Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P < 5 %) to the uteroplacental, fetal aorta and umbical arteries, constant values in the uteroplacental artery EDV (P > 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...(AU)

BIOMETRIA E PARÂMETROS ULTRASSONOGRÁFICOS DE TESTÍCULOS, EPIDÍDIMOS E GLÂNDULAS GENITAIS ACESSÓRIAS EM TOUROS NELORE E CARACU DE DUAS CLASSES DE IDADE

O exame andrológico em bovinos reprodutores é de extrema importância para identificação da capacidade reprodutiva de touros. A ultrassonografia é uma ferramenta diagnóstica que pode fornecer importantes informações de forma não invasiva da integridade dos órgãos reprodutivos, no entanto, ainda vem sendo pouco aplicada na prática de avaliação de reprodutores. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar e comparar parâmetros biométricos e atributos ultrassonográficos de testículos, epidídimos e glândulas genitais acessórias, bem como, índices vasculares das artérias testiculares e ilíacas internas de touros das raças Nelore (n=203) e Caracu (n=79), agrupados de acordo com as classes de idade ( 18 meses e > 18 meses). Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do programa SAS (p<0,05). O perímetro escrotal, comprimento testicular e medida dorsoventral da cauda do epidídimo foram diferentes entre animais 18 meses e > 18 meses nas raças Nelore e Caracu. A biometria das glândulas vesiculares, porção disseminada da próstata e medida craniocaudal da glândula bulbouretral apresentaram diferença entre raças. Houve diferença entre as idades para glândulas vesiculares, medidas dorsoventral e craniocaudal do corpo da próstata e próstata disseminada. Houve correlações significativas (p<0,05) entre a biometria dos testículos, cauda dos epidídimos e glândulas genitais acessórias, exceto com o corpo da próstata. A intensidade de pixel do parênquima testicular diferiu entre raças e classes de idade. A ecogenicidade (valores de pixel médio) das glândulas vesiculares foi superior em Caracu, enquanto a heterogeneidade (desvio padrão de pixel) foi maior nos animais mais jovens. Os padrões de pixel da próstata foram diferentes nas duas porções (corpo e porção disseminada). A ecogenicidade das glândulas bulbouretrais foi superior para touros Nelore. Nelore e Caracu apresentaram diferenças nos índices de pulsatilidade (IP) e de resistência (IR) das artérias testiculares. Já o IP e IR das artérias ilíacas internas diferiram entre animais com 18 meses e > 18 meses. Em conclusão, características biométricas e de ecogenicidade e ecotextura dos parênquimas dos testículos, epidídimos e glândulas genitais acessórias sofrem influência do grupo genético e classes de idade. A ultrassonografia é útil para medir e avaliar os órgãos do sistema reprodutor masculino e analisar o estágio do desenvolvimento reprodutivo de touros.

The andrological examination in breeding cattle is of extreme importance for the identification of the reproductive capacity of bulls. Ultrasonography is a diagnostic tool that can provide important noninvasive information on the integrity of reproductive organs, however, it still has been little applied in practice of reproductive evaluation. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare biometric parameters and ultrasonographic attributes of the testes, epididymis and accessory sex glands, as well as vascular indices of internal testes and iliac arteries of Nellore (n=203) and Caracu bulls (n=79) , grouped according to age classes (18 months and >18 months). Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS program (p<0.05). The scrotal perimeter, testicular length and dorsoventral measurement of the tail of the epididymis were different between animals 18 months and >18 months in the Nellore and Caracu races. The biometry of vesicular glands, disseminated portion of prostate and craniocaudal measurement of bulbourethral gland showed differences between breeds. Were differences between ages for vesicular glands, dorsoventral and craniocaudal measurements of prostate body and disseminated prostate. Were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the biometry of the testes, tail of the epididymides and accessory sex glands, except with the body of the prostate. The pixel intensity of the testicular parenchyma differed between breeds and age classes. The echogenicity (mean pixel values) of vesicular glands was higher in Caracu, while heterogeneity (pixel standard deviation) was higher in younger animals. The prostate pixel patterns were different in the two portions (body and disseminated portion). The echogenicity of bulbourethral glands was superior for Nellore bulls. Nellore and Caracu showed differences in pulsatility (IP) and resistance (IR) indexes of testicular arteries. The IP and IR of internal iliac arteries differed between animals with 18 months and >18 months. In conclusion, biometric features and echogenicity and ecotexture of the parenchyma of testes, epididymides and accessory sex glands are influenced by the genetic group and age classes. Ultrasonography is useful to measure and evaluate organs of male reproductive system and to analyze the stage of reproductive development of bulls.

Ultrassonografia Doppler do fluxo arterial digital associado à alteração do coxim digital dos bovinos

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, por meio da ultrassonografia bidimensional e da ultrassonografia Doppler, as inter-relações entre a alteração de espessura do coxim digital com os índices vasculares da artéria digital dorsal comum dos membros pélvicos dos bovinos. A avaliação ultrassonográfica Doppler é uma técnica não invasiva de avaliação de índices vasculares, assim como, indiretamente, do volume de sangue do leito vascular. Para isso, foram realizados exames ultrassonográficos da espessura do coxim digital e também avaliação ultrassonográfica Doppler da referida artéria de 13 vacas primíparas da raça Holandesa, em intervalos de 14 dias, durante 126 dias após o parto. Ao longo do experimento o coxim digital apresentou diminuição não significativa de espessura (p=0,1715) e apresentou forte correlação positiva com a média do escore de condição corporal (p=0,03, r=0,71). Ao longo do período avaliado, o fluxo de sangue aumentou significativamente (p<0,0001) e apresentou correlação negativa com os índices que denotam impedância ao deslocamento de sangue, isto é, índice de resistividade (p<0,0001, r=-0,34911) e pulsatilidade (p<0,0001, r=-0,5035). Além disso, realizou-se correlação entre a diferença diária do fluxo de sangue e a diferença da espessura do coxim digital para cada animal e constatou-se uma forte tendência à correlação entre as diferenças das variáveis (p=0,0515, r=-0,5729). Por meio dos resultados encontrados foi possível concluir que o escore de condição corporal teve forte correlação com a espessura do coxim digital, ao longo do estudo. Além disso, o fluxo de sangue, os índices referentes à velocidade de deslocamento das hemácias e o diâmetro da artéria aumentaram ao longo do trabalho. E, também, que a discreta diminuição do coxim digital não foi um fator que influenciou no aumento do fluxo de sangue e nos índices vasculares.

The aim of this study was to evaluate, by bidimensional and pused Doppler ultrasound, the interrelationship between the changes of the thickness of digital cushion with vascular indices of the common dorsal digital artery of the hind limbs of cattle. Pused Doppler sonography is a non-invasive tool to assessment the vascular indices, as well as, the blood flow volume in vascular bed. So, were performed ultrasound exams of soft tissue thickness and also the Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of that artery in thirteen first lactation Holstein cows and followed them up during 126 days in milk. Throughout the experiment the digital cushion showed a slight decrease without significance (p=0,1715), this also was strongly correlated with body condition score (p=0,03, r=0,71). The blood flow volume had significance increase (p<0,0001) and was negatively correlated with both impedance indices, resistance index (P<0,0001 r =-0,34911) and pulsatility index (p <0,0001 r =-0,5035). In addition, a correlation was performed with both daily differences of the blood flow and the thickness of the digital cushion for each animal and it was observed a strong tendency of correlation between the different variables (p=0,0515 r =-0,5729). Therefore, we can conclude that body condition score was strong correlated with the thickness of digital cushion, throughout the study. In addition, the blood flow volume, the velocity indices and the artery diameter increase throughout the days in milk. And, so, the slight decrease in the thickness of digital cushion was not a factor that influenced the increase of blood flow and vascular indices.