rate in the soil was evaluated by means of concentric rings. The relative soil bulk density (Bdrel) was calculated using the relationship between the Bd and Bdmax. To determine the wheat yield a useful area of 4.08m2 was delimited and harvested, with five replicates in each treatment. By increasing the number of roller compactor passes, there was a reduction in Map and increase in Bd. The wheat yield and the infiltration rate decreased, respectively, by 23% and 97% when comparing SC treatment on 5P. The optimal Bdrel wheat yield in this Oxisol was of 0.83.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de estados de compactação sobre os atributos físico-hídricos do solo e na produtividade da cultura do trigo (Triticum spp) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob sistema plantio direto. O cultivo do trigo foi em faixas (10x50m) nas quais foram implantados quatro tratamentos correspondentes aos estados de compactação: SC-unidade experimental sem passagem do rolo compactador, 1P-uma passada com o rolo compactador, 3P-três passadas e 5P-cinco passadas. Para avaliar a densidade (Ds), o volume de macroporos (Map) e de microporos (Mip) e a porosidade (Pt) do solo foram coletadas amostras indeformadas nas profundidades de 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,3m, em cinco pontos aleatórios em cada tratamento. Outra amostra foi coletada na camada de 0,0-0,3m, para realizar o ensaio de Proctor normal e determinar a densidade máxima do solo (Dsmax). A taxa infiltração de água no solo foi avaliada por meio de anéis concêntricos, a densidade do solo relativa (Dsrel) foi calculada através da relacão entre a Ds e a Dsmax. Para determinar a produtividade do trigo delimitou-se uma área útil de 4,08m2, com cinco subamostras em cada tratamento. Com o aumento das passadas do rolo compactador, ocorreu redução da map e incremento da Ds. A produtividade do trigo e a taxa de infiltração de água no solo foram reduzidas, respectivamente, em 23% e 97% quando se comparou o tratamento SC em relação ao 5P. A Dsrel ótima para a produtividade do trigo no Latossolo estudado foi de 0,83.

Atributos físico-hidricos e produtividade de trigo em um Latossolo sob estados de compactação

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of additional compaction on the physical-hydraulic attributes and wheat yield (Triticum spp) in an Oxisol under no-tillage. The cultivation was made in strips (10x50m) which were implanted in four treatments or states of compaction: SC - without additional compaction with a roller compactor 1P- one roller pass, 3P- tree rolear passes and 5P- five roler passes. To evaluate soil bulk density (Bd), macroporosity (Map), microporosity (Mip) and total porosity (Tp), undisturbed soil samples were collected from three layers: 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0, 2 and 0.2-0.3m, at five random locations in each treatment. Soil samples were also collected in the layer 0.0 to 0.3m to perform the Proctor test and determine the maximum soil bulk density (Bdmax). The water infiltration rate in the soil was evaluated by means of concentric rings. The relative soil bulk density (Bdrel) was calculated using the relationship between the Bd and Bdmax. To determine the wheat yield a useful area of 4.08m2 was delimited and harvested, with five replicates in each treatment. By increasing the number of roller compactor passes, there was a reduction in Map and increase in Bd. The wheat yield and the infiltration rate decreased, respectively, by 23% and 97% when comparing SC treatment on 5P. The optimal Bdrel wheat yield in this Oxisol was of 0.83.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de estados de compactação sobre os atributos físico-hídricos do solo e na produtividade da cultura do trigo (Triticum spp) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob sistema plantio direto. O cultivo do trigo foi em faixas (10x50m) nas quais foram implantados quatro tratamentos correspondentes aos estados de compactação: SC-unidade experimental sem passagem do rolo compactador, 1P-uma passada com o rolo compactador, 3P-três passadas e 5P-cinco passadas. Para avaliar a densidade (Ds), o volume de macroporos (Map) e de microporos (Mip) e a porosidade (Pt) do solo foram coletadas amostras indeformadas nas profundidades de 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,3m, em cinco pontos aleatórios em cada tratamento. Outra amostra foi coletada na camada de 0,0-0,3m, para realizar o ensaio de Proctor normal e determinar a densidade máxima do solo (Dsmax). A taxa infiltração de água no solo foi avaliada por meio de anéis concêntricos, a densidade do solo relativa (Dsrel) foi calculada através da relacão entre a Ds e a Dsmax. Para determinar a produtividade do trigo delimitou-se uma área útil de 4,08m2, com cinco subamostras em cada tratamento. Com o aumento das passadas do rolo compactador, ocorreu redução da map e incremento da Ds. A produtividade do trigo e a taxa de infiltração de água no solo foram reduzidas, respectivamente, em 23% e 97% quando se comparou o tratamento SC em relação ao 5P. A Dsrel ótima para a produtividade do trigo no Latossolo estudado foi de 0,83.

Tensile strength, friability and organic carbon in an oxisol under a crop-livestock system

The crop-livestock system can promote soil compaction in surface layers, mainly due to animal trampling. However, plants and their root growth, in interaction with animal trampling, can decrease the deleterious changes in soil structure caused by this system. Up to the present time, the physical soil modifications in crop-livestock systems, including oat and ryegrass crops for winter animal forages are unknown. The objective of this study was to quantify and to relate tensile strength, friability and soil organic carbon in an Oxisol under a crop-livestock system. The study was conducted in Campo Mourão - Paraná, Brazil. Four forage heights were used for the winter forages: 7, 14, 21 and 28 cm. For each forage height, five soil blocks were randomly collected from each layer of 0 - 0.1, 0.1 - 0.2 and 0.2 - 0.3 m of depth. The increase in carbon content promotes an increase in soil tensile strength at the 0.1 - 0.2 m soil depth, this layer having the highest values for tensile strength. The forage height of 21 cm was found to be the best height for soil friability, and the soil was very friable at this height. Despite a decrease in friability in the upper layers of the soil, the crop-livestock system was not found to be a limiting factor for the subsequent cultivation of annual crops.

O sistema integração lavoura-pecuária pode promover a compactação das camadas superiores do solo, principalmente devido ao pisoteio animal. Porém, o desenvolvimento das plantas e a produção de raízes, em interação com o pisoteio animal, podem amenizar os efeitos deletérios causados à estrutura do solo por esse sistema. Até agora, são desconhecidas as modificações físicas do solo em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária que utilizam aveia e azevém como forrageiras de inverno para a produção animal. Em função disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar e relacionar a resistência tênsil, a friabilidade e o teor de carbono orgânico em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico sob uso com integração lavoura-pecuária. O experimento foi conduzido em Campo Mourão - Paraná, Brasil. Quatro tratamentos foram utilizados com alturas de pastejo: 7, 14, 21 e 28 cm. Em cada tratamento foram coletados, casualizadamente, cinco blocos de solo nas profundidades de 0 - 0,10; 0,10 - 0,20 e 0,20 - 0,30 m. O aumento no carbono orgânico do solo promoveu aumentos da resistência tênsil do solo na camada de 0,10 - 0,20 m, sendo verificados nesta camada os maiores valores de resistência tênsil. A friabilidade do solo foi muito friável com 21 cm de altura de pastejo. Apesar da diminuição da friabilidade observada nas camadas superficiais, o sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária não é fator limitante aos cultivos anuais subseqüentes.