Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

ABSTRACT The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.

Reproductive biology and recruitment of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in the southwestern Atlantic

The bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linneus 1766) is captured by industrial, artisanal, and recreational fisheries throughout its distribution range. The reproductive biology of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic was studied using 1,102 specimens captured by the Brazilian commercial fleet between March 2014 and December 2015. The recruitment period was identified from records of juveniles in experimental beach seine hauls carried out on sandy beaches in the external sector of Guanabara Bay for four years (2012-2015). Based on the reproductive indices and on the macro- and microscopic analyses of the gonads, spawning peaks were identified in autumn and spring. The size at first maturity was estimated at 35.5, 38.3, and 37.4 cm for females, males, and general, respectively. Ovary analyses and measurements of the oocyte diameters indicated that bluefish are multiple spawners with asynchronous oocyte development. The batch fecundity estimate was 202,752.5 eggs and ranged from 9,800.9 to 426,787.0 eggs. The species reproduces throughout the entire study area, but it is more active in the south of Arraial do Cabo. The young-of-the-year were recorded on shallow water in all seasons, with modal peaks in the summer months. The parameters estimated in this study expand and update information on this species, providing important data for the evaluation and fisheries management of the stock of P. saltatrix in the southwestern Atlantic.(AU)

Use of a nursery area by cownose rays (Rhinopteridae) in southeastern Brazil

Using non-lethal methods for data collection of individuals and participatory monitoring by fishermen, we provide the first empirical evidence of the use of a nursery area by neonate and young-of-the-year cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus and R. brasiliensis in southeastern Brazil. Two methods were used to collect data: (1) information provided by fishermen (reports, pictures, and videos) and (2) field sampling by researchers. A total of 746 cownose rays were captured; 113 have been identified as R. bonasus, 15 as R. brasiliensis, and 618 were reported by fishermen and could not be identified to the species. Records of newborns were made only in late spring and summer in 2015, 2016, and 2017, which suggests an annual reproductive cycle, with birth in late spring, extending to summer. A repeated use of this area by R. bonasus suggests that it is potentially important to the reproduction of this species. However, R. brasiliensis requires more studies. Small increases in mortality, resulting from increased fishing or other anthropogenic stressors, can have a disproportionately large effect on population viability. Thus, management of areas used during critical stages of the life cycle of rays is crucial to their conservation.(AU)

Usando métodos não-letais para levantamento de dados dos indivíduos e o monitoramento participativo dos pescadores fornecemos a primeira evidência empírica do uso de uma área de berçário por neonatos e jovens do ano de raias Ticonha Rhinoptera bonasus e R. brasiliensis no sudeste do Brasil. Dois métodos foram utilizados para coletar dados: (1) informações fornecidas pelos pescadores (relatórios, fotos e vídeos) e (2) amostragem de campo pelos pesquisadores. Um total de 746 raias Ticonha foram capturadas; 113 foram identificadas como R. bonasus, 15 como R. brasiliensis e 618 foram registrados pelos pescadores e não puderam ser identificadas em nível específico. Os registros de recém-nascidos foram feitos apenas no final da primavera e no verão de 2015, 2016 e 2017, o que sugere um ciclo reprodutivo anual, com nascimento no final da primavera, se estendendo até o verão. O uso repetido desta área por R. bonasus sugere sua potencial importância para a reprodução destas espécies. No entanto, R. brasiliensis requer mais estudos. Pequenos aumentos na mortalidade, resultantes do aumento da pesca ou outros estressores antropogênicos, podem ter um efeito desproporcionalmente grande na viabilidade populacional. Assim, o gerenciamento das áreas usadas durante os estágios críticos do ciclo de vida das raias é crucial para sua conservação.(AU)

Use of a nursery area by cownose rays (Rhinopteridae) in southeastern Brazil

Using non-lethal methods for data collection of individuals and participatory monitoring by fishermen, we provide the first empirical evidence of the use of a nursery area by neonate and young-of-the-year cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus and R. brasiliensis in southeastern Brazil. Two methods were used to collect data: (1) information provided by fishermen (reports, pictures, and videos) and (2) field sampling by researchers. A total of 746 cownose rays were captured; 113 have been identified as R. bonasus, 15 as R. brasiliensis, and 618 were reported by fishermen and could not be identified to the species. Records of newborns were made only in late spring and summer in 2015, 2016, and 2017, which suggests an annual reproductive cycle, with birth in late spring, extending to summer. A repeated use of this area by R. bonasus suggests that it is potentially important to the reproduction of this species. However, R. brasiliensis requires more studies. Small increases in mortality, resulting from increased fishing or other anthropogenic stressors, can have a disproportionately large effect on population viability. Thus, management of areas used during critical stages of the life cycle of rays is crucial to their conservation.(AU)

Usando métodos não-letais para levantamento de dados dos indivíduos e o monitoramento participativo dos pescadores fornecemos a primeira evidência empírica do uso de uma área de berçário por neonatos e jovens do ano de raias Ticonha Rhinoptera bonasus e R. brasiliensis no sudeste do Brasil. Dois métodos foram utilizados para coletar dados: (1) informações fornecidas pelos pescadores (relatórios, fotos e vídeos) e (2) amostragem de campo pelos pesquisadores. Um total de 746 raias Ticonha foram capturadas; 113 foram identificadas como R. bonasus, 15 como R. brasiliensis e 618 foram registrados pelos pescadores e não puderam ser identificadas em nível específico. Os registros de recém-nascidos foram feitos apenas no final da primavera e no verão de 2015, 2016 e 2017, o que sugere um ciclo reprodutivo anual, com nascimento no final da primavera, se estendendo até o verão. O uso repetido desta área por R. bonasus sugere sua potencial importância para a reprodução destas espécies. No entanto, R. brasiliensis requer mais estudos. Pequenos aumentos na mortalidade, resultantes do aumento da pesca ou outros estressores antropogênicos, podem ter um efeito desproporcionalmente grande na viabilidade populacional. Assim, o gerenciamento das áreas usadas durante os estágios críticos do ciclo de vida das raias é crucial para sua conservação.(AU)