Thoracoscopy pulmonary biopsy by two portals with a novel pre-tied loop ligature device in rabbits: an experimental study / Biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia por dois portais com uma nova ligadura de alça pré-amarrada em coelhos: um estudo experimental

ABSTRACT: Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

RESUMO: A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

Thoracoscopy pulmonary biopsy by two portals with a novel pre-tied loop ligature device in rabbits: an experimental study / Biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia por dois portais com uma nova ligadura de alça pré-amarrada em coelhos: um estudo experimental

Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

Pectus excavatum ­ Correção cirúrgica utilizando tala externa de poliuretano fabricada com tecnologia de impressão 3D / Pectus excavatum ­ Surgical correction, using polyurethane external splint made with 3D printing technology

Objetivou-se relatar o emprego de uma tala externa confeccionada com material de poliuretano e cobertura interna de neopreme na reparação cirúrgica do pectus excavatum em um felino jovem. O felino apresentava deformidade anatômica congênita na região do externo e sinais clínicos respiratórios. Imagens avançadas de tomografia foram utilizadas para moldar a tala impressa com tecnologia tridimensional. Esta alternativa possibilitou melhor planejamento cirúrgico e, com isso, conforto para o paciente, além da qualidade própria do material de poliuretano que é levemente maleável, o que permitiu melhor moldagem e expansão torácica durante a respiração. A tala se provou resistente o suficiente para suportar a tração ocasionada pelos fios de sutura e possibilitou o reposicionamento adequado do osso esterno ao mesmo tempo que se mostrou confortável e acarretou mínimas lesões ao paciente.

The aim of this paper was to report the use of an external splint made of polyurethane material and internal neopreme covering in the surgical repair of a pectus excavatum in a young feline. The feline exhibited a congenital anatomical deformity in the external region and clinical respiratory signs. Advanced CT images were used to shape the 3D-printed splint. This alternative allowed better surgical planning and, therefore, comfort for the patient, this because to the quality of the polyurethane material, which is slightly malleable, and allowed for better molding and chest expansion during breathing. The splint proved to be strong enough to withstand the traction caused by the suture threads and allowed the proper repositioning of the sternum, at the same time it was comfortable and caused minimal injuries to the patient.

Development and validation of a simulator for teaching minimally invasive thoracic surgery in Brazil

ABSTRACT Purpose To develop and validate a chest cavity simulator for teaching video-assited thoracic surgery (VATS). Methods The first phase of the study consisted of developing a chest cavity simulator. A quasi-experimental study was performed in the second phase, and 25 surgeons and residents participated in a three-stage pulmonary suture experiment. The videos were recorded and timed. Generalized linear regression models for repeated measures were used to analyze the outcome change over time. Results The chest cavity simulator consists of a console simulating the left hemithorax. Among the participants, 96% rated the design, visual aspect, positioning ergonomics, and triangulation of the portals as very good or excellent (face validity). There was a decrease in suturing time in step 1 from 435.7 ± 105 to 355.6 ± 76.8 seconds compared to step 3 (p = 0.001). The evaluation of the simulation effectiveness and performance (content validity) was rated as very good or excellent by 96% ofparticipants. The most experienced surgeon showed significant reduction in procedure time (p = 0.021) (construct validity). Conclusions The thoracic cavity simulator is realistic, showing content and construct validity, and can be used in VATS training. The simulation model allowed skill gain in the endoscopic suture.

Comparison of the internal thoracic artery flow dissected by video endoscopy or conventional technique

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the blood flow in the internal thoracic artery when dissected endoscopically in a conventional manner, in addition to develop a reliable experimental training model for the surgical team. Methods: Paired experimental study. Ten pigs were operated and had both internal thoracic arteries dissected, the right with a conventional technique and the left by video endoscopy. The main outcomes to be studied were flow, length, and time of dissection of each vessel. Results: Blood flow measurements were performed with mean heart rate of 100 ± 16 bpm and mean arterial pressure of 89.7 ± 13 mm Hg. The mean blood flow of endoscopic dissection of the internal thoracic artery was 170.2 ± 66.3 mL/min and by direct view was 180.8 ± 70.5 (p = 0.26). Thus, there was no statistically significant difference between the flows, showing no inferiority between the methods. Conclusions: The minimally invasive dissection of the internal thoracic artery was shown to be not inferior to the dissection by open technique in relation to the blood flow in the present experimental model. In addition, the model that we replicated was shown to be adequate for the development of the learning curve and improvement of the endoscopic abilities.

The feasibility and effectiveness of thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for lung biopsy in rabbits: a randomized study

Purpose To assess the feasibility of thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for biopsy of all lung lobes and to determine the optimal intercostal space (ICS) for biopsy of each lung lobe. Methods Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopy lung biopsy was made combined transdiaphragmatic approach and right ICS approaches. A camera port was made in the transdiaphragmatic approach and the instrument port was made of ICS 7 and ICS 9. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to performed a caudal lung lobe biopsy and to simulate biopsies of the others lung lobes. Results Biopsy of the cranial aspect of the right caudal lung lobe was performed at ICS 9. Simulated biopsy of the accessory lung lobe was performed at ICS 9. Simulated lung biopsy of the right cranial and middle lung lobes was performed at ICS 7. The caudal and dorsal aspect of the right caudal lung lobe was not visualized by telescope at transdiaphragmatic approach, and biopsy was not performed. Conclusions Thoracoscopic transdiaphragmatic approach for lung lobes biopsies was a feasible technique, except for the caudal aspect of the right caudal lung lobe. An ideal intercostal port for biopsy of each right lung lobe was determined.(AU)

The cardiopulmonary bypass and cancer dissemination puzzle

Early cancer diagnosis, new therapies that increased survival of patients, besides the increasingly elderly population are some factors would be associated with possible cancer dissemination in patients under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) cardiac surgery. Also, the benefits, and risks, regarding long-term survival, have not yet been established. Therefore, cardiac surgery morbimortality may be superior in patients with cancer disease. Also, immunologic and inflammatory changes secondary to CPB can also increase tumor recurrence. After a brief introduction and CPB immunologic the two main topic subjects included: 1) Combined heart surgery and lung resection and; 2) Possible influence of neoplasia type. After observing the relative literature scarcity, we keep the opinion that “CPB has a modest association with cancer progression” and that “CPB and cancer dissemination should be a logical but unlikely association.”(AU)

Lung biopsy with guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps though transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopy in dogs with pulmonary alterations / Biópsia pulmonar com agulha cortante guilhotinada e pinça de biopsia por toracoscopia transdiafragmática em cães com alterações pulmonares

Lung diseases are common in small animal clinical routine. Diagnosis is usually affected due to nonspecific symptoms. Imaging features such as radiography and chest ultrasound are acceptable screening tests, although lung biopsy can provides a precise diagnosis. Thus thoracoscopy provides a minimally invasive diagnostic assessment for chest diseases and offers the benefits such as improved illumination and magnification of the image when compared with thoracotomy. In this study we evaluated the transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopic-assisted techniques of lung biopsy with a the guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps, in dogs presenting radiographic suspicion on pulmonary tumors. Fourteen dogs regardless of breed, gender, age and body weight admitted at the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics (HCV) of the Veterinary College (FAVET) of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), were assessed. Inclusion criteria were presence of nodules on chest radiography and triage tests without changes that could hinder general anesthesia and surgical approach. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbence and two thoracoscopic ports were established: the first port for working instruments; the second paraxyphoid port for the telescope. Three samples were collected using each sampling method from each lesion or from tumors macroscopically similar whenever their size was less than one centimeter. The samples were sent for histopathological examination in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of FAVET/UFRGS. Surgical time was recorded from first incision to wound closure and surgical complications were reported. The dogs were evaluated for the presence of subcutaneous emphysema, hematoma, seroma, local infection and dehiscence. No conversion to open surgery was necessary during the thoracoscopic procedure in any patient. Thoracoscopic assisted biopsy using guillotine needle and biopsy forceps was a safe and fast technique, without perioperative complications. Both devices provided good quality samples for histopathological analysis of lung abnormalities. However the cutting guillotine needle was more efficient especially in larger pulmonary nodules. The transdiaphragmatic access provided optimal approach for both hemithoraces.(AU)

As afecções pulmonares são comuns na rotina clínica de pequenos animais, todavia, por apresentarem sintomas inespecíficos, muitas vezes o diagnóstico dessas doenças torna-se limitado. Recursos de imagem como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia torácica são válidos como exames de triagem, mas somente a biopsia pulmonar pode possibilitar um diagnóstico específico da doença. A toracoscopia fornece um meio minimamente invasivo de diagnóstico para as doenças torácicas e oferece os benefícios de melhor iluminação e ampliação da imagem, quando comparado com a toracotomia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as técnicas de biópsia pulmonar por meio da agulha cortante guilhotinada e da pinça de biopsia, guiadas por toracoscopia, pelo acesso transdiafragmático em cães que apresentavam imagem sugestiva de nódulo pulmonar em exame radiográfico prévio. Foram utilizados 14 cães, independente de raça, sexo, idade e peso corporal. Somente caninos com nódulos visíveis na radiografia torácica e que apresentaram condições clínicas e laboratoriais de serem anestesiados foram incluídos no estudo. Os cães foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e foram realizados dois acessos à cavidade torácica: um primeiro portal intercostal, para introdução dos dispositivos de biopsia; e outro portal paraxifoide transdiafragmático para introdução do endoscópio. Com cada instrumento de biopsia foram coletadas três amostras do mesmo nódulo ou de nódulos macroscopicamente semelhantes e próximos quando o tamanho destes era inferior a um centímetro. Posteriormente as amostras foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico. O tempo cirúrgico foi cronometrado da incisão ao fechamento da ferida, etodas as informações foram registradas. No pós-operatório os cães foram avaliados quanto à presença de enfisema subcutâneo, hematoma, seroma, infecção local e deiscência de pontos. Não foi necessário converter os procedimentos toracoscópicos para cirurgia convencional em nenhum dos caninos. Concluiu-se tratar de uma técnica segura, rápida sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Ambos dispositivos permitiram aquisição de material suficiente para análise histopatológica das alterações pulmonares, no entanto a agulha cortante guilhotinada apresentou maior eficácia, principalmente, em nódulos pulmonares de maior diâmetro. O acesso transdiafragmático mostrou-se eficiente para exploração de ambos os hemitórax.(AU)

Lung biopsy with guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps though transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopy in dogs with pulmonary alterations / Biópsia pulmonar com agulha cortante guilhotinada e pinça de biopsia por toracoscopia transdiafragmática em cães com alterações pulmonares

Lung diseases are common in small animal clinical routine. Diagnosis is usually affected due to nonspecific symptoms. Imaging features such as radiography and chest ultrasound are acceptable screening tests, although lung biopsy can provides a precise diagnosis. Thus thoracoscopy provides a minimally invasive diagnostic assessment for chest diseases and offers the benefits such as improved illumination and magnification of the image when compared with thoracotomy. In this study we evaluated the transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopic-assisted techniques of lung biopsy with a the guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps, in dogs presenting radiographic suspicion on pulmonary tumors. Fourteen dogs regardless of breed, gender, age and body weight admitted at the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics (HCV) of the Veterinary College (FAVET) of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), were assessed. Inclusion criteria were presence of nodules on chest radiography and triage tests without changes that could hinder general anesthesia and surgical approach. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbence and two thoracoscopic ports were established: the first port for working instruments; the second paraxyphoid port for the telescope. Three samples were collected using each sampling method from each lesion or from tumors macroscopically similar whenever their size was less than one centimeter. The samples were sent for histopathological examination in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of FAVET/UFRGS. Surgical time was recorded from first incision to wound closure and surgical complications were reported. The dogs were evaluated for the presence of subcutaneous emphysema, hematoma, seroma, local infection and dehiscence. No conversion to open surgery was necessary during the thoracoscopic procedure in any patient. Thoracoscopic assisted biopsy using guillotine needle and biopsy forceps was a safe and fast technique, without perioperative complications...(AU)

As afecções pulmonares são comuns na rotina clínica de pequenos animais, todavia, por apresentarem sintomas inespecíficos, muitas vezes o diagnóstico dessas doenças torna-se limitado. Recursos de imagem como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia torácica são válidos como exames de triagem, mas somente a biopsia pulmonar pode possibilitar um diagnóstico específico da doença. A toracoscopia fornece um meio minimamente invasivo de diagnóstico para as doenças torácicas e oferece os benefícios de melhor iluminação e ampliação da imagem, quando comparado com a toracotomia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as técnicas de biópsia pulmonar por meio da agulha cortante guilhotinada e da pinça de biopsia, guiadas por toracoscopia, pelo acesso transdiafragmático em cães que apresentavam imagem sugestiva de nódulo pulmonar em exame radiográfico prévio. Foram utilizados 14 cães, independente de raça, sexo, idade e peso corporal. Somente caninos com nódulos visíveis na radiografia torácica e que apresentaram condições clínicas e laboratoriais de serem anestesiados foram incluídos no estudo. Os cães foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e foram realizados dois acessos à cavidade torácica: um primeiro portal intercostal, para introdução dos dispositivos de biopsia; e outro portal paraxifoide transdiafragmático para introdução do endoscópio. Com cada instrumento de biopsia foram coletadas três amostras do mesmo nódulo ou de nódulos macroscopicamente semelhantes e próximos quando o tamanho destes era inferior a um centímetro. Posteriormente as amostras foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico. O tempo cirúrgico foi cronometrado da incisão ao fechamento da ferida, e todas as informações foram registradas. No pós-operatório os cães foram avaliados quanto à presença de enfisema subcutâneo, hematoma, seroma, infecção local e deiscência de pontos. Não foi necessário converter os procedimentos toracoscópicos para cirurgia convencional em nenhum dos caninos...(AU)

Thoracotomy with rib resection for pulmonary lobectomy for a big primary papillary adenocarcinoma in dog / Toracotomia com ressecção de costela para lobectomia pulmonar de adenocarcinoma papilar primário extenso em cão

Background: Primary pulmonary neoplasms are uncommon in dogs. The thoracotomy for resection of rib procedure is performed still little in the national territory in small animal medicine and may in some cases of large tumors the best indication. In this context, the aim of this study was to report the clinical, pathological and histological features, as well to describe the pulmonary lobectomy with rib resection as a therapeutic option for a big pulmonary papillary adenocarcinoma in a dog. Case: A Sixteen-years-old female dachshund dog was referred had a history of cough for about two months. In physical examination expiratory dyspnea, abdominal breathing and muffled lung sounds (mainly in the left lower lung field) was observed. In the chest radiograph a radiopaque structure (9.5 x 7.5 cm) was visualized in the left lower lobe and the trachea was shifted to the right. Front to the findings, the animal was referred for thoracotomy with rib resection to lobectomy of the left lower lobe. In surgery, was performed incision skin/musculocutaneous parallel to the seventh left rib extending from the proximity of the costovertebral articulation to the sternum. After incision and dissection of the muscle layer, the periosteum of the seventh rib was incised on the lateral surface of the middle rib. Then sectioned rib with shear and periosteum together with the parietal pleura with the...(AU)

Thoracotomy with rib resection for pulmonary lobectomy for a big primary papillary adenocarcinoma in dog / Toracotomia com ressecção de costela para lobectomia pulmonar de adenocarcinoma papilar primário extenso em cão

Background: Primary pulmonary neoplasms are uncommon in dogs. The thoracotomy for resection of rib procedure is performed still little in the national territory in small animal medicine and may in some cases of large tumors the best indication. In this context, the aim of this study was to report the clinical, pathological and histological features, as well to describe the pulmonary lobectomy with rib resection as a therapeutic option for a big pulmonary papillary adenocarcinoma in a dog. Case: A Sixteen-years-old female dachshund dog was referred had a history of cough for about two months. In physical examination expiratory dyspnea, abdominal breathing and muffled lung sounds (mainly in the left lower lung field) was observed. In the chest radiograph a radiopaque structure (9.5 x 7.5 cm) was visualized in the left lower lobe and the trachea was shifted to the right. Front to the findings, the animal was referred for thoracotomy with rib resection to lobectomy of the left lower lobe. In surgery, was performed incision skin/musculocutaneous parallel to the seventh left rib extending from the proximity of the costovertebral articulation to the sternum. After incision and dissection of the muscle layer, the periosteum of the seventh rib was incised on the lateral surface of the middle rib. Then sectioned rib with shear and periosteum together with the parietal pleura with the...

Surgical risk tests related to cardiopulmonary postoperative complications: comparison between upper abdominal and thoracic surgery

PURPOSE: To investigate if tests used in the preoperative period of upper abdominal or thoracic surgeries are able to differentiate the patients that presented cardiopulmonary postoperative complications. METHODS: Seventy eight patients, 30 submitted to upper abdominal surgery and 48 to thoracic surgery were evaluated. Spirometry, respirometry, manovacuometry, six-minute walk test and stair-climbing test were performed. Complications from immediate postoperative to discharge from hospital were registered. RESULTS: The postoperative complications rate was 17% in upper abdominal surgery and 10% in thoracic surgery. In the univariate regression, the only variable that kept the correlation with postoperative complications in the upper abdominal surgery was maximal expiratory pressure. In thoracic surgery, the maximal voluntary ventilation, six-minute walk test and time in stair-climbing test presented correlation with postoperative complications. After multiple regression only stair-climbing test continued as an important risk predictor in thoracic surgery. CONCLUSION: The respiratory pressure could differentiate patients with complications in upper abdominal surgery, whereas in thoracic surgery, only spirometric values and exercise tests could differentiate them.(AU)

Simvastatin attenuates neutrophil recruitment in one-lung ventilation model in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of simvastatin in rats undergoing one-lung ventilation (OLV) followed by lung re-expansion. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n=30) were submitted to 1-h OLV followed by 1-h lung re-expansion. Treated group received simvastatin (40 mg/kg for 21 days) previous to OLV protocol. Control group received no treatment or surgical/ventilation interventions. Measurements of pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, pulmonary protein extravasation, and serum levels of cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. RESULTS: OLV significantly increased the MPO activity in the collapsed and continuously ventilated lungs (31% and 52% increase, respectively) compared with control (p<0.05). Treatment with simvastatin significantly reduced the MPO activity in the continuously ventilated lung but had no effect on lung edema after OLV. The serum IL-6 and CRP levels were markedly higher in OLV group, but simvastatin treatment failed to affect the production of these inflammatory markers. Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 remained below the detection limit in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: In an experimental one-lung ventilation model pre-operative treatment with simvastatin reduces remote neutrophil infiltration in the continuously ventilated lung. Our findings suggest that simvastatin may be of therapeutic value in OLV-induced pulmonary inflammation deserving clinical investigations.(AU)

BIOPSIA PULMONAR POR TORACOSCOPIA PARAXIFOIDE TRANSDIAFRAGMÁTICA COM NÓ EXTRACORPÓREO ATRAVÉS DE DOIS PORTAIS EM COELHOS

A toracoscopia é importante para o diagnóstico e terapia de afeções pulmonares na medicina veterinária. Estudos mostram que procedimentos toracoscópicos causam menor dor e recuperação pós-operatória mais rápida. Desta forma, objetivou-se com o presente estudo propor acesso toracoscópico menos invasivo com dois portais para obtenção de biopsia pulmonar em pacientes abaixo de 5 kg, além de descrever e avaliar a técnica de nó extracorpóreo para animais de baixo peso. Sendo assim, 10 coelhos foram utilizados como modelo experimental; foi descrita a técnica de toracoscopia através de dois portais, com acesso paraxifoide transdiafragmático para o primeiro portal, e acesso intercostal para o segundo portal. Nesse estudo, a insuflação da cavidade torácica não foi realizada. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico não houve complicações associadas à impossibilidade de deslizamento e cerramento do nó, nem como escape do nó após biopsia pulmonar. Em todos os animais verificou-se congestão de tecido pulmonar distal à endoligadura devido à oclusão de vasos e vias aéreas. O tempo total de cirurgia dos dez animais, desde a primeira incisão de pele até o término da dermorrafia foi de 41,4 ±14,5 minutos. As amostras pulmonares obtidas tiveram média de 1x0,64x0,45cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias segundo avaliação histopatológica. Radiografias torácicas pré e pós-operatórias foram realizadas e comparadas a fim de verificar-se ausência de pneumotórax e hemotórax. A necropsia foi realizada no décimo quinto dia de pós-operatório. Aderências do sítio de biopsia à membrana mediastínica e aderência do sítio de biopsia a pleura parietal foram achados macroscópicos em cinco animais. O nó extracorpóreo estava corretamente posicionado sem sinais de deslizamento e verificou-se margem de 2 a 4 mm de tecido pulmonar distal à ligadura. A técnica proposta permite apropriado acesso à cavidade pleural com mínimo trauma às estruturas torácicas e possibilitou a realização de biopsia pulmonar pelo nó extracorpóreo, com baixa ocorrência de complicações trans e pós-operatórias.

The aim of this study was suggest minimally invasive thoracoscopic technique using a biportal approach to perform lung biopsy in animals weighing less than 5 kg, moreover, it is intended to describe and evaluate the hand tied loop technique for low-weight animals. So ten rabbits were used as an experimental model, it was described thoracoscopy technique through two portals, with paraxiphoid transdiaphragmatic approach for the first portal, and intercostal approach for the second portal. In this study insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. During surgery no complications associated with the impossibility of sliding and tightening knot or as escape knot after lung biopsy. In all animals, distal of the ligature were observed lung tissue congestion due to occlusion of vessels and airways. The miniloop system was considered effective for air leakage and hemorrhage after lung biopsy. The total surgical time from skin incision to suture was 41.4 ± 14.5 minutes. Tissue sample sizes obtained averaging 1x0,64x0,45cm and were considered satisfactory second histopathological evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were performed and compared in order to verify the absence of pneumothorax and hemothorax. The necopsy was performed on the 15th day after surgery. Adhesions between biopsy site and mediastinal membrane and adhesion between biopsy site and parietal pleura were findings in five animals. The hand tied loop were properly positioned and a margin of the pulmonary parenchyma 2 to 4 mm distal to the ligature was left to avoid complication as slipping knot. The proposed technique allowed access to the pleural cavity with minimal trauma to the thoracic structures and made possible the development of lung biopsy by extracorporeal knot with low occurrence of trans and postoperative complications.

Standardization of a method of prolonged thoracic surgery and mechanical ventilation in rats to evaluate local and systemic inflammation / Padronizacao de um modelo de cirurgia toracica prolongada e ventilacao mecanica em ratos para avaliacao inflamatoria local e sistemica

Purpose: To evaluate the immediate pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response after a long-term operative period. Methods: Wistar rats in the experimental group were anaesthetized and submitted to tracheostomy, thoracotomy and remained on mechanical ventilation during three hours. Control animals were not submitted to the operative protocol. The following parameters have been evaluated: pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity, pulmonary serum protein extravasation, lung wet/dry weight ratio and measurement of levels of cytokines in serum. Results: Operated animals exhibited significantly lower serum protein extravasation in lungs compared with control animals. The lung wet/dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity did not differ between groups. Serum cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-, and IL-10 levels were not detected in groups, whereas IL-6 was detected only in operated animals. Conclusion: The experimental mechanical ventilation in rats with a prolonged surgical time did not produce significant local and systemic inflammatory changes and permit to evaluate others procedures in thoracic surgery. (AU)

Objetivo: Investigar a resposta inflamatória pulmonar e sistêmica imediata após longo período operatório. Métodos: Ratos Wistar do grupo experimental foram anestesiados e submetidos à traqueostomia, toracotomia e permaneceram em ventilação mecânica por três horas. O grupo controle não foi submetido ao protocolo operatório. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: atividade da mieloperoxidase pulmonar, níveis de extravasamento de proteínas séricas pulmonares, relação peso pulmonar úmido/seco e medidas dos níveis séricos de citocinas. Resultados: Os animais operados apresentaram menor extravasamento de proteínas séricas nos pulmões comparados aos animais controle. A relação peso úmido/seco e a atividade de mieloperoxidase não diferiram entre os grupos. As citocinas séricas IL-1ß, TNF- e IL-10 não foram quantificáveis nos grupos, enquanto que IL-6 só foi detectada no soro dos animais operados. Conclusão: O modelo experimental de ventilação mecânica em ratos com tempo cirúrgico prolongado não apresentou alterações inflamatórias locais e sistêmicas significantes, permitindo avaliar a resposta inflamatória em outros procedimentos da cirurgia torácica. (AU)

Exhaled breath condensate collection for nitrite dosage: a safe and low cost adaptation / Coleta do condensado do ar exalado pulmonar para a dosagem de nitrito: Uma adaptação segura e barata

Purpose: Standardization of a simple and low cost technique of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection to measure nitrite. Methods: Two devices were mounted in polystyrene boxes filled either with crushed ice/salt crystals or dry ice/crushed ice. Blood samples were stored at -70º C for posterior nitrite dosages by chemiluminescence and the Griess reaction. Results: a) The use of crushed ice/dry ice or salt revealed sufficient EBC room air collection, but was not efficient for patients under ventilation support; b) the method using crushed ice/salt collected greater EBC volumes, but the nitrite concentrations were not proportional to the volume collected; c) The EBC nitrite values were higher in the surgical group using both methods; d) In the surgical group the nasal clip use diminished the EBC nitrite concentrations in both methods. Conclusions: The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) methodology collection was efficient on room air breathing. Either cooling methods provided successful EBC collections showing that it is possible to diminish costs, and, amongst the two used methods, the one using crushed ice/salt crystals revealed better efficiency compared to the dry ice method.(AU)

Objetivo: Padronizar técnica simples e barata de coleta do condensado do ar exalado pulmonar (CEP) para medir nitrito. Métodos: Dois dispositivos foram montados em caixas de isopor e preenchidos com gelo picado/sal grosso ou gelo picado/gelo seco. Amostras de sangue foram armazenadas a -70º C para dosagem de nitrito por quimiluminescência e pela reação de Griess. Resultados: a) a utilização de gelo picado/gelo seco ou sal foi eficiente para a coleta em respiração espontânea, mas ineficiente durante ventilação mecânica; b) o método gelo picado/sal coletou volumes maiores, sem aumento proporcional do nitrito; c) os valores do nitrito foram mais elevados no grupo cirúrgico utilizando os dois métodos; d) no grupo cirúrgico com clipe nasal ocorreu diminuição do nitrito em ambos os métodos. Conclusões: A metodologia do condensado do ar exalado pulmonar (CEP) foi eficiente na coleta respirando em ar ambiente. Os dois métodos de congelamento foram eficientes mostrando que é possível diminuir os custos, e, entre os dois métodos utilizados, o uso de gelo picado/sal mostrou melhor eficiência quanto ao volume da coleta do CEP em comparação com o uso de gelo seco.(AU)

BIÓPSIA PULMONAR COM AGULHA CORTANTE GUILHOTINADA E PINÇA DE BIOPSIA, GUIADA POR TORACOSCOPIA TRANSDIAFRAGMÁTICA EM CÃES COM ALTERAÇÕES PULMONARES

As afecções pulmonares são muito comuns na rotina clinica de pequenos animais. No entanto, por apresentarem sintomas inespecíficos, muitas vezes o diagnóstico dessas doenças torna-se limitado. Recursos de imagem como a radiografia e a ultrassonografia torácica são válidos como exames de triagem, mas somente a biopsia pulmonar garante um diagnóstico especifico da doença. Desse modo a toracoscopia fornece um meio minimamente invasivo de diagnóstico para as doenças torácicas e oferece os benefícios de melhor iluminação e ampliação da imagem, quando comparado com a toracotomia. Nesta pesquisa foram avaliadas as técnicas de biópsia pulmonar através da agulha cortante guilhotinada e da pinça de biopsia, guiadas por toracoscopia pelo acesso transdiafragmático em cães que apresentavam imagem sugestiva de nódulo pulmonar em exame radiográfico prévio. Foram utilizados 14 cães da rotina de atendimento do Hospital de Clinicas Veterinárias (HCV) da Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET) da UFRGS, independente de raça, sexo, idade e peso corporal. Somente animais com nódulos visíveis na radiografia torácica e que apresentaram exames pré-cirúrgicos sem alterações que impediam de serem anestesiados foram incluídos no estudo. Os animais foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal e foram feitos dois acessos à cavidade torácica, um primeiro portal intercostal, para introdução dos dispositivos de biopsia, e outro portal paraxifoide transdiafragmático para introdução do endoscópio. Com cada instrumento de biopsia foram coletadas três amostras do mesmo nódulo ou de nódulos macroscopicamente semelhantes e próximos quando o tamanho destes era inferior a um centímetro. As amostras foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico no laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da FAVET/UFRGS. A frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação de oxigênio (SpO2) e pressão arterial média (PAM) foram aferidas em seis momentos diferentes do procedimento: após a indução da anestesia (T1), Após o estabelecimento do pneumotórax (T2), após a introdução do primeiro trocarte (T3), após a introdução do segundo trocarte (T4), após a coleta dos fragmentos da biopsia (T5) e após reestabelecer a pressão negativa no tórax (T6). O tempo cirúrgico foi cronometrado da incisão ao fechamento da ferida, e foram registradas quaisquer complicações cirúrgicas. No pós-operatório os animais foram avaliados quanto à presença de enfisema subcutâneo, hematoma, seroma, infecção local e de iscência de pontos. Não foi necessário converter os procedimentos toracoscópicos para cirurgia convencional em nenhum dos animais. Concluiu-se tratar de uma técnica segura, rápida sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias. Ambos dispositivos permitiram aquisição de material suficiente para analise histopatológica das alterações pulmonares, no entanto a agulha cortante guilhotinada apresentou maior eficácia principalmente em nódulos pulmonares de maior diâmetro. O acesso transdiafragmático mostrou-se eficiente para exploração de ambos os hemotóraces.

Lung diseases are common in the small animals clinical routine. However, diagnosis is usually affected due to nonspecific symptoms. Imaging features such as radiography and chest ultrasound are acceptable screening tests, although lung biopsy can provides precise diagnosis. Thus, thoracoscopy provides a minimally invasive diagnostic assessment for chest diseases and offers the benefits such as improved illumination and magnification of the image when compared to thoracotomy. In this study we evaluated the transdiaphragmatic thoracoscopic-assisted techniques of lung biopsy through the guillotine cutting needle and biopsy forceps, in dogs presenting radiographic suspicion on pulmonary tumors. Fourteen dogs regardless of breed, gender, age and body weight admitted at the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics (HCV) of the Veterinary College (FAVET) of UFRGS were assessed. Inclusion criteria was presence of nodules on chest radiography and triage tests without changes that could hinder general anesthesia and surgical approach. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbence and two thoracoscopic ports were established: the first port for working instruments; the second paraxyphoid port for the telescope . Three samples were collected using each sampling method from each lesion or from tumors macroscopically similar whenever their size was less than one centimeter. The samples were sent for histopathological examination in the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the FAVET / UFRGS. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured in six time points during the procedure: after induction of anesthesia (T1); after the establishment of pneumothorax (T2); after introduction of the first trocar (T3); after insertion of the second trocar (T4); after biopsy sampling (T5); and after reestablishment of the thoracic negative pressure (T6). Surgical time was recorded from first incision to wound closure and surgical complications were reported if occurred. The animals were evaluated for the presence of subcutaneous emphysema, hematoma, seroma, local infection and dehiscence. No conversion to open surgery was necessary during the thoracoscopic procedures in any patient. Thoracoscopic-assisted biopsy using both guillotine needle and biopsy forceps was a safe and fast technique, without perioperative complications. Both devices provided good quality samples for histopathological analysis of lung abnormalities. However, the cutting guillotine needle was more efficient especially in larger pulmonary nodules. The transdiaphragmatic access provided optimal approach for both hemithoraces.

Biópsia pulmonar incisional por toracoscopia paraxifoide transdiafragmática com dois portais em cães / Pulmonary incisional biopsy by means of transdiaphragmatic paraxiphoid thoracoscopy with two ports in dog

As doenças respiratórias observadas na clínica médica de pequenos animais são numerosas, assim como as possibilidades diagnósticas, dentre as quais encontram-se os exames laboratoriais, os estudos radiográficos, os lavados broncoalveolares e as biópsias. Na presente pesquisa avaliaram-se os resultados da toracoscopia paraxifoide transdiafragmática para a realização de biópsia pulmonar em cães, sendo utilizados para tanto, 13 animais clinicamente sadios. Sob anestesia geral, produziu-se pneumotórax no volume de 30ml kg-1 de ar ambiente para cada hemitórax. O acesso foi obtido a partir de dois trocartes, posicionados entre o apêndice xifoide e o arco costal, os quais transfixaram o diafragma. O primeiro portal foi empregado para a passagem do endoscópio e o segundo para a utilização de pinça saca-bocado, empregada na obtenção de biópsia. Em seguida, a pinça foi removida e um dreno torácico foi posicionado através do portal. Durante os procedimentos, aferiram-se as frequências respiratória e cardíaca, a saturação de oxigênio, as pressões arterial média e venosa central e os parâmetros hemogasométricos. Os drenos foram removidos num período de até 48 horas de pós-operatório, verificando-se mínima produção de ar e/ou líquido. Concluiu-se se tratar de uma técnica rápida, segura e sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias, permitindo aquisição de material suficiente para a avaliação histológica do pulmão.(AU)

There are many respiratory diseases in small animals, as well as the possibilities of diagnoses, as laboratory and radiographic exams, bronchoalveolar lavage and biopsies. This research aimed at assessing the results of transdiaphragmatic paraxiphoid thoracoscopies in pulmonary biopsies of thirteen clinically healthy dogs. Under general anesthesia, each dog was insufflated with 30ml kg-1 of air in each hemithorax; two trocars were placed between the xiphoid appendix and the costal arch through the diaphragm. An endoscope was introduced by the first portal; while the second portal was used to allow access to the nippers in the biopsy forceps. Then, these nippers were removed and replaced by chest tube drainage. During the procedures, respiratory frequency, heart rate, oxygen saturation, arterial pressure and central venous pressure (CVP), hemogasometric parameters were checked. Within 48 hours after the surgery, drains were or drain was removed, with minimal production of air and/or liquid. In conclusion, this is a fast and safe technique, which is free of trans and post surgical complications, thus allowing the collection of sufficient material for pulmonary histological evaluation.(AU)

New quantitative variables to measure postoperative pericardial adhesions: useful tools in experimental research / Novas variáveis quantitativas para avaliação das aderências pericárdicas: ferramentas úteis na pesquisa experimental

PURPOSE: To improve the measurement system, during a research for the prevention of adhesions, we explored the feasibility of introducing three continuous numeric variables to quantify the intensity of pericardial adhesions. METHODS: To validate these three new numeric variables - time spent to dissect the adhesions (Δt), the amount of sharp dissection (ShpD) and the adhesion's collagen area (ACA) - as useful tools in measuring the severity of pericardial adhesions, data from a randomized study on adhesion prevention enrolling twenty-four swine, were analysed. A statistical Spearman's test and regressions models were applied to verify the correlation and the relationship between the results of a standard severity score (SS) and Δt, between SS and ShpD used in adhesiolysis and, also, between SS and ACA. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant correlation between SS and Δt, between SS and ShpD, as well as between SS and ACA, all measured by the Spearman's test (r=0.897, r=0.932, r=0.66; p<0.01, respectively). Through a non-linear regression, an exponential relation of SS with ShpD (R²=0.915) and SS with Δt (R²= 0.917) was found. CONCLUSION: The time spent to dissect the adhesions (Δt) and the amount of sharp dissection (ShpD) are new powerful measurement tools in evaluating outcomes of the methods used to prevent pericardial adhesions.(AU)

OBJETIVO: A fim de melhorar a metodologia de mensuração das aderências pericárdicas, avaliamos, durante um estudo de prevenção de aderências pericárdicas, a possibilidade da utilização de três de novas variáveis contínuas e numéricas. MÉTODOS: Para validar estas novas variáveis numéricas - tempo de dissecção (Δt), quantidade de dissecção cruenta (ShpD) e a área de colágeno na aderência (ACA) como instrumentos precisos na quantificação das aderências pericárdicas, foram analisados os dados de um estudo para prevenção de aderências que envolveu 24 porcos. Foram aplicados modelos de regressão e o teste de Spearman para avaliar a força e os tipos correlações entre os resultados do escore padrão de classificação de aderências (SS) e o Δt, entre o SS e o ShpD, e, também, entre o SS e a ACA. RESULTADOS: Foram evidenciadas correlações, estatisticamente significativas, entre o SS e o Δt, entre o SS e o ShpD, também como entre o SS e a ACA avaliadas através do teste de Spearman (r=0,897, r=0,932 , r=0,66; p<0,001, respectivamente). Identificou-se, através de regreção não-linear, uma relação exponencial do SS com o ShpD (R²=0,915) e com o Δt (R²= 0,917). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou que o Δt e o ShpD são variáveis poderosas para avaliar os resultados dos métodos utilizados para prevenção das aderências pericárdicas.(AU)

Toracoscopia aplicada à ressecção de fragmento pulmonar com o auxílio de sutura mecânica em eqüinos / Thoracoscopy for resection of lung fragment in horses with the aid of mechanical suturing

Este trabalho visou à ressecção de fragmento dorsocaudal do lobo pulmonar caudal esquerdo com o auxílio de sutura mecânica por via toracoscópica. Foram utilizados 10 eqüinos clinicamente sadios, os quais foram sedados e mantidos em estação. O procedimento foi realizado no hemitórax esquerdo, por três acessos previamente programados: o primeiro acesso foi no 12º espaço intercostal (EIC), o segundo no 14º, 15º ou 16º EIC e o terceiro no 14º ou 15º EIC, conforme a necessidade de posicionamento dos instrumentos. Em todos os animais foi possível controlar o pneumotórax, sendo observada evolução clínica satisfatória durante o período pós-operatório, exceto em um animal. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, por meio da videotoracoscopia, pode-se realizar ressecção pulmonar parcial com uso de sutura mecânica em eqüinos e seu emprego na rotina hospitalar poderá contribuir para melhor compreensão e controle de enfermidades sediadas na cavidade torácica.(AU)

In this study, a dorsocaudal portion resection of the left caudal lung lobe was performed using an endoscopic stapler by thoracoscopic procedure. Ten healthy horses, eight males and two females were evaluated by clinical examination and submitted to the surgical procedure. The animals were sedated and maintained in standing position. The procedure was done in the left hemitorax using three access previously studied: the first portal was done at the 12th intercostal space (IS); the second one at the 14th, 15th, or 16th IS; and the third one at the 14th or 15th IS, in accordance with the necessity of positioning the instruments. The employed surgical technique seemed to be adequate in all animals, since it helped controlling the existing pneumothorax; furthermore, clinical recovery during the postoperative period was satisfactory, except for one animal. These results suggest that thoracoscopic may successfully be employed for partial lung resection in horses, using endoscopic staplers, and its practical use may contribute to the knowledge and resolution of thoracic diseases.(AU)