Insect meal in poultry feed: a potential protein source

The present study aims to conduct a review on the potential use of insect meal as an alternative protein source in poultry feed, particularly to serve the rearing of free-range chickens. Insects are already part of the diet of birds in their natural habitat, and the availability of low-cost alternative foods with low environmental impact is essential for the development of the activity. The review comprehended studies that used meals consisting of silkworm (Bombyx mori) chrysalis, earthworm (Eisenia foetida), housefly (Musca domestica), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) to replace plant-based protein sources. In general, insect meals have a high content of crude protein and ether extract, as well as an essential amino acid profile suitable for poultry feeding. The addition of insect meal in poultry feed normally shows good results as to growth performance and egg production, without causing a negative effect on carcass characteristics, meat sensory quality and egg quality, presenting itself as an alternative protein source with good prospects for replacing plant-based sources in poultry feed.(AU)

Cellulolytic activity of anaerobic facultative fungi from the digestive tract of sheep fed with banana leaf hay / Atividade celulolítica de fungos aeróbios facultativos do trato digestório de ovinos alimentados com feno da folha de bananeira

The addition of cellulolytic fungi, or their enzymes, in diets containing high levels of fiber are promising strategy for improving the performance. In this study, the aims were to select cellulolytic fungi from the digestive tract of sheep fed different concentrations of banana leaf hay. Thirty lambs raised in a feedlot were evaluated, distributed in a completely randomized design, with diets containing 0, 125, 250, 375, or 500 g/Kg of dry matter and six replications. Approximately 15 mL of ruminal fluid and swabs from the rectal ampulla were collected. The cultures were carried out in a medium containing microcrystalline cellulose (C medium). The mycelial fungi isolates were identified through the microculture technique. Among the fungi from the ruminal fluid, 23 isolates corresponded to the genus Aspergillus and three to Paecilomyces spp. Among the isolates from the rectal ampulla, seven were A. spp., and three were P. spp. The A. genus predominated among the isolates from both evaluated sites (p <0.05). Fragments of these fungi were inoculated in triplicate in medium C at 37 °C and the cellulolytic activity index (CAI) was determined after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. There was no difference in the CAI of Aspergillus spp. from animals fed different diets or of different evaluated sites (P > 0.05). However, 22 isolates of Aspergillus spp. and three of Paecilomyces spp. showed a CAI > 1, indicating biotechnological potential for cellulase production. These selected isolates could be selected for the elaboration of microbial additives in ruminant diets.(AU)

A adição de fungos celulolíticos, ou suas enzimas, em dietas contendo elevados teores de fibras são estratégias pro-missoras para melhorar o desempenho. Neste estudo os objetivos foram selecionar fungos celulolíticos do trato digestório de ovinos alimentados com diferentes concentrações do feno da folha da bananeira (FBH). Foram avaliados 30 borregos criados em sistema intensivo, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco dietas contendo 0, 125, 250, 375 ou 500 g/KG de matéria seca em seis repetições. Foram coletados aproximadamente 15 mL de fluido ruminal e swabs da ampola retal. Os cultivos foram realizados em meio de cultura contendo celulose microcristalina (meio C). Os fungos micelianos foram identificados após a técnica de microcultivo. Entre os fungos provenientes do fluido ruminal, 23 isolados corresponderam ao gênero Aspergillus e três a Paecilomyces spp.. Foram identificados nas fezes dos animais sete Aspergillus spp. e três Paecilomyces spp.. O gênero Aspergillus predominou entre os isolados de ambos os sítios avaliados (p =0,013). Fragmentos desses fungos foram inoculados em triplicada em meio C a 37 °C e determinou-se o índice de atividade celulolítica(IAC) após 24, 48 e 72 horas de incubação. Não houve diferença entre CAI de isolados de Aspergillus spp. provenientes dos animais em diferentes dietas ou sítios avaliados (P > 0.05). Entretanto, 22 isolados de Aspergillus spp. e três de Paecilomyces spp. apresentaram IAC >1, indicando potencial biotecnológico para produção de celulases.(AU)

Biomass sorghum silages with sugarcane / Silagem de sorgo biomassa com cana-de-açúcar / Ensilaje de sorgo biomasa con caña de azúcar

The storage of forage to be offered at different times of the year are viable alternatives for all production systems, and sorghum biomass has been highlighted for this purpose. As preservedforage, it was hypothesized that sugarcane can contribute to the fermentation process. Theobjective was to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of sugarcane (0, 20, 40 and60%) inthe silage of three biomass sorghum genotypes (B012, B017 and B018). The material wasensiled using PVC silos and after 60 days the silos were opened and the contents of drymatter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, lignin, and hydrogen potential were determined. The experiment wasconducted in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme with four replications. The data were analyzed through the analysis of variance followed by multiple comparisonbyTukey's test (α < 0.05) and linear regression. The biomass sorghum genotypes respondedsatisfactorily to the fermentation process, resulting in quality silages. However, the inclusionof sugarcane did not improve the quality of the silages, and its inclusion in the silage of thegenotypes evaluated is not recommended.(AU)

O armazenamento de forragem a ser ofertada em diferentes épocas do ano são alternativasviáveis para todos os sistemas de produção, e a biomassa de sorgo tem se destacado paraestefim. Como forragem preservada, levantou-se a hipótese de que a cana-de-açúcar podecontribuir para o processo de fermentação. O objetivo foi avaliar a inclusão de diferentesníveis de cana-de-açúcar (0, 20, 40 e 60%) na silagem de três genótipos de sorgo biomassa(B012, B017 e B018). O material foi ensilado em silos de PVC e após 60 dias foramabertosedeterminados os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose, lignina e potencial dehidrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, emesquema fatorial com quatro repetições. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análisedevariância seguida de comparação múltipla pelo teste de Tukey (α < 0,05) e regressãolinear. Os genótipos de sorgo biomassa responderam satisfatoriamente ao processo de fermentação, resultando em silagens de qualidade. No entanto, a inclusão da cana-de-açúcar não melhoroua qualidade das silagens, não sendo recomendada sua inclusão na silagemdos genótipos avaliados.(AU)

Los acopios de forrajes para ser ofrecidos en diferentes épocas del año son alternativas viablespara todos los sistemas de producción, y para ello se ha destacado la biomasa de sorgo. Comoforraje conservado, se planteó la hipótesis de que la caña de azúcar puede contribuir al proceso de fermentación. El objetivo fue evaluar la inclusión de diferentes niveles de cañadeazúcar (0, 20, 40 y 60%) en el ensilaje de tres genotipos de sorgo de biomasa (B012, B017yB018). El material se ensiló en silos de PVC y después de 60 días se abrieron los silos ysedeterminaron los contenidos de materia seca, materia mineral, materia orgánica, proteínacruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, hemicelulosa, lignina y potencial dehidrógeno. El experimento se condujo en un diseño completamente al azar, en un esquemafactorial con cuatro repeticiones. Los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis de varianzaseguido de comparación múltiple por la prueba de Tukey (α < 0,05) y regresión lineal. Losgenotipos de sorgo de biomasa respondieron satisfactoriamente al proceso de fermentación, dando como resultado ensilajes de calidad. Sin embargo, la inclusión de caña de azúcar nomejoró la calidad de los ensilajes, por lo que no se recomienda su inclusión en los ensilajesdelos genotipos evaluados.(AU)

Energy and nutrient digestibility from mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal for Nile tilapia

The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients and digestible values of crude protein, ethereal extract, gross energy and dry matter of mulberry leaf meal (MLM) (Morus albaL.) as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed. A total of 135 Nile tilapia juveniles were used, and the indirect methodology (Cr2O3) was applied for digestibility determinations.Mulberry leave meal presented good apparent digestible coefficients of protein, ethereal extract and energy with respective values of 0.94, 0.58 and 0.39. The mulberry leave meal thus comprises adequate digestible protein and digestible energy values, similar or better than other leafy foods, presenting potential for inclusion in Nile tilapia diets.(AU)

Extruded soybean in pig feeding in the nursery phase:performance / Sojaextrusada na alimentação de suínos na fase de creche: desempenho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by extruded whole soybean in the feeding of pigs in the nursery phase. Thirty-six piglets (Landrace x Large White), with 45 days weighing on average 11.36 kg, distributed in arandomized block design, three treatments, six replicates, two animals per repetition were used. The treatments consisted of: control treatment (T1) basal diet, basal diet with 10% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T2), basal diet with 20% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T3). The variables analyzed were: average weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The levels of ureatic activity, ether extract, crude protein, protein solubility and volatile moisture of extruded soybean were verified. No difference was found (P>0.05) between the inclusion levels of extruded soybean in piglet diets in the nursery phase for the variables studied. The processing of extruded whole soybean did not affect its digestibility. Extrudedsoybeans at a level of up to 20% included in piglet feeding during the nursery phase can be a possible substitute for soybean meal, without compromising the performance of the animals.

Objetivou-seavaliar a substituição do farelo de soja pela soja integral extrusada na alimentação de suínos na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 36leitões (Landracex Large White), com 45 dias pesando em média 11,36 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, três tratamentos,seis repetições,doisanimais por repetição. Os tratamentos consistiram: tratamento controle (T1) ração basal, ração basal com 10% de substituiçãodo farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T2), ração basal com 20% de substituição do farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T3). As variáveis analisadas foram: peso médio, consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Foram verificados os níveis de atividade ureática, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, solubilidade proteicae umidade volátil da soja extrusada. Não foi encontrada diferença (P>0,05) entre os níveis de inclusão de soja extrusada nas dietas de leitões na fase de creche, para as variáveis estudadas. O processamento da soja integral extrusada não afetou sua digestibilidade. A soja extrusadaem nível de até 20% incluídana alimentação de leitões durante a fase de creche pode ser umaeventual substituta ao farelo de soja, sem comprometer o desempenho dos animais.

Extruded soybean in pig feeding in the nursery phase:performance / Sojaextrusada na alimentação de suínos na fase de creche: desempenho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of soybean meal by extruded whole soybean in the feeding of pigs in the nursery phase. Thirty-six piglets (Landrace x Large White), with 45 days weighing on average 11.36 kg, distributed in arandomized block design, three treatments, six replicates, two animals per repetition were used. The treatments consisted of: control treatment (T1) basal diet, basal diet with 10% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T2), basal diet with 20% replacement of soybean meal by extruded soybean (T3). The variables analyzed were: average weight, feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. The levels of ureatic activity, ether extract, crude protein, protein solubility and volatile moisture of extruded soybean were verified. No difference was found (P>0.05) between the inclusion levels of extruded soybean in piglet diets in the nursery phase for the variables studied. The processing of extruded whole soybean did not affect its digestibility. Extrudedsoybeans at a level of up to 20% included in piglet feeding during the nursery phase can be a possible substitute for soybean meal, without compromising the performance of the animals.(AU)

Objetivou-seavaliar a substituição do farelo de soja pela soja integral extrusada na alimentação de suínos na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 36leitões (Landracex Large White), com 45 dias pesando em média 11,36 kg, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, três tratamentos,seis repetições,doisanimais por repetição. Os tratamentos consistiram: tratamento controle (T1) ração basal, ração basal com 10% de substituiçãodo farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T2), ração basal com 20% de substituição do farelo de soja por soja extrusada(T3). As variáveis analisadas foram: peso médio, consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Foram verificados os níveis de atividade ureática, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, solubilidade proteicae umidade volátil da soja extrusada. Não foi encontrada diferença (P>0,05) entre os níveis de inclusão de soja extrusada nas dietas de leitões na fase de creche, para as variáveis estudadas. O processamento da soja integral extrusada não afetou sua digestibilidade. A soja extrusadaem nível de até 20% incluídana alimentação de leitões durante a fase de creche pode ser umaeventual substituta ao farelo de soja, sem comprometer o desempenho dos animais.(AU)

Desenvolvimento pré-inicial de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo quirera de arroz / Pre-initial development of broilers fed diets containing broken rice

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência dos níveis de inclusão de quirera de arroz na dieta pré-inicial de frangos de corte sobre o desenvolvimento corporal. O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, onde foram alojados 160 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb com um dia de idade e divididos em quatro tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 60% de quirera de arroz) com 10 repetições. Aos sete dias foram selecionadas as aves mais pesadas de cada boxe para a avaliação da alometria, sendo abatidas e evisceradas manualmente. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: comprimento corporal, pesos relativos da perna, do peito, da asa, do coração, do fígado e da moela; o comprimento de peito, de perna, de aparelho digestório e de intestino delgado, e a largura e profundidade de peito, bem como a umidade, o extrato etéreo, as cinzas e a proteína corporal. O peso relativo de fígado aumentou com o aumento do nível de quirera de arroz na dieta, enquanto o teor de cinza corporal diminuiu. O peso relativo de moela apresentou efeito quadrático, diminuindo até o nível de 20% e mantendo-se constante posteriormente. A quirera de arroz é um ingrediente de qualidade e pode ser incluída na dieta pré-inicial de frangos de corte em até 60%.

This work aimed to verify the influence of the levels of inclusion of broken rice in the pre-initial diet of broilers on body development. The experiment was carried out at the Animal Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas, where 160 one-day-old male Cobb broiler chicks were housed and divided into four treatments (0, 20,40 and 60% of broken rice) with 10 repetitions. At seven days, the heaviest birds in each box were selected for the assessment of allometry, being slaughtered and eviscerated manually. The following parameters were evaluated: body length, relative weights of the leg, chest, wing, heart, liver, and gizzard; the length of the chest, leg, digestive tract, and small intestine, and the width and depth of chest, as well as moisture, ether extract, ash, and body protein. The relative weight of the liver increased with the increase in the level of broken rice in the diet, while the body ash content decreased. The relative weight of gizzard showed a quadratic effect, decreasing to 20% and remaining constant afterwards. The broken rice is a quality ingredient and can be included in the pre-starter diet of broilers by up to 60%.

Serum biochemistry profile of laying hens fed diets with fish waste oil / [Parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos de poedeiras leves alimentadas com rações contendo óleo do resíduo de pescado]

The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in diets for laying hens on serum biochemistry profile. 192 Hisex White laying hens at 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol, and uric acid. These parameters presented a decrease when hens fed diets with higher level of fish waste oil. The results of the present study indicated that the inclusion of fish waste oil caused a significant effect in the serum biochemical profile of laying hens, especially in glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations. The inclusion level of 3.5% of fish waste oil caused larger disequilibrium in the serum biochemical profile of laying hens.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os níveis crescentes de óleo de resíduo de pescado em dietas para poedeiras leves sobre o perfil bioquímico sérico. Foram utilizadas poedeiras Hisex White com 29 semanas, com água e ração ad libitum. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, consistindo de oito tratamentos correspondentes aos níveis de inclusão de óleo de resíduo de pescado (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5%) nas dietas, com quatro repetições de seis aves cada. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à regressão polinomial a 5% de significância. Diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas nas concentrações de triglicerídeos, glicose, colesterol total e ácido úrico. Esses parâmetros apresentaram uma diminuição quando as aves se alimentaram com rações contendo maior nível de óleo do resíduo de pescado. Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a inclusão de óleo do resíduo de pescado acarretou um efeito significativo no perfil bioquímico sérico de poedeiras, principalmente nas concentrações de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e ácido úrico. O nível de inclusão de 3,5% do óleo do resíduo de pescado acarretou maior desequilíbrio no perfil bioquímico sérico das poedeiras.(AU)

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm / Dinâmica de degradação in vitro da fibra de detergente neutro e qualidade da silagem do resíduo da produção de palmito pupunha

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.(AU)

Desenvolvimento pré-inicial de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo quirera de arroz / Pre-initial development of broilers fed diets containing broken rice

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência dos níveis de inclusão de quirera de arroz na dieta pré-inicial de frangos de corte sobre o desenvolvimento corporal. O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, onde foram alojados 160 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb com um dia de idade e divididos em quatro tratamentos (0, 20, 40 e 60% de quirera de arroz) com 10 repetições. Aos sete dias foram selecionadas as aves mais pesadas de cada boxe para a avaliação da alometria, sendo abatidas e evisceradas manualmente. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: comprimento corporal, pesos relativos da perna, do peito, da asa, do coração, do fígado e da moela; o comprimento de peito, de perna, de aparelho digestório e de intestino delgado, e a largura e profundidade de peito, bem como a umidade, o extrato etéreo, as cinzas e a proteína corporal. O peso relativo de fígado aumentou com o aumento do nível de quirera de arroz na dieta, enquanto o teor de cinza corporal diminuiu. O peso relativo de moela apresentou efeito quadrático, diminuindo até o nível de 20% e mantendo-se constante posteriormente. A quirera de arroz é um ingrediente de qualidade e pode ser incluída na dieta pré-inicial de frangos de corte em até 60%.(AU)

This work aimed to verify the influence of the levels of inclusion of broken rice in the pre-initial diet of broilers on body development. The experiment was carried out at the Animal Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas, where 160 one-day-old male Cobb broiler chicks were housed and divided into four treatments (0, 20,40 and 60% of broken rice) with 10 repetitions. At seven days, the heaviest birds in each box were selected for the assessment of allometry, being slaughtered and eviscerated manually. The following parameters were evaluated: body length, relative weights of the leg, chest, wing, heart, liver, and gizzard; the length of the chest, leg, digestive tract, and small intestine, and the width and depth of chest, as well as moisture, ether extract, ash, and body protein. The relative weight of the liver increased with the increase in the level of broken rice in the diet, while the body ash content decreased. The relative weight of gizzard showed a quadratic effect, decreasing to 20% and remaining constant afterwards. The broken rice is a quality ingredient and can be included in the pre-starter diet of broilers by up to 60%.(AU)

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm / Dinâmica de degradação in vitro da fibra de detergente neutro e qualidade da silagem do resíduo da produção de palmito pupunha

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.

In vitro degradation dynamics of neutral detergent fiber and silage quality of waste from production of heart of palm of peach palm

ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation profile, and degradation parameters of the neutral detergent fiber of three silages made with the waste from production of heart of peach of palm, which consisted of leaf, leaf sheath, and their compound (55% leaf and 45% leaf sheath). The waste was packed in experimental silos and open after sixty days of fermentation; silage samples were collected for determination of chemical composition and degradation parameters of neutral detergent fiber at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation in vitro. A difference was detected in the dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents between the three types of silage. The leaf silage showed a higher fractional degradation rate and a higher potentially digestible fraction of neutral detergent fiber over the 96 h of incubation. As for the fermentative parameters, silage made with the leaf showed a higher pH (3,79) and lactic acid (1,18%), acetic acid (0,39%) and propionic acid (0,24%). The butyric acid was higher for compound silage (0,012%) and ammoniacal nitrogen was higher for sheath silage (0,94%). The leaf silage displayed better chemical characteristics, fermentation parameters and in vitro degradability properties, proving to be the silage with best nutritional value for feeding ruminants.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, o perfil fermentativo e os parâmetros da degradação da fibra em detergente neutro de três silagens do resíduo da produção do palmito pupunha, sendo estas silagens de folha, bainha foliar e composta (55% de folha e 45% de bainha foliar). O resíduo foi acondicionado em silos experimentais e aberto após sessenta dias de fermentação com retirada de amostras das silagens para a determinação da composição química e dos parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro nos tempos de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas de incubação in vitro. Houve diferença no teor de matéria seca entre os três tipos de silagem, assim como para a proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. A silagem de folhas apresentou maior taxa de degradação fracional e maior fração potencialmente degradável da fibra em detergente neutro ao longo das 96 horas de incubação. Quanto aos parâmetros fermentativos, a silagem feita com a folha apresentou maiores valores de pH (3,79) e ácido lático (1,18%), ácido acético (0,39%) e ácido propiônico (0,24%). O ácido butírico foi maior para a silagem composta (0,012%) e o nitrogênio amoniacal foi maior para a silagem de bainha (0,94%). A silagem de folha apresentou melhores características químicas, parâmetros fermentativos e características de degradabilidade in vitro, demostrando ser a silagem com melhor valor nutricional para alimentação de animais ruminantes.

Açaí meal on diet digestibility for commercial laying hens

This study aimed to evaluate açaí meal in diets for commercial laying hens on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hissex White laying hens (52-wksold) were distributed in a completely randomized design, where treatments consisted of a control diet and an experimental diet (25% açaí meal) with six replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5%. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in digestibility of all evaluated nutrients. Hens fed diets with 25% açaí meal presented worse (p < 0.05) metabolization and use of energy content. It can be concluded that hens fed diets containing açaí meal presented better use of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and mineral matter. However, there was worse use of dry matter, fiber carbohydrates and ether extract. This result directly affected the energy metabolism of the birds. The inclusion of açaí meal reduced the energy use.(AU)

Açaí meal on diet digestibility for commercial laying hens

This study aimed to evaluate açaí meal in diets for commercial laying hens on apparent nutrient digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy. A total of 72 Hissex White laying hens (52-wksold) were distributed in a completely randomized design, where treatments consisted of a control diet and an experimental diet (25% açaí meal) with six replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5%. Differences (p < 0.05) were detected in digestibility of all evaluated nutrients. Hens fed diets with 25% açaí meal presented worse (p < 0.05) metabolization and use of energy content. It can be concluded that hens fed diets containing açaí meal presented better use of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and mineral matter. However, there was worse use of dry matter, fiber carbohydrates and ether extract. This result directly affected the energy metabolism of the birds. The inclusion of açaí meal reduced the energy use.

Farelo de algodão na dieta de codornas japonesas / Cottonseed meal in the diet of Japanese quail

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes níveis de inclusão de farelo de algodão na alimentação de codornas japonesas. Foram utilizadas 240 codornas japonesas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, com oito codornas por repetição. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: dieta basal com 0% de farelo de algodão; inclusão de 4% de farelo de algodão; 8% de farelo de algodão; 12% de farelo de algodão e 16% de farelo de algodão. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração individual (g/ave/dia), taxa de postura (%), conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos (kg/dz), conversão alimentar por massa de ovos (kg/kg), viabilidade das aves, ganho de peso. As variáveis para a qualidade do ovo foram: peso do ovo (g), peso da gema (g), peso da casca (g) peso do albúmen, participação percentual da gema, casca e albúmen, gravidade específica (g/cm3). Para consumo individual de ração (g/ave/dia), peso de gema (g), albúmen, percentual da gema, casca e albúmen houve influência (P0,05). O farelo de algodão pode ser adicionado na dieta de codornas japonesas, sem prejudicar o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of inclusion of cottonseed meal in the diet of Japanese quail. Twenty Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and six replicates, with eight quails per replicate. The treatments used were: basal diet with 0% cottonseed meal; inclusion of 4% cottonseed meal, 8% cottonseed meal, 12% cottonseed meal, and 16% cottonseed meal. Feed intake per egg mass (kg/dz), feed conversion per egg mass (kg/kg), viability of birds, and weight gain were evaluated. The egg quality variables were: egg weight (g), yolk weight (g), eggshell weight (g) albumen weight, percentage of yolk, eggshell and albumen, and specific gravity (g/cm3). Cottonseed meal in the diet influenced (P0.05). Cottonseed meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quail without compromising performance or egg quality.

Farelo de algodão na dieta de codornas japonesas / Cottonseed meal in the diet of Japanese quail

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes níveis de inclusão de farelo de algodão na alimentação de codornas japonesas. Foram utilizadas 240 codornas japonesas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, com oito codornas por repetição. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: dieta basal com 0% de farelo de algodão; inclusão de 4% de farelo de algodão; 8% de farelo de algodão; 12% de farelo de algodão e 16% de farelo de algodão. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração individual (g/ave/dia), taxa de postura (%), conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos (kg/dz), conversão alimentar por massa de ovos (kg/kg), viabilidade das aves, ganho de peso. As variáveis para a qualidade do ovo foram: peso do ovo (g), peso da gema (g), peso da casca (g) peso do albúmen, participação percentual da gema, casca e albúmen, gravidade específica (g/cm3). Para consumo individual de ração (g/ave/dia), peso de gema (g), albúmen, percentual da gema, casca e albúmen houve influência (P<0,05) do farelo de algodão na dieta, para as demais variáveis não foi observada diferença significativa (P>0,05). O farelo de algodão pode ser adicionado na dieta de codornas japonesas, sem prejudicar o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate different levels of inclusion of cottonseed meal in the diet of Japanese quail. Twenty Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and six replicates, with eight quails per replicate. The treatments used were: basal diet with 0% cottonseed meal; inclusion of 4% cottonseed meal, 8% cottonseed meal, 12% cottonseed meal, and 16% cottonseed meal. Feed intake per egg mass (kg/dz), feed conversion per egg mass (kg/kg), viability of birds, and weight gain were evaluated. The egg quality variables were: egg weight (g), yolk weight (g), eggshell weight (g) albumen weight, percentage of yolk, eggshell and albumen, and specific gravity (g/cm3). Cottonseed meal in the diet influenced (P<0.05) individual feed intake (g/bird/day), yolk weight (g), albumen, and percentage of yolk, eggshell and albumen. No significant difference was observed for the other variables (P>0.05). Cottonseed meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quail without compromising performance or egg quality.(AU)

Digestibility and Physicochemical Characteristics of Tambaqui Waste Biological Silage Meal Included in Commercial Layer Diets*

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of a biological silage meal made of tambaqui waste on dietary nutrient apparent digestibility and energy metabolism of commercial layer diets. Seventy-two 61-week-old Hisex White hens were assigned according to a completely randomized experimental design in two treatments: control diet and diet with 5% tambaqui waste biological silage meal (TWBSM), with six replicates of six birds each. The ensiled biomass presented grey brown color, acid aroma, viscous texture, 5.27±0.016pH, 96.28% dry matter (DM), 33.29% crude protein (CP), 33.65% ether extract (EE), 14.37% ashes, 13.63% non-nitrogen extract (NNE), 65.16 g.kg-1 calcium (Ca), 22.90 g.kg-1 phosphorus (P), and 5,666.07 kcal.kg-1 gross energy (GE). Higher (p>0.05) coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, crude fiber, EE, and ash, and higher coefficient of GE metabolizability were obtained in the diet with 5% TWBSM. Due to its high CP content (33.29% on DM basis), TWBSM may be considered a protein feedstuff. Although no differences in CP digestibility (p>0.05) were detected, TWBSM presented high CP digestibility than the control diet due to proteins hydrolysis as a result of lactic fermentation by microorganisms during the ensilage process, yielding autolysed proteins of high biological value. Our results indicate that the biological silage meal produced from the residual biomass of tambaqui can be included up to 5% in commercial layer diets as it has good nutrient digestibility, and therefore, may potentially be used as a dietary energy and protein source.(AU)

Digestibility and Physicochemical Characteristics of Tambaqui Waste Biological Silage Meal Included in Commercial Layer Diets*

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of a biological silage meal made of tambaqui waste on dietary nutrient apparent digestibility and energy metabolism of commercial layer diets. Seventy-two 61-week-old Hisex White hens were assigned according to a completely randomized experimental design in two treatments: control diet and diet with 5% tambaqui waste biological silage meal (TWBSM), with six replicates of six birds each. The ensiled biomass presented grey brown color, acid aroma, viscous texture, 5.27±0.016pH, 96.28% dry matter (DM), 33.29% crude protein (CP), 33.65% ether extract (EE), 14.37% ashes, 13.63% non-nitrogen extract (NNE), 65.16 g.kg-1 calcium (Ca), 22.90 g.kg-1 phosphorus (P), and 5,666.07 kcal.kg-1 gross energy (GE). Higher (p>0.05) coefficients of apparent digestibility of DM, crude fiber, EE, and ash, and higher coefficient of GE metabolizability were obtained in the diet with 5% TWBSM. Due to its high CP content (33.29% on DM basis), TWBSM may be considered a protein feedstuff. Although no differences in CP digestibility (p>0.05) were detected, TWBSM presented high CP digestibility than the control diet due to proteins hydrolysis as a result of lactic fermentation by microorganisms during the ensilage process, yielding autolysed proteins of high biological value. Our results indicate that the biological silage meal produced from the residual biomass of tambaqui can be included up to 5% in commercial layer diets as it has good nutrient digestibility, and therefore, may potentially be used as a dietary energy and protein source.

Fish Waste Oil in Laying Hens* Diets

The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in laying hens diets on performance, egg quality, and sensory features of the eggs. 192 Hisex White laying hens with 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p 0.05) were observed in feed intake and egg mass. Feed intake increased until 2.50% of fish waste oil in the diets. Differences were not observed (p>0.05) in all variables analyzed. Differences were observed (p 0.05) in flavor. Eggs from birds fed diets up to 2.00% present better acceptance by the tasters. Above this level, there was a considerable drop in acceptance. From these results, the present study indicates that the use of fish waste oilin laying hens diets did not affect the egg quality. However, its high inclusion negatively affected the feed intake, egg mass, and egg flavor.(AU)

Fish Waste Oil in Laying Hens* Diets

The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in laying hens diets on performance, egg quality, and sensory features of the eggs. 192 Hisex White laying hens with 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Differences (p 0.05) were observed in feed intake and egg mass. Feed intake increased until 2.50% of fish waste oil in the diets. Differences were not observed (p>0.05) in all variables analyzed. Differences were observed (p 0.05) in flavor. Eggs from birds fed diets up to 2.00% present better acceptance by the tasters. Above this level, there was a considerable drop in acceptance. From these results, the present study indicates that the use of fish waste oilin laying hens diets did not affect the egg quality. However, its high inclusion negatively affected the feed intake, egg mass, and egg flavor.