Biodiesel co-products modified the rumen parameters of feedlot lambs but did not change methane production in vitro

Background: Intensification of livestock is a strategy that increases productivity, but the diets used to increase animal production efficiency are composed mainly of corn and soybean, thereby increasing competition between animals and humansfor the same food crops. This study evaluated nutrient intake, apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, kinetics of gas production, and concentration of volatile fatty acids on diets with or without inclusion of biodiesel co-productsformulated for feedlot lambs. So, the hypothesis is that replace of traditional ingredients by biodiesel co-products changesrumen parameters and methane emissions.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was developed in São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP,Brazil, in Sheep Production Laboratory, which is owned to Animal Science Department. All trials developed in this studyused a feedlot system, where animals were kept in individual pen. Forty Ile de France lambs male non-castrated wereused in in vivo trial. To obtain rumen fluid, that was used in in vitro trial, four Santa Inês lambs with rumen cannula wereused. The treatments evaluated were four diets: Control diet: roughage + concentrate; PM20: roughage + concentrate withpeanut meal (PM) at 20% of DM; CG25: roughage + concentrate with crude glycerin (CG) at 25% of DM; and PMCG:roughage + concentrate with PM at 10% of DM and CG at 12.5% of DM. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 40:60 for allthese diets. The parameters of the in vitro and in vivo experiments used were completely randomized with four treatments.When significant, the means between treatments were compared using Tukey test (P < 0.05). There was no effect of coproduct inclusion on intake, except ether extract and neutral detergent fiber, which were higher for PM20 compared withCG25 diet. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (79.87%) and some nutrients (organic matter, crude protein, and neutraldetergent fiber)...(AU)

Biodiesel co-products modified the rumen parameters of feedlot lambs but did not change methane production in vitro

Background: Intensification of livestock is a strategy that increases productivity, but the diets used to increase animal production efficiency are composed mainly of corn and soybean, thereby increasing competition between animals and humansfor the same food crops. This study evaluated nutrient intake, apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, kinetics of gas production, and concentration of volatile fatty acids on diets with or without inclusion of biodiesel co-productsformulated for feedlot lambs. So, the hypothesis is that replace of traditional ingredients by biodiesel co-products changesrumen parameters and methane emissions.Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was developed in São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP,Brazil, in Sheep Production Laboratory, which is owned to Animal Science Department. All trials developed in this studyused a feedlot system, where animals were kept in individual pen. Forty Ile de France lambs male non-castrated wereused in in vivo trial. To obtain rumen fluid, that was used in in vitro trial, four Santa Inês lambs with rumen cannula wereused. The treatments evaluated were four diets: Control diet: roughage + concentrate; PM20: roughage + concentrate withpeanut meal (PM) at 20% of DM; CG25: roughage + concentrate with crude glycerin (CG) at 25% of DM; and PMCG:roughage + concentrate with PM at 10% of DM and CG at 12.5% of DM. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 40:60 for allthese diets. The parameters of the in vitro and in vivo experiments used were completely randomized with four treatments.When significant, the means between treatments were compared using Tukey test (P < 0.05). There was no effect of coproduct inclusion on intake, except ether extract and neutral detergent fiber, which were higher for PM20 compared withCG25 diet. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (79.87%) and some nutrients (organic matter, crude protein, and neutraldetergent fiber)...

Ruminal and morphometric parameters of rumen and intestine in lambs fed guava (Psidium guajava L) agroindustrial waste

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW) on ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3, and microbial protein), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and morphometry of the rumen and intestine of sheep. A total of forty Santa Inês sheep (120 days old and 21.3±2.62 kg) were used. The animals were fed diets with 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% inclusion of GAW. The pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein, and VFA were evaluated in the ruminal fluid, alongside the morphometric characteristics of the rumen and intestine. The inclusion of GAW linearly increased fasting and postprandial pH, N-NH3 only showed a quadratic effect for fasting animal, whereas MP presented a quadratic effect for pre- and post-prandial animals. There was a quadratic effect for papilla width, with a maximum value of 393.33 µm at the level of 34.43% GAW in the diet. The papilla absorption area showed a linear effect, in which increasing levels of GAW in the diet had a smaller area of papillae absorption. The inclusion of GAW in the diet of Santa Inês sheep favored pH neutrality, reduced N-NH3 and ruminal MP concentrations, decreased the thickness of the rumen muscular layer, and increased the intestinal mucosa, favoring greater absorption of nutrients.(AU)

Efeitos de fontes e formas de processamento do amido na utilização de nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais de vacas em lactação / Effects of starch sources and processing on nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters of lactating cows

Cinco vacas holandesas pluríparas, com cânulas no rúmen e no duodeno, foram distribuídas em delineamento de quadrado latino 5 x 5. As vacas foram submetidas a cinco rações experimentais contendo 40 por cento de cana-de-açúcar, 60 por cento de concentrado e cerca de 30 por cento de amido. As rações diferiram quanto ao processamento ou à fonte principal do amido utilizado: milho grosseiramente moído, milho finamente moído, milho floculado a 310g/l, milho floculado a 360g/l ou raspa de mandioca. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no consumo de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido foi maior na ração que continha raspa de mandioca. As digestibilidades ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os dados médios de pH ruminal se mantiveram acima de 6,0, exceto às 2 e às 4h após a alimentação com a dieta que continha raspa de mandioca. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre a concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis totais. O processo de floculação promoveu aumento da digestibilidade do amido do milho, em relação à moagem de forma grosseira. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido presente na raspa de mandioca foi maior do que a do milho, independentemente da forma de processamento utilizada.(AU)

Five multiparous lactating Holsteins cows, cannulated in the rumen and proximal duodenum, were used in a 5 x 5 latin square. Cows were fed a 40:60 forage: concentrate diet (40 percent fresh sugar cane and 60 percent concentrate). Diets were formulated to have 30 percent of starch and treatments were starch sources and ration processing forms: cracked corn, finely ground corn, flaked corn at 310g/l, flaked corn at 360g/l, or cassava scrapings. No difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatments for dry matter intake. Starch ruminal digestibility was higher for cassava scrapings treatment. NDF and ADF digestibility were similar among treatments. Average values of ruminal pH were above 6, except at 2 and 4h after feeding the cassava diet. There was no effect of treatment on concentrations of total volatile fatty acids. The flocculation process increased corn starch digestibility. Ruminal degradability of the cassava scrapings starch was higher than corn, without effect of processing form.(AU)

Participação do rumino retículo e omaso na superfície absortiva total do proventrículo de bovinos / Participation of the reticulo rumen and omasum in the total absorptive surface of the bovine forestomach

Cerca de 50% dos ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) produzidos no ruminoretículo são absorvidos nesse compartimento e outros 50% passam com a fase fluida para o omaso e são absorvidos antes do duodeno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi mensurar a superfície de absorção do ruminoretículo e do omaso comparando-as com a magnitude de absorção. Oito bovinos adultos tiveram seu estômago removido imediatamente após o abate. Os compartimentos do estômago foram separados, pesados e tiveram fragmentos coletados em diversas regiões anatômicas. Procedeu-se a mensuração da área total da superfície interna por meio de captura e análise de imagens digitalizadas. A superfície absortiva do ruminoretículo (7,7 m²) foi maior (P<0,001) do que a do omaso (2,1 m²). A relação superfície/digesta, entretanto, foi maior (P=0,07) no omaso (0,22 m²/Kg) que no ruminoretículo (0,12m²/Kg), representando uma área superficial 83,3% maior no omaso por unidade de digesta. A área de um fragmento do saco ventral do rúmen apresentou correlação positiva (0,84) com a área total da superfície do rúmen, indicando ser possível a estimativa da área total do órgão por meio de biópsia. A superfície absortiva dos compartimentos parece ser compatível com a magnitude de absorção, entretanto, estudos que comparem a taxa fracional de absorção de AGV entre os compartimentos devem ser realizados.(AU)

About 50% of volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced in the reticulorumen are absorbed in this compartment. The other 50% pass with the fluid phase to the omasum and are absorbed before the duodenum. The objective of this experiment was to measure the absorption surface of the reticulorumen and omasum aiming to compare it with the absorption magnitude. Eight adult bovines had their stomachs removed immediately after slaughtering. The stomach compartments were separated and weighed. Fragments were collected from several anatomical regions. Measurements of the total area of the internal surface were taken through image capture and analysis. The reticulorumen absorptive surface (7.7 m²) was larger (P<0.001) than the omasum absorptive surface (2.1 m²). The surface/digest ratio, however, was larger (P=0.07) in the omasum (0.22 m²/kg) than in the reticulorumen (0.12m²/kg), representing an omasum surface area for each digest unit 83.3% larger. The area of one of the rumen ventral sac fragments showed a positive correlation (0.84) with the total rumen surface area, indicating that it is possible to estimate the total rumen area by biopsy. The absorptive surface of the forestomach compartments seem to be compatible with absorption magnitude. However, further studies comparing VFA fractional absorption rate among forestomach compartments should be carried out.(AU)