Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...

Cystitis in a bitch with chronic kidney disease caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

Background: In dogs with bacterial cystitis that is resistant to multiple antibiotics, resulting from repeated infections andantimicrobial administration, especially if the dog has impaired renal function and the induction of systemic side effectsby intravenous or oral administration is a concern, intravesical instillation of antibiotics might represent an alternativetreatment option. In human and veterinary medicine, a number of studies showed intravesical instillation of antibiotics iseffective for the therapy multidrug-resistant bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI). This report firstly illustrates successfulintravesical meropenem treatment of a UTI caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli with no systemic side effectsin dog with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Case: A 15-year-old spayed female Maltese was presented with recurrent bacterial cystitis. The risk factors for the recurrent UTI were spinal cord injury and CKD which had been managed for 1 year. Ultrasound-guided cystocentesis wasperformed to obtain a urine sample for urinalysis, bacteriologic culture, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Bacterialcystitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli was diagnosed on the basis of bacterial culture, and antimicrobialsusceptibility testing. Because the dog had CKD, reducing the clearance of meropenem, intravesical instillation of antibiotics was initiated. The intravesical instillation process consisted of the emptying of the urinary bladder, infusion of adiluted meropenem solution (8.5 mg/kg diluted in 20 mL of saline solution) into the bladder through a urethral catheter,and retention of the meropenem solution in the bladder for 1 h, and its removal. The procedure was repeated every 8 h. Onday 8 of the intravesical instillation therapy, bactereologic culture yielded a growth of E. coli (50,000 CFUs/mL), whichwas less than previously obtained. the concentration of the meropenem solution...(AU)

Uso racional de antibióticos para tratamento de infecção urinária em porcas / Rational use of antibiotics for treatment of urinary infection in sows

O caráter endêmico das infecções urinárias (IU) em porcas faz com que seja rotina o uso de terapias antimicrobianas coletivas via ração, as quais geram subdoses que não promovem a cura e contribuem para a seleção de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos. O uso de terapia individual é procedimento mais adequado a ser realizado nos animais com IU. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de IU em matrizes alojadas na região Oeste do Paraná e a eficácia e custo-benefício do tratamento individual. Foram selecionadas 353 fêmeas, de cinco rebanhos distintos, submetidas à coleta de urina no terço final da gestação pelo método de micção espontânea. As amostras foram analisadas física e quimicamente com o uso de tiras reagentes, sendo que a presença de nitrito foi determinante de positividade para IU. Os animais com IU tiveram a urina submetida a avaliação bacteriológica, foram tratados com medicação parenteral (marbofloxacina - dose única - 8 mg/kg) e submetidos a nova coleta de urina 24h, 48h e sete dias após a primeira. IU foi observada em 4,53% das fêmeas avaliadas (16/353). Escherichia coli e Stretococcus sp. foram os agentes isolados com maior frequência. Sete dias após o uso da marbofloxacina 87,5% (14/16) dos animais foram negativos para IU, o que demonstra a eficácia do controle parenteral da IU. O diagnóstico associado à terapia individual em detrimento da medicação coletiva apresentou custo-benefício altamente vantajoso, possibilitou reduzir drasticamente o número de animais medicados e apresentou eficiência no controle da IU. Desta forma se conclui que é possível fazer uso racional de antibióticos mediante o tratamento apenas de porcas comprovadamente positivas para IU. Isto reduz o número de animais medicados desnecessariamente e reduz o custo em função do uso de antimicrobianos apenas em animais enfermos.

The endemic character of urinary infections (UI) in sows makes collective antimicrobial therapies via feed a routine. This, however, generates sub-doses unable to heal and contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of individual therapy is the most appropriate procedure to be performed on animals with UI. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of UI in sows housed in the western region of Paraná and the efficacy and cost-benefit of individual treatment. A total of 353 females were selected from five different herds, submitted to urine collection in the final third of pregnancy by spontaneous urination method. The samples were analyzed physically and chemically with the use of reagent strips, and the presence of nitrite was a determinant for positivity for UI. The animals with UI had urine submitted to a bacteriological evaluation, were treated with parenteral medication (marbofloxacin - single dose - 8 mg/kg), and submitted to a new urine collection 24h and 48h after the first. UI was observed in 4.53% of the females evaluated (16/353). Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp. were the most frequently isolated agents. Seven days after the use of marbofloxacin 87.5% (14/16) of the animals were negative for UI, which demonstrates the efficacy of UI parenteral control. The diagnosis associated with individual therapy at the expense of collective medication was highly cost-effective, made it possible to drastically reduce the number of medicated animals, and was efficient in controlling UI. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to make rational use of antibiotics by treating only sows that are proven to be positive for UI. This reduces the number of unnecessarily medicated animals and reduces the cost due to the use of antimicrobials only in sick animals.

Rational use of antibiotics for treatment of urinary infection in sows / Uso racional de antibióticos para tratamento de infecção urinária em porcas

The endemic character of urinary infections (UI) in sows makes collective antimicrobial therapies via feed a routine. This, however, generates sub-doses unable to heal and contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of individual therapy is the most appropriate procedure to be performed on animals with UI. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of UI in sows housed in the western region of Paraná and the efficacy and cost-benefit of individual treatment. A total of 353 females were selected from five different herds, submitted to urine collection in the final third of pregnancy by spontaneous urination method. The samples were analyzed physically and chemically with the use of reagent strips, and the presence of nitrite was a determinant for positivity for UI. The animals with UI had urine submitted to a bacteriological evaluation, were treated with parenteral medication (marbofloxacin - single dose - 8 mg/kg), and submitted to a new urine collection 24h and 48h after the first. UI was observed in 4.53% of the females evaluated (16/353). Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp. were the most frequently isolated agents. Seven days after the use of marbofloxacin 87.5% (14/16) of the animals were negative for UI, which demonstrates the efficacy of UI parenteral control. The diagnosis associated with individual therapy at the expense of collective medication was highly cost-effective, made it possible to drastically reduce the number of medicated animals, and was efficient in controlling UI. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to make rational use of antibiotics by treating only sows that are proven to be positive for UI. This reduces the number of unnecessarily medicated animals and reduces the cost due to the use of antimicrobials only in sick animals.

O caráter endêmico das infecções urinárias (IU) em porcas faz com que seja rotina o uso de terapias antimicrobianas coletivas via ração, as quais geram subdoses que não promovem a cura e contribuem para a seleção de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos. O uso de terapia individual é procedimento mais adequado a ser realizado nos animais com IU. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de IU em matrizes alojadas na região Oeste do Paraná e a eficácia e custo-benefício do tratamento individual. Foram selecionadas 353 fêmeas, de cinco rebanhos distintos, submetidas à coleta de urina no terço final da gestação pelo método de micção espontânea. As amostras foram analisadas física e quimicamente com o uso de tiras reagentes, sendo que a presença de nitrito foi determinante de positividade para IU. Os animais com IU tiveram a urina submetida a avaliação bacteriológica, foram tratados com medicação parenteral (marbofloxacina - dose única - 8 mg/kg) e submetidos a nova coleta de urina 24h, 48h e sete dias após a primeira. IU foi observada em 4,53% das fêmeas avaliadas (16/353). Escherichia coli e Stretococcus sp. foram os agentes isolados com maior frequência. Sete dias após o uso da marbofloxacina 87,5% (14/16) dos animais foram negativos para IU, o que demonstra a eficácia do controle parenteral da IU. O diagnóstico associado à terapia individual em detrimento da medicação coletiva apresentou custo-benefício altamente vantajoso, possibilitou reduzir drasticamente o número de animais medicados e apresentou eficiência no controle da IU. Desta forma se conclui que é possível fazer uso racional de antibióticos mediante o tratamento apenas de porcas comprovadamente positivas para IU. Isto reduz o número de animais medicados desnecessariamente e reduz o custo em função do uso de antimicrobianos apenas em animais enfermos.

Chronic osteomyelitis in canine penile bone: case report / Osteomielite crônica em osso peniano canino: relato de caso

A 10-year-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted for recurrent signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary bladder ultrasonography revealed decreased thickness of its wall with floating hyperopic particles within its lumen. Ultrasonography revealed a structure invading the dorsal wall of the penile urethral lumen, located in a segment distal to the bladder. Radiographies showed bone resorption with proliferation at the caudal aspect of the penile bone, stricture of the final aspect of the penile urethra, and no radiopaque images compatible with a urethrolith. Computed tomography showed bone proliferation causing stricture of the urethral lumen at two different sites. Presumptive diagnosis of penile neoplasia was considered more likely and the dog underwent penectomy along with orchiectomy and scrotal urethrostomy. Enterobacter spp. was cultured from the urine sample and antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the bacterium was susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem. Histopathology revealed severe suppurative urethritis, bone resorption, and hyperostosis, suggestive of osteomyelitis of the penile bone. Neoplastic cells were not observed at any part of the examined tissue. The findings in the present case suggest that osteomyelitis of the penile bone should be included in differential diagnosis for partial and complete urethral obstruction in dogs with recurrent UTI.(AU)

Um cão mestiço, com 10 anos, foi admitido por sinais recorrentes de infecção do trato urinário (ITU). A ultrassonografia da bexiga urinária revelou diminuição da espessura de sua parede com partículas flutuantes dentro de seu lúmen. A ultrassonografia demonstrou estrutura invadindo a parede dorsal do lúmen da uretra peniana, localizada em segmento distal à bexiga. Radiografias evidenciaram reabsorção óssea com proliferação no aspecto caudal do osso peniano, estenose do aspecto final da uretra peniana e ausência de imagens radiopacas compatíveis com uretrólito. Pela tomografia computadorizada, observou-se proliferação óssea causando estreitamento da luz uretral em dois locais diferentes. Diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasia peniana foi considerado mais provável e o cão foi submetido à penectomia, juntamente com orquiectomia e uretrostomia escrotal. Enterobacter spp. foi cultivada da amostra de urina e testes de sensibilidade revelaram susceptibilidade ao amicacina, imipenem e ao meropenem. A histopatologia revelou uretrite supurativa grave, reabsorção óssea e hiperostose compatível com osteomielite do osso peniano. Células neoplásicas não foram observadas em nenhuma parte do tecido examinado. Os achados do presente caso sugerem que a osteomielite do osso peniano deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de obstrução uretral parcial e completa em cães com ITU recorrente.(AU)

Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) in dog nutrition: influence on diet digestibility and palatability and in the course of urinary tract infections / [Cranberrys (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) na nutrição de cães: influência na digestibilidade e palatabilidade da dieta e no curso de infecções do trato urinário

The objective was to evaluate the effects of cranberry on blood and urinary parameters of dogs (experiment I), digestibility of nutrients (experiment II), palatability of diet (experiment III) and the influence of cranberry on E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experiment IV). For experiment I and II, ten dogs were fed with diets containing 0% or 0.4% cranberry for 30 days. Experiment III compared the diets containing 0% and 0.4% cranberry using 16 adult dogs. There were no statistical differences (P>0.05) in the blood parameters evaluated. Dogs consuming cranberry presented lighter color and appearance of urine, compared to the control group (P<0.05). The diet containing cranberry showed higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, higher metabolizable energy (P<0.05) and reduced fecal sialic acid concentration (P<0.05) compared to the control diet. There was no influence of cranberry on the formation of fimbriae of E. coli UPEC-MRHA. There was a lower intake ratio of the diet containing cranberry (P<0.05). The inclusion of 0.4% cranberry increases the digestibility of nutrients and influences the color and appearance of urine of dogs. However, it reduces diet palatability and does not alter the adhesion of E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do cranberry nos parâmetros sanguíneos e urinários de cães (experimento I), na digestibilidade dos nutrientes (experimento II), na palatabilidade da dieta (experimento III) e a influência do cranberry sobre E. coli UPEC-MRHA fimbriae in vitro (experimento IV). Para os experimentos I e II, 10 cães foram alimentados com dietas contendo 0% ou 0,4% de cranberry por 30 dias. O experimento III comparou as dietas contendo 0% e 0,4% de cranberry usando 16 cães adultos. Não houve diferenças estatísticas (P>0,05) nos parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados. Cães que consumiram cranberry apresentaram cor e aparência mais claras da urina, em comparação com o grupo controle (P<0,05). A dieta contendo cranberry apresentou maior digestibilidade da matéria seca, extrato etéreo, matéria orgânica, maior energia metabolizável (P<0,05) e menor concentração de ácido siálico fecal (P<0,05) comparada à dieta controle. Não houve influência do cranberry na formação de fímbrias de E. coli UPEC-MRHA. Houve uma menor taxa de ingestão da dieta contendo cranberry (P<0,05). A inclusão de 0,4% de cranberry aumenta a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, influencia a cor e a aparência da urina dos cães. No entanto, reduz a palatabilidade da dieta e não altera a adesão de E. coli UPEC-MRHA in vitro.(AU)

Chronic osteomyelitis in canine penile bone: case report / Osteomielite crônica em osso peniano canino: relato de caso

A 10-year-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted for recurrent signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urinary bladder ultrasonography revealed decreased thickness of its wall with floating hyperopic particles within its lumen. Ultrasonography revealed a structure invading the dorsal wall of the penile urethral lumen, located in a segment distal to the bladder. Radiographies showed bone resorption with proliferation at the caudal aspect of the penile bone, stricture of the final aspect of the penile urethra, and no radiopaque images compatible with a urethrolith. Computed tomography showed bone proliferation causing stricture of the urethral lumen at two different sites. Presumptive diagnosis of penile neoplasia was considered more likely and the dog underwent penectomy along with orchiectomy and scrotal urethrostomy. Enterobacter spp. was cultured from the urine sample and antibiotic sensitivity tests revealed that the bacterium was susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, and meropenem. Histopathology revealed severe suppurative urethritis, bone resorption, and hyperostosis, suggestive of osteomyelitis of the penile bone. Neoplastic cells were not observed at any part of the examined tissue. The findings in the present case suggest that osteomyelitis of the penile bone should be included in differential diagnosis for partial and complete urethral obstruction in dogs with recurrent UTI.(AU)

Um cão mestiço, com 10 anos, foi admitido por sinais recorrentes de infecção do trato urinário (ITU). A ultrassonografia da bexiga urinária revelou diminuição da espessura de sua parede com partículas flutuantes dentro de seu lúmen. A ultrassonografia demonstrou estrutura invadindo a parede dorsal do lúmen da uretra peniana, localizada em segmento distal à bexiga. Radiografias evidenciaram reabsorção óssea com proliferação no aspecto caudal do osso peniano, estenose do aspecto final da uretra peniana e ausência de imagens radiopacas compatíveis com uretrólito. Pela tomografia computadorizada, observou-se proliferação óssea causando estreitamento da luz uretral em dois locais diferentes. Diagnóstico presuntivo de neoplasia peniana foi considerado mais provável e o cão foi submetido à penectomia, juntamente com orquiectomia e uretrostomia escrotal. Enterobacter spp. foi cultivada da amostra de urina e testes de sensibilidade revelaram susceptibilidade ao amicacina, imipenem e ao meropenem. A histopatologia revelou uretrite supurativa grave, reabsorção óssea e hiperostose compatível com osteomielite do osso peniano. Células neoplásicas não foram observadas em nenhuma parte do tecido examinado. Os achados do presente caso sugerem que a osteomielite do osso peniano deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial de obstrução uretral parcial e completa em cães com ITU recorrente.(AU)

Correlation of phenotypic tests with the presence of the blaZ gene for detection of beta-lactamase

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most common and most important staphylococcal species associated with urinary tract infections. The objective of the present study was to compare and to evaluate the accuracy of four phenotypic methods for the detection of beta-lactamase production in Staphylococcus spp. Seventy-three strains produced a halo with a diameter ≤ 28 mm (penicillin resistant) and all of them were positive for the blaZ gene. Among the 28 susceptible strain (halo ≥ 29 mm), 23 carried the blaZ gene and five did not. The zone edge test was the most sensitive (90.3%), followed by MIC determination (85.5%), but the specificity of the former was low (40.0%). The nitrocefin test was the least sensitive (28.9%). However, the nitrocefin test together with the disk diffusion method showed the highest specificity (100%). The present results demonstrated that the zone edge test was the most sensitive phenotypic test for detection of beta-lactamase, although it is still not an ideal test to detect this type of resistance since its specificity was low. However, the inhibition halo diameter of the penicillin disk can be used together with the zone edge test since the same disk is employed in the two tests. Combined analysis of the two tests shows a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 100%, proving better sensitivity, especially for S. saprophyticus. This is a low-cost test of easy application and interpretation that can be used in small and medium-sized laboratories where susceptibility testing is usually performed by the disk diffusion method.(AU)

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs / Análise de doenças do trato urinário inferior em cães

Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.(AU)

Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.(AU)

Analysis of lower urinary tract disease of dogs

Lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) include different conditions that affect the urinary bladder, urethra and prostate. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different related diseases, to characterize the population affected, and to determine risk factors in dogs. The clinical cases were diagnosed with LUTD through physical examination, and clinical laboratory and imaging studies. Male dogs had a greater predisposition to present a LUTD. Dogs from 3 months to 18 years with a median of 8 years were affected, and the most affected breeds were Poodle, Labrador, German shepherd, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel and Chihuahua. The LUTD presented with the following frequencies: bacterial urinary tract infection 34.02%; micturition disorders 22.68%; urolithiasis 20.61%; prostatic disease 14.43%; traumatic problems 8.24%. Sixty-seven per cent of the cases were specific diseases, such as uncomplicated and complicated bacterial urinary tract infections, urinary retention of neurologic origin and silica urolithiasis.(AU)

Doenças do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) incluem várias condições clínicas que afetam a bexiga, próstata e uretra. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes doenças relacionadas, caracterizar a população afetada, e determinar os fatores de risco em cães. Os casos clínicos com DTUI foram diagnosticados através de exame físico, estudos laboratoriais e de imagem. Os cães machos apresentam uma maior predisposição para DTUI. Foram afectados cães com idades compreendidas entre os 3 meses a 18 anos, com uma mediana de oito anos, sendo as raças mais predispostas os Poodle, Labrador, Pastor Alemão, Schnauzer, Cocker Spaniel e Chihuahua. A etiologia DTUI apresentou as seguintes frequências: 34,02% foram originadas em infecção do trato urinário inferior; 22,68% em distúrbios miccionais; 20,61% em urolitíase; 14,43% em doença prostática; 8,24% em problemas traumáticos. Sessenta e sete por cento dos casos de DTUI estavam associados a doenças específicas, tais como infecções bacterianas do trato urinário não complicadas e complicadas, retenção urinária neurogénica e urolitíase por sílica.(AU)

Uso Racional de antibióticos para o tratamento de infecção urinária em porcas

O caráter endêmico das infecções urinárias (IU) em porcas faz com que seja rotina o uso de terapias antimicrobianas coletivas via ração, as quais geram sub-doses que não promovem a cura e contribuem para a seleção de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos. O uso de terapia individual é o procedimento mais adequado a ser realizado nos animais com IU. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de IU em matrizes alojadas na região Oeste do Paraná e a eficácia e custo-benefício do tratamento individual. Foram selecionadas 353 fêmeas, de cinco rebanhos distintos, submetidas à coleta de urina no terço final da gestação pelo método de micção espontânea. As amostras foram analisadas física e quimicamente com o uso de tiras reagentes, sendo que a presença de nitrito foi determinante de positividade para IU. Os animais com IU tiveram a urina submetida a avaliação bacteriológica, foram tratados com medicação parenteral (marbofloxacina - dose única - 8 mg/kg) e submetidos a nova coleta de urina 24h, 48h e sete dias após a primeira. IU foi observada em 4,53% das fêmeas avaliadas (16/353). Escherichia coli e Stretococcus sp. foram os agentes isolados com maior frequência. Sete dias após o uso da marbofloxacina 87,5% (14/16) dos animais foram negativos para IU, o que demonstra a eficácia do controle parenteral da IU. O diagnóstico associado à terapia individual em detrimento da medicação coletiva apresentou custo-benefício altamente vantajoso, possibilitou reduzir drasticamente o número de animais medicados e apresentou eficiência no controle da IU. Desta forma se conclui que é possível fazer uso racional de antibióticos mediante o tratamento apenas de porcas comprovadamente positivas para IU. Isto reduz o número de animais medicados desnecessariamente e reduz o custo em função do uso de antimicrobianos apenas em animais enfermos.

The endemic character of urinary infections (UI) in sows makes it routine the use of collective antimicrobial therapies via feed, which generate sub-doses that do not promote healing and contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of individual therapy is the most appropriate procedure to be performed on animals with UI. With this study we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of UI in sows housed in the western region of Paraná and the efficacy and cost-benefit of individual treatment. A total of 353 females were selected from five different herds, submitted to urine collection in the final third of pregnancy by spontaneous urination method. The samples were analyzed physically and chemically with the use of reagent strips, and the presence of nitrite was determinant for positivity for UI. The animals with UI had urine submitted to bacteriological evaluation, were treated with parenteral medication (marbofloxacin - single dose - 8 mg/kg) and submitted to a new urine collection 24h, 48h and seven days after the first. UI was observed in 4.53% of the females evaluated (16/353). Escherichia coli and Stretococcus sp. were the most frequently isolated agents. Seven days after the use of marbofloxacin 87.5% (14/16) of the animals were negative for UI, which demonstrates the efficacy of UI parenteral control. The diagnosis associated with individual therapy at the expense of collective medication was highly cost-effective, made it possible to drastically reduce the number of medicated animals and was efficient in controlling UI. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to make rational use of antibiotics by treating only sows that are proven to be positive for UI. This reduces the number of unnecessarily medicated animals and reduces the cost due to the use of antimicrobials only in sick animals.

Phylogenetic grouping and pathotypic comparison of urine and fecal Escherichia coli isolates from children with urinary tract infection

The aim of this study was to investigate the phylogenetic background and to assess hlyD (involved in the secretion of haemolysin A) and intll (encoding a class 1 integrase) in Escherichia coli isolates derived from urinary and fecal specimens. A total of 200 E. coli isolates was collected from patients presenting with urinary tract infection (UTI) during September 2009 to September 2010 and screened for hlyD and intll genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic analysis showed that E. coli is composed of four main phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D) and that uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates mainly belong to groups B2 (54%) and D (34%) whereas group A (44%) and D (26%) are predominant among commensal E. coli isolates. In this study, hlyD was present in 26% of UPEC and 2% of commensal E. coli isolates. However, hemolytic activity was detected for 42% of UPEC and 6% of commensal E. coli isolates (p < 0.05). intll gene was more frequently expressed in UPEC (24%) in comparison with commensal E. coli isolates (12%). Resistance to aztreonam, co-trimoxazole and cefpodoxime were frequently found among UPEC isolates whereas commensal E. coli isolates were commonly resistant to co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid and cefotaxime. Concluding, a considerable difference between UPEC and commensal E. coli isolates was observed regarding their phylogenetic groups, presence of class 1 integron and hlyD gene, hemolysin activity and resistance pattern. The detection of class 1 integrons and hlyD gene was higher among UPEC compared with commensal E. coli isolates. These findings may contribute for a better understanding of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of UPEC.

Infecções do trato urinário (ITU) de cães e gatos: etiologia e resistência aos antimicrobianos / Urinary tract infection (UTI) in dogs and cats: etiology and antimicrobial resistance

As infecções bacterianas do trato urinário (ITUs) são causa comum de doença em cães, gatos e humanos. Embora bactérias Gram positivas como Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. e Enterococcus spp., possam ocasionar ITUs, as bactérias Gram negativas (Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. e Enterobacter spp.) respondem por 75% dos casos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de diferentes gêneros de bactérias em ITUs em cães e gatos, bem como a sua sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizados na rotina clínica. Portanto, amostras de urina de 100 cães e gatos com sinais de ITU foram coletadas assepticamente, sofrendo avaliação microbiológica por meio de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, além de urinálise. Todos os isolados foram submetidos a testes de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. ITU foi confirmada em 74% dos animais, não havendo predominância quanto ao sexo. No que diz respeito à idade, 85% dos cães e 87% dos gatos tinham idades superiores a seis anos. Noventa e cinco cepas bacterianas foram isoladas, com maior frequência de Escherichia coli (55% do total) dos sorogrupos O6 e O2. Constatou-se níveis elevados de resistência a antimicrobianos nas cepas isoladas. Para as cepas Gram positivas, tetraciclina (46,1%), enrofloxacina, cotrimazol e estreptomicina (42,3% cada) foram as drogas com os maiores índices de resistência. Para as Gram negativas, amoxacilina e tetraciclina apresentaram percentuais acima de 50%. Multiresistência foi verificada em mais de 50% dos principais gêneros isolados. Considerando-se que as cepas de E. coli apresentam potencial zoonótico e forte participação na disseminação de resistência aos antimicrobianos, ressalta-se a importância do papel do médico veterinário na prevenção e controle das ITUs animais e sua contribuição para a saúde pública.(AU)

Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common cause of disease in dogs, cats and humans. Although Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. are linked with UTIs, Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter spp.) account for 75% of the cases. This study aimed to determine the frequency of different genera of bacteria in UTIs of dogs and cats as well as their susceptibility to antimicrobials used in clinical routine. Therefore, urine samples from 100 dogs and cats suspected of UTI were collected aseptically. Samples underwent to microbiological evaluation through qualitative and quantitative methods, and urinalysis. All isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. UTI was confirmed in 74% of animals, with no predominance in one gender. With regard to age, 85% of dogs and 87% of cats were older than six years. Ninety-five bacterial strains were isolated with higher frequency of Escherichia coli (55% of total) of serogroups O6 and O2. High levels of antimicrobial resistance were found. Gram-positive strains had the highest resistance to tetracycline (46.1%), enrofloxacin, cotrimazol and streptomycin (42.3% each), while above 50% of Gram-negative were resistant to amoxicillin and tetracycline. Multidrug resistance has been observed in more than 50% of the major genera isolated. Considering the zoonotic potential of E. coli strains and its strong participation in antimicrobial resistance dissemination, the important role of the veterinarians in the prevention and control of animal UTIs and their contribution to public health must be emphasized.(AU)

Evaluation of the reagent test strips and microscopic examination of urine in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in sows / Precisão da tira reagente e do exame microscópico da urina no diagnóstico de infecções do trato urinário em porcas

The diagnosis of the urinary tract infection (UTI) in sows is usually performed by using reagent test strips, since it is a fast and practical method, and capable of being done at the farm. The microscopic examination of the urine is rarely used at the farm since it is a more time consuming and difficult technique. However, there are no studies on the accuracy of those two techniques for the UTI diagnosis on this species. This study aims to assess the accuracy of the reagent test strip and the urine microscopic examination in the diagnosis of ITU in sows, comparing them with the bacteriological examination of urine. In order to select the sows for this study, a chemical reagent test strip was carried out previously and a total of 139 sows were selected, 66 sows of which showed positivity to nitrite in the reagent test strip and 73 without nitrituria. Then, the next day, a new sample collection for performing a complete urinalysis was carried out from those 139 sows, which included physical, chemical, microscopic and microbiological examination of these urine samples. The results revealed that the nitrite test of the reagent strip showed 100% of specificity and 93% of sensitivity. The specificity of the microscopic examination for bacteriuria was 82% and the sensitivity was 100%. The UTI diagnosis by using reagent strips and/or the urine sediment test is reliable if compared to the urine bacteriological examination, which makes possible the rapid diagnosis of UTI in sows at the farm.(AU)

O diagnóstico de infecção do trato urinário (ITU) em porcas geralmente é feito com o auxílio de tiras reagentes, por ser um método rápido, prático e passível de ser realizado na própria granja. O exame microscópico da urina raramente é utilizado em granjas por ser uma técnica mais demorada e trabalhosa. No entanto, não existem estudos sobre a precisão destas duas técnicas no diagnóstico de ITU nesta espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a precisão da tira reagente e do exame microscópico da urina no diagnóstico de ITU em porcas, comparando-os com o exame bacteriológico da urina. Para selecionar as porcas que iriam compor o estudo foi realizado um exame químico prévio com tira reagente, do qual foram selecionadas 139 porcas, 66 positivas para nitrito na tira reagente e 73 negativas. No dia seguinte foi realizada uma nova coleta de urina destas 139 porcas para realização da urinálise completa, que incluiu os exames físico, químico, microscópico e microbiológico destas amostras de urina. Os resultados demonstraram que a prova de nitrito da tira reagente apresentou 100% de especificidade e 93% de sensibilidade. A especificidade do exame microscópico para bacteriúria foi de 82% e a sensibilidade de 100%. O diagnóstico de ITU com o uso de tiras reagentes e/ou com exame microscópico da urina é confiável, quando comparado com o exame bacteriológico da urina, o que torna possível o diagnóstico rápido de ITU em porcas na granja.(AU)

Increase resistant rates and ESBL production between E. coli isolates causing urinary tract infection in young patients from Iran

Emerging antimicrobial resistance rates and Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli recovered from urinary tract infections (UTI) is an increasing problem in specific regions, limiting therapeutic options. One hundred E. coli isolates causing UTI in patients with age from 2 months to 12 years admitted at CMC in the period of April 2009 to March 2010 were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using the disk diffusion method. Surprisingly high resistance rates were recorded for E. coli against TMP/SMX (84%), cefalotin (66%), cefuroxime (50%), cefixime (50%) and ceftriaxone (45%). Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates was followed by meropenem (98%), amikacin (95%), nitrofurantoin (91%) and gentamicin (68%). Extended spectrum beta-lactamase production, was observed in 32% of community and 42% of nosocomial isolates. The results of this study and numerous observations regarding the increasing resistance to these antibiotics, in several countries, emphasize the need for local population-specific surveillance for guiding empirical therapy for UTI in children.

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and integrons in Escherichia Coli from Punjab, Pakistan

Antimicrobial resistance was studied in Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine samples of 457 patients suffering from urinary tract infection. High prevalence of class 1 integrons (43.56%), sulfamethoxazole resistance genes sul1 (45.54%) and sul2 (51.48%) along with occurrence of quinolone resistance genes was detected in multi drug resistance isolates.

Infecção do trato urinário inferior em cães / Lower urinary tract infection in dogs

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar a infecção do trato urinário inferior (ITUI) de cães. Cistite é o nome que se dá às doenças inflamatórias e/ou infecciosas da vesícula urinária ou bexiga, caracterizando-se clinicamente por estrangúria, bem como pela presença de células inflamatórias, sangue e bactérias na urina. Um animal com ITUI pode ficar ou permanecer assintomático, especialmente se a infecção for secundária a aumento da concentração de glicocorticoides. Eschericchia coli, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Enterobacter spp são exemplos de patógenos urinários que podem estar presentes na ITUI. Portanto, quando antibióticos são selecionados com base em antibiograma, é mais provável que ocorra uma boa resposta clínica. Alguns autores relatam que a bactéria com maior frequência de isolamento em casos de cistite infecciosa em cães é a Eschericchia coli. É necessária a realização rotineira de testes de suscetibilidade microbiana, especialmente em casos de infecção do trato urinário inferior.(AU)

The present study aims to review the lower urinary tract infection (UTI) of dogs. Cystitis is the name given to inflammatory diseases and/or infection of the urinary bladder or bladder is characterized clinically by strangury as well as the presence of inflammatorycells, blood and bacteria in the urine. An UTI animal can stay or remain asymptomatic, especially if the infection is secondary to increased concentrations of glucocorticoids. Eschericchia coli, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp are examples of urinary pathogens that may be present in UTI. Therefore, when antibiotics are selected on the basis of antibiogram, it is more likely to experience a good clinical response. Some authors suggest that the bacterium most frequently isolated in cases of cystitis in dogs is contagious Eschericchia coli. It is necessary to perform routine testing microbial susceptibility, especially in cases of lower urinary tract infection.(AU)

Infecção do trato urinário inferior em cães / Lower urinary tract infection in dogs

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar a infecção do trato urinário inferior (ITUI) de cães. Cistite é o nome que se dá às doenças inflamatórias e/ou infecciosas da vesícula urinária ou bexiga, caracterizando-se clinicamente por estrangúria, bem como pela presença de células inflamatórias, sangue e bactérias na urina. Um animal com ITUI pode ficar ou permanecer assintomático, especialmente se a infecção for secundária a aumento da concentração de glicocorticoides. Eschericchia coli, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Enterobacter spp são exemplos de patógenos urinários que podem estar presentes na ITUI. Portanto, quando antibióticos são selecionados com base em antibiograma, é mais provável que ocorra uma boa resposta clínica. Alguns autores relatam que a bactéria com maior frequência de isolamento em casos de cistite infecciosa em cães é a Eschericchia coli. É necessária a realização rotineira de testes de suscetibilidade microbiana, especialmente em casos de infecção do trato urinário inferior.

The present study aims to review the lower urinary tract infection (UTI) of dogs. Cystitis is the name given to inflammatory diseases and/or infection of the urinary bladder or bladder is characterized clinically by strangury as well as the presence of inflammatorycells, blood and bacteria in the urine. An UTI animal can stay or remain asymptomatic, especially if the infection is secondary to increased concentrations of glucocorticoids. Eschericchia coli, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp are examples of urinary pathogens that may be present in UTI. Therefore, when antibiotics are selected on the basis of antibiogram, it is more likely to experience a good clinical response. Some authors suggest that the bacterium most frequently isolated in cases of cystitis in dogs is contagious Eschericchia coli. It is necessary to perform routine testing microbial susceptibility, especially in cases of lower urinary tract infection.

Infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Urinary tract infection in small animals: literature review

A infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais sempre foi foco de importantes discussões. Dominaro conhecimento completo sobre este assunto permite elaborar diferentes estratégias para diferentes situações.O clínico pode se ver diante de infecções simples, de episódios únicos, porém, pode deflagrarprocessos complicados recidivantes, que, possivelmente, não conseguirá nunca sua cura. A infecçãodo trato urinário tem sido relatada como a principal razão do uso indevido dos antimicrobianos. Importantespropostas de conduta, publicadas como diretrizes, fornecem informações para auxiliar nodiagnóstico e tratamento de infecções do trato urinário superior e inferior em cães e gatos. O sucessodo tratamento envolve a eliminação da infecção e diminuição dos riscos de complicações. Esta revisãotem como objetivo principal informar o médico veterinário sobre novas diretrizes para o tratamento deinfecção do trato urinário.(AU)

The urinary tract infection in small animals has always been the focus of important discussions. Masteringthe complete knowledge about this subject allows develop different strategies for different situations. Theclinician may be faced on simple infections of single episodes, however, can encounter recurrence complicatedprocesses, which cannot ever be possibly healed. The urinary tract infection has been reported as themain reason for the misuse of antimicrobials. Important conducts proposal published as guidelines, provideinformation to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the upper and lower urinary tract infections of thedogs and cats. The success of the treatment involves the elimination of the infection and reducing the risk ofcomplications. This review aims to inform the veterinary clinicians about new guidelines for the treatmentof urinary tract infection.(AU)

Infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais: revisão de literatura / Urinary tract infection in small animals: literature review

A infecção do trato urinário em pequenos animais sempre foi foco de importantes discussões. Dominaro conhecimento completo sobre este assunto permite elaborar diferentes estratégias para diferentes situações.O clínico pode se ver diante de infecções simples, de episódios únicos, porém, pode deflagrarprocessos complicados recidivantes, que, possivelmente, não conseguirá nunca sua cura. A infecçãodo trato urinário tem sido relatada como a principal razão do uso indevido dos antimicrobianos. Importantespropostas de conduta, publicadas como diretrizes, fornecem informações para auxiliar nodiagnóstico e tratamento de infecções do trato urinário superior e inferior em cães e gatos. O sucessodo tratamento envolve a eliminação da infecção e diminuição dos riscos de complicações. Esta revisãotem como objetivo principal informar o médico veterinário sobre novas diretrizes para o tratamento deinfecção do trato urinário.

The urinary tract infection in small animals has always been the focus of important discussions. Masteringthe complete knowledge about this subject allows develop different strategies for different situations. Theclinician may be faced on simple infections of single episodes, however, can encounter recurrence complicatedprocesses, which cannot ever be possibly healed. The urinary tract infection has been reported as themain reason for the misuse of antimicrobials. Important conducts proposal published as guidelines, provideinformation to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the upper and lower urinary tract infections of thedogs and cats. The success of the treatment involves the elimination of the infection and reducing the risk ofcomplications. This review aims to inform the veterinary clinicians about new guidelines for the treatmentof urinary tract infection.