Abscesso estromal em córnea de cão / Corneal stromal abscess in a dog

Background: The eye is an important sense organ responsible for sight. The cornea is the outermost of many eye layers,being predisposed to several lesions, some of them being frequent in small animal clinics meanwhile others are unusualand seldom reported in specialized literature. The stroma abscess is a common condition in horses, but atypical in dogs,it’s a condition in which a microperforation in the corneal epithelium allows microorganisms or a foreign body to penetratethe corneal stroma, and those become inside the cornea after a re-epithelialization, producing an intense inflammatoryresponse. Therefore, this case reports a case of deep stromal abscess in a Shih Tzu dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Shih Tzu, weighing 4.6 kg, was submitted to ophthalmic examination in which the left eyepresented an opaque yellowish-white protruding structure located on the right side, in the center of the cornea (3 o´clockposition), bulbar and palpebral conjunctival hyperemia and congestion, chemosis, blepharospasm, and a moderate amountof mucous discharge. The clinical diagnosis was stromal abscess with reflex uveitis. A differential diagnosis should includeconditions affecting the anterior part of the cornea, such as an epithelial inclusion cyst and a corneal ulcer. The inclusioncyst, contrarily to the corneal abscess, doesn’t cause pain, meanwhile, the corneal ulcer was ruled out by the FluoresceinStaining Test. The recommended treatment was surgical, through lamellar keratectomy, followed by overlapping pedicledconjunctival graft and third eyelid flap. In association with the surgical treatment, oral antibiotics, anti-inflammatory,and opioids, plus topical antibiotics and autologous serum eye drop. Seventy days post-surgery, the previously observedinflammatory signs were no longer present. In the conjunctival graft insertion site perpetuated a scar leucoma with few...

Abscesso estromal em córnea de cão / Corneal stromal abscess in a dog

Background: The eye is an important sense organ responsible for sight. The cornea is the outermost of many eye layers,being predisposed to several lesions, some of them being frequent in small animal clinics meanwhile others are unusualand seldom reported in specialized literature. The stroma abscess is a common condition in horses, but atypical in dogs,its a condition in which a microperforation in the corneal epithelium allows microorganisms or a foreign body to penetratethe corneal stroma, and those become inside the cornea after a re-epithelialization, producing an intense inflammatoryresponse. Therefore, this case reports a case of deep stromal abscess in a Shih Tzu dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Shih Tzu, weighing 4.6 kg, was submitted to ophthalmic examination in which the left eyepresented an opaque yellowish-white protruding structure located on the right side, in the center of the cornea (3 o´clockposition), bulbar and palpebral conjunctival hyperemia and congestion, chemosis, blepharospasm, and a moderate amountof mucous discharge. The clinical diagnosis was stromal abscess with reflex uveitis. A differential diagnosis should includeconditions affecting the anterior part of the cornea, such as an epithelial inclusion cyst and a corneal ulcer. The inclusioncyst, contrarily to the corneal abscess, doesnt cause pain, meanwhile, the corneal ulcer was ruled out by the FluoresceinStaining Test. The recommended treatment was surgical, through lamellar keratectomy, followed by overlapping pedicledconjunctival graft and third eyelid flap. In association with the surgical treatment, oral antibiotics, anti-inflammatory,and opioids, plus topical antibiotics and autologous serum eye drop. Seventy days post-surgery, the previously observedinflammatory signs were no longer present. In the conjunctival graft insertion site perpetuated a scar leucoma with few...(AU)

Eficácia clínica da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados / Clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control ofgastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep

Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos. Quatro grupos experimentais foram formados: G1, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo; G2, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo e vermífugo contendo levamisol; G3, 10 animais que receberam somente vermífugo contendo levamisol; e G4, 10 animais do grupo controle, que não receberam tratamento. Realizamos contagem de ovos nas fezes (ovos por grama, OPG) de estrongilídeos, cultivo de larvas, hemograma, leucograma e dosagem de proteína sérica antes do início do tratamento (D0) e nos dias 14 (D14) e 42 (D42). Houve uma diminuição significativa no OPG dos grupos que receberam levamisole (G2 e G3) do D14 até o final do período experimental. Ao final das avaliações, o OPG médio de G2 e G3 foi significativamente menor do que G1 e G4. O gênero de nematódeo mais comumente encontrado foi Haemonchus (88%) e o menos foi Trichostrongylus (1%). O teste de Redução na Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) de G2 e G3 no D14 foi 98,1% e 97,9%, respectivamente, entretanto, no G1, o RCOF foi zero nos dois dias avaliados. G1 e G2 mostraram aumento significativo na contagem de monócitos em D14 e D42. Houve um aumento significativo nos valores do hematócrito e hemoglobina em G2 e G3, entretanto, um aumento significativo no valor absoluto de hemácias foi observado somente em G2. Duas doses de auto-hemoterapia em intervalos de 21 dias, administradas isoladamente ou como adjuvante do levamisole, não é eficaz no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Four experimental groups were formed: G1, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood; G2, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood and vermifuge containing levamisole; G3, 10 animals receiving only vermifuge containing levamisole; and G4, 10 animals as the control group receiving no treatment. We performed fecal egg count (eggs per gram, EPG) of strongyles, larval culture, hemogram, leukogram, and serum protein dosage prior to the start of treatment (D0), and on days 14 (D14) and 42 (D42). There was a significant decrease in the EPG of the groups receiving levamisole (G2 and G3) from D14 to the end of the experimental period. At the end of the evaluations, the mean EPG of G2 and G3 was significantly lower than that of G1 and G4. The most common nematode genus was Haemonchus (88%), and the least common was Trichostrongylus (1%). The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of G2 and G3 on D14 were 98.1% and 97.9%, respectively, however, in G1, the FECRT was zero on the two days when evaluation took place. G1 and G2 showed a significant increase in monocyte counts on D14 and D42. There was a significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin values in G2 and G3, however, a significant increase in the absolute value of red blood cells was observed only in G2. Two doses of autohemotherapy at 21-day intervals, administered alone or as an adjuvant to levamisole, is ineffective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep.

Clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep / Eficácia clínica da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Four experimental groups were formed: G1, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood; G2, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood and vermifuge containing levamisole; G3, 10 animals receiving only vermifuge containing levamisole; and G4, 10 animals as the control group receiving no treatment. We performed fecal egg count (eggs per gram, EPG) of strongyles, larval culture, hemogram, leukogram, and serum protein dosage prior to the start of treatment (D0), and on days 14 (D14) and 42 (D42). There was a significant decrease in the EPG of the groups receiving levamisole (G2 and G3) from D14 to the end of the experimental period. At the end of the evaluations, the mean EPG of G2 and G3 was significantly lower than that of G1 and G4. The most common nematode genus was Haemonchus (88%), and the least common was Trichostrongylus (1%). The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of G2 and G3 on D14 were 98.1% and 97.9%, respectively, however, in G1, the FECRT was zero on the two days when evaluation took place. G1 and G2 showed a significant increase in monocyte counts on D14 and D42. There was a significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin values in G2 and G3, however, a significant increase in the absolute value of red blood cells was observed only in G2. Two doses of autohemotherapy at 21-day intervals, administered alone or as an adjuvant to levamisole, is ineffective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos. Quatro grupos experimentais foram formados: G1, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo; G2, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo e vermífugo contendo levamisol; G3, 10 animais que receberam somente vermífugo contendo levamisol; e G4, 10 animais do grupo controle, que não receberam tratamento. Realizamos contagem de ovos nas fezes (ovos por grama, OPG) de estrongilídeos, cultivo de larvas, hemograma, leucograma e dosagem de proteína sérica antes do início do tratamento (D0) e nos dias 14 (D14) e 42 (D42). Houve uma diminuição significativa no OPG dos grupos que receberam levamisole (G2 e G3) do D14 até o final do período experimental. Ao final das avaliações, o OPG médio de G2 e G3 foi significativamente menor do que G1 e G4. O gênero de nematódeo mais comumente encontrado foi Haemonchus (88%) e o menos foi Trichostrongylus (1%). O teste de Redução na Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) de G2 e G3 no D14 foi 98,1% e 97,9%, respectivamente, entretanto, no G1, o RCOF foi zero nos dois dias avaliados. G1 e G2 mostraram aumento significativo na contagem de monócitos em D14 e D42. Houve um aumento significativo nos valores do hematócrito e hemoglobina em G2 e G3, entretanto, um aumento significativo no valor absoluto de hemácias foi observado somente em G2. Duas doses de auto-hemoterapia em intervalos de 21 dias, administradas isoladamente ou como adjuvante do levamisole, não é eficaz no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados.

Avaliação morfológica do concentrado autólogo de plaquetas em cães sob refrigeração e criopreservação em DMSO 6% / [Morphological evaluation of the autologous platelet concentrate in dogs under refrigeration and criopreservation in 6% DMSO]

The morphological characteristics of the autologous platelet concentrate (APC) of 31 dogs were evaluated after cooling and freezing in 6% DMSO. Blood from the jugular vein of each patient was collected and centrifuged at 191g for six minutes to obtain APC. In the fresh sample, the platelet count, MPV, PDW and cell morphology were evaluated. Four samples of each animal were sent for storage, one refrigerated at 4°C for seven days, another for 30 days and two more stored in a freezer at -80°C in the same time interval, using 6% DMSO as cryoprotectant. The conserved samples were submitted to the same laboratory analysis as the fresh sample. There was a difference between fresh and preserved samples for platelet count, cell concentration, MPV and PDW (P<0.05), except in the 30-day refrigerated group, which showed severe morphological changes. In the frozen group for seven days, no difference was observed in the percentage of activation (P>0.05). The results obtained lead to the conclusion that cryopreservation with 6% DMSO at -80°C for seven days is a favorable option for the maintenance of platelet concentrations and the morphological characteristics of APC in dogs.(AU)

Autotransfusão imediata em cão - relato de caso / Instant autotransfusion in dog - case report

As hemorragias podem levar à morte, em caso de não interrupção e recuperação da volemia. A substituição do sangue pode ser realizada por transfusão homóloga ou autóloga. Na transfusão homóloga, o sangue é obtido de um doador, na autotransfusão ou transfusão autóloga, o sangue é coletado do próprio paciente. Objetivou-se relatar a autotransfusão em um cão como um método simples, rápido e barato, e discutir esse procedimento como uma alternativa emergencial para clínicas e hospitais que não possuem bancos de sangue ou animais doadores. Foi atendido um cão Rottweiler fêmea, 42,8kg, 10 anos de idade, com queixa principal de tumor mamário e para realização de castração. Após o procedimento, a paciente apresentou hemoperitônio, sendo encaminhada para novo procedimento cirúrgico, durante o qual se observou grande quantidade de sangue livre na cavidade abdominal. Foi realizada a autotransfusão de emergência, pela técnica das duas seringas, devido à indi1111sponibilidade de sangue ou animal doador no momento do procedimento cirúrgico emergencial, demonstrando ser uma opção eficiente, econômica, de fácil acesso e segura, por ser uma transfusão normotérmica, apresentar diminuição do risco de sobrecarga circulatória e por ser o sangue compatível, devendo ser mais explorada, pois existem poucos dados descritos na literatura.(AU)

Hemorrhages can lead to death in case of non-interruption and recovery of blood volume. Blood replacement may be performed by homologous or autologous transfusion. In homologous transfusion, blood is obtained from a donor, in autotransfusion or autologous transfusion, blood is collected from the patient himself. We aimed to report autotransfusion in a dog as a simple, quick, and inexpensive method, and discuss it as an emergency alternative for clinics and hospitals that do not have blood banks or animal donors. A female Rottweiler dog, 42.8kg, 10 years of age, was treated with a primary complaint of mammary tumor and for castration. After the procedure the patient presented hemoperitoneum, being referred to a new surgical procedure, where a large amount of free blood was observed in the abdominal cavity. The emergency autotransfusion was performed by the two syringes technique, due to the unavailability of blood or donor animal at the time of the emergency surgical procedure, proving to be an efficient, economical, easily accessible and safe option because it is a normothermic transfusion, risk of circulatory overload and blood is compatible. It should be more exploited because there are few data described in the literature.(AU)

Autotransfusão imediata em cão - relato de caso / Instant autotransfusion in dog - case report

As hemorragias podem levar à morte, em caso de não interrupção e recuperação da volemia. A substituição do sangue pode ser realizada por transfusão homóloga ou autóloga. Na transfusão homóloga, o sangue é obtido de um doador, na autotransfusão ou transfusão autóloga, o sangue é coletado do próprio paciente. Objetivou-se relatar a autotransfusão em um cão como um método simples, rápido e barato, e discutir esse procedimento como uma alternativa emergencial para clínicas e hospitais que não possuem bancos de sangue ou animais doadores. Foi atendido um cão Rottweiler fêmea, 42,8kg, 10 anos de idade, com queixa principal de tumor mamário e para realização de castração. Após o procedimento, a paciente apresentou hemoperitônio, sendo encaminhada para novo procedimento cirúrgico, durante o qual se observou grande quantidade de sangue livre na cavidade abdominal. Foi realizada a autotransfusão de emergência, pela técnica das duas seringas, devido à indi1111sponibilidade de sangue ou animal doador no momento do procedimento cirúrgico emergencial, demonstrando ser uma opção eficiente, econômica, de fácil acesso e segura, por ser uma transfusão normotérmica, apresentar diminuição do risco de sobrecarga circulatória e por ser o sangue compatível, devendo ser mais explorada, pois existem poucos dados descritos na literatura.(AU)

Hemorrhages can lead to death in case of non-interruption and recovery of blood volume. Blood replacement may be performed by homologous or autologous transfusion. In homologous transfusion, blood is obtained from a donor, in autotransfusion or autologous transfusion, blood is collected from the patient himself. We aimed to report autotransfusion in a dog as a simple, quick, and inexpensive method, and discuss it as an emergency alternative for clinics and hospitals that do not have blood banks or animal donors. A female Rottweiler dog, 42.8kg, 10 years of age, was treated with a primary complaint of mammary tumor and for castration. After the procedure the patient presented hemoperitoneum, being referred to a new surgical procedure, where a large amount of free blood was observed in the abdominal cavity. The emergency autotransfusion was performed by the two syringes technique, due to the unavailability of blood or donor animal at the time of the emergency surgical procedure, proving to be an efficient, economical, easily accessible and safe option because it is a normothermic transfusion, risk of circulatory overload and blood is compatible. It should be more exploited because there are few data described in the literature.(AU)

Fat grafting associated with negative pressure wound therapy

Purpose:To describe a case report of FG associated with NPWT in the treatment of complex wound on the distal third of the lower limb with bone exposure.Case Report:A 59-year-old patient with chronic left tibial osteomyelitis since childhood underwent extensive debridement of the distal tibial diaphysis (40% of bone thickness per 10 cm extension) and placement of bioactive glass S53P4. Distal necrosis occurred in the fasciocutaneous flap used as the primary bone coverage. After flap debridement, the case was resolved with FG, directly on the exposed bone and biomaterial, associated with NPWT. Three weeks after the first FG session over bony tissue, 100% granulation was achieved with NPWT. The closure was completed with thin laminated skin graft over the granulated wound area.Discussion:The association of FG and NPWT is not known in the clinical practice. Except for the only one experimental study described by Kao et al.4, the theme was not addressed in the medical literature before. In this clinical case, the result obtained regarding the granulation tissue formation drew attention and prevented the use of more complex flaps such as the microsurgical ones. Accelerated granulation tissue formation was observed, filling an extensive and deep bone defect, even with infected bone and biomaterial. Low morbidity and no complications were observed with the use of FG associated with NPWT. When the grafted fat was compacted with the NPWT, it seemed to behave as a true autologous biological matrix with large amount of cells. To date, scientific studies on fat grafting have focused on the cellular aspect (adipocytes and mesenchymal cells), growth factors and fat differentiation in different tissues. The property of aspirated adipose tissue as a biological matrix seemed to be revealed by the application of NPWT in association with FG. This new roll for the aspirated fat tissue may represent a new research field in plastic surgery.(AU)

Impact of autologous whole blood administration upon experimental mouse models of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Background: Autologous whole blood (AWB) administration is described as alternative/complementary medical practice widely employed in medical and veterinary therapy against infections, chronic pathologies and neoplasias. Our aim is to investigate in vivo biological effect of AWB using healthy murine models under the course of Trypanosoma cruzi acute infection. Methods: The first set of studies consisted of injecting different volumes of AWB and saline (SAL) into the posterior region of quadriceps muscle of healthy male Swiss mice under distinct therapeutic schemes evaluating: animal behavior, body and organ weight, hemogram, plasmatic biochemical markers for tissue damage and inflammatory cytokine levels and profile. To assess the impact on the experimental T. cruzi infection, different schemes (prior and post infection) and periods of AWB administration (from one up to 10 days) were conducted, also employing heterologous whole blood (HWB) and evaluating plasma cytokine profile. Results: No major adverse events were observed in healthy AWB-treated mice, except gait impairment in animals that received three doses of 20 L AWB in the same hind limb. AWB and SAL triggered an immediate polymorphonuclear response followed by mononuclear infiltrate. Although SAL triggered an inflammatory response, the kinetics and intensity of the histological profile and humoral mediator levels were different from AWB, the latter occurring earlier and more intensely with concomitant elevation of plasma IL-6. Inflammatory peak response of SAL, mainly composed of mononuclear cells with IL-10, was increased at 24 h. According to the mouse model of acute T. cruzi infection, only minor decreases ( 30%) in the parasitemia levels were produced by AWB and HWB given before and after infection, without protecting against mortality. Rises in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and...(AU)

Impact of autologous whole blood administration upon experimental mouse models of acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection

Background: Autologous whole blood (AWB) administration is described as alternative/complementary medical practice widely employed in medical and veterinary therapy against infections, chronic pathologies and neoplasias. Our aim is to investigate in vivo biological effect of AWB using healthy murine models under the course of Trypanosoma cruzi acute infection. Methods: The first set of studies consisted of injecting different volumes of AWB and saline (SAL) into the posterior region of quadriceps muscle of healthy male Swiss mice under distinct therapeutic schemes evaluating: animal behavior, body and organ weight, hemogram, plasmatic biochemical markers for tissue damage and inflammatory cytokine levels and profile. To assess the impact on the experimental T. cruzi infection, different schemes (prior and post infection) and periods of AWB administration (from one up to 10 days) were conducted, also employing heterologous whole blood (HWB) and evaluating plasma cytokine profile. Results: No major adverse events were observed in healthy AWB-treated mice, except gait impairment in animals that received three doses of 20 L AWB in the same hind limb. AWB and SAL triggered an immediate polymorphonuclear response followed by mononuclear infiltrate. Although SAL triggered an inflammatory response, the kinetics and intensity of the histological profile and humoral mediator levels were different from AWB, the latter occurring earlier and more intensely with concomitant elevation of plasma IL-6. Inflammatory peak response of SAL, mainly composed of mononuclear cells with IL-10, was increased at 24 h. According to the mouse model of acute T. cruzi infection, only minor decreases ( 30%) in the parasitemia levels were produced by AWB and HWB given before and after infection, without protecting against mortality. Rises in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and...

Comparison among bone marrow mesenchymal stem and mononuclear cells to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rabbits

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem-cells and autologous mononuclear cells to promote sensorimotor recovery and tissue rescue. Methods: Female rabbits were submitted to the epidural balloon inflation method and the intravenous cells administrations were made after 8 hours or seven days after injury induction. Sensorimotor evaluation of the hindlimbs was performed, and the euthanasia was made thirty days after the treatment. Spinal cords were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Both therapies given 8 hours after the injury promoted the sensorimotor recovery after a week. Only the group treated after a week with mononuclear cells showed no significant recovery at post-injury day 14. In the days 21 and 28, all treatments promoted significant recovery. Histopathological analysis showed no difference among the experimental groups. Our results showed that both bone marrow-derived cell types promoted significant sensorimotor recovery after injury, and the treatment made at least a week after injury is efficient. Conclusion: The possibilities of therapy with bone marrow-derived cells are large, increasing the therapeutic arsenal for the treatment of spinal cord injury.(AU)

Efeito do gel de plasma rico em plaquetas na cicatrização de enxertos cutâneos em equinos / Effect of platelet-rich plasma gel on graft skin healing in equines

O gel de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é uma concentração autóloga de plaquetas em um pequeno volume de plasma com potencial de melhorar a integração dos enxertos. Foram utilizados oito equinos adultos, realizando-se enxertos de pele com largura de 2,5 x 2,5 centímetros em cada lado do pescoço, sendo um lado o tratamento, com o uso do gel de PRP e do outro lado o controle. Os animais foram avaliados nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 após a cirurgia por meio de avaliação clínica, histológica, morfométrica e cultura bacteriana dos enxertos. As avaliações clínicas, morfométricas e bacteriológicas dos tecidos enxertados não revelaram diferenças significativas entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento com PRP. A avaliação histológica revelou um aumento da inflamação aguda no momento 7 e de concentração de colágeno no momento 14 no grupo tratamento, decorrente da liberação de fatores de crescimento pelas plaquetas presentes no gel, que não diferiu nos demais momentos. De acordo com as condições experimentais utilizadas neste estudo, pode-se concluir que não houve diferenças significativas entre o lado tratado com PRP e o lado controle em enxertos cutâneos em equinos.(AU)

The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel is an autologous platelet concentration in a small plasma volume with the potential to improve the integration of the grafts. Eight adult equines were used, performing skin grafts, with 2.5x2.5 centimeters, on both sides of the neck, in which one was the treatment side, using the PRP gel, and the other side was the control. The animals were assessed after the surgery on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, by clinical, histological, morphometric, and culture analysis of the grafts. The clinical, morphological, and biological analysis of tissue grafts revealed no significant differences between the control group and the treatment group with PRP. Histologic evaluation revealed an increase in acute inflammation on day 7 and collagen concentration on day 14, resulting from the release of growth factors by the platelets present in the gel, which did not differ in further moments. According to the experimental conditions used in this study, we concluded there were no significant differences between the side treated with PRP and the control side in skin grafts in horses.(AU)

Efeito do gel de plasma rico em plaquetas na cicatrização de enxertos cutâneos em equinos / Effect of platelet-rich plasma gel on graft skin healing in equines

O gel de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é uma concentração autóloga de plaquetas em um pequeno volume de plasma com potencial de melhorar a integração dos enxertos. Foram utilizados oito equinos adultos, realizando-se enxertos de pele com largura de 2,5 x 2,5 centímetros em cada lado do pescoço, sendo um lado o tratamento, com o uso do gel de PRP e do outro lado o controle. Os animais foram avaliados nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 após a cirurgia por meio de avaliação clínica, histológica, morfométrica e cultura bacteriana dos enxertos. As avaliações clínicas, morfométricas e bacteriológicas dos tecidos enxertados não revelaram diferenças significativas entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento com PRP. A avaliação histológica revelou um aumento da inflamação aguda no momento 7 e de concentração de colágeno no momento 14 no grupo tratamento, decorrente da liberação de fatores de crescimento pelas plaquetas presentes no gel, que não diferiu nos demais momentos. De acordo com as condições experimentais utilizadas neste estudo, pode-se concluir que não houve diferenças significativas entre o lado tratado com PRP e o lado controle em enxertos cutâneos em equinos.

The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel is an autologous platelet concentration in a small plasma volume with the potential to improve the integration of the grafts. Eight adult equines were used, performing skin grafts, with 2.5x2.5 centimeters, on both sides of the neck, in which one was the treatment side, using the PRP gel, and the other side was the control. The animals were assessed after the surgery on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, by clinical, histological, morphometric, and culture analysis of the grafts. The clinical, morphological, and biological analysis of tissue grafts revealed no significant differences between the control group and the treatment group with PRP. Histologic evaluation revealed an increase in acute inflammation on day 7 and collagen concentration on day 14, resulting from the release of growth factors by the platelets present in the gel, which did not differ in further moments. According to the experimental conditions used in this study, we concluded there were no significant differences between the side treated with PRP and the control side in skin grafts in horses.

EFEITO DO GEL DE PLASMA RICO EM PLAQUETAS NA CICATRIZAÇÃO DE ENXERTOS CUTÂNEOS EM EQUINOS

Abstract The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel is an autologous platelet concentration in a small plasma volume with the potential to improve the integration of the grafts. Eight adult equines were used, performing skin grafts, with 2.5x2.5 centimeters, on both sides of the neck, in which one was the treatment side, using the PRP gel, and the other side was the control. The animals were assessed after the surgery on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, by clinical, histological, morphometric, and culture analysis of the grafts. The clinical, morphological, and biological analysis of tissue grafts revealed no significant differences between the control group and the treatment group with PRP. Histologic evaluation revealed an increase in acute inflammation on day 7 and collagen concentration on day 14, resulting from the release of growth factors by the platelets present in the gel, which did not differ in further moments. According to the experimental conditions used in this study, we concluded there were no significant differences between the side treated with PRP and the control side in skin grafts in horses.

Resumo O gel de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é uma concentração autóloga de plaquetas em um pequeno volume de plasma com potencial de melhorar a integração dos enxertos. Foram utilizados oito equinos adultos, realizando-se enxertos de pele com largura de 2,5 x 2,5 centímetros em cada lado do pescoço, sendo um lado o tratamento, com o uso do gel de PRP e do outro lado o controle. Os animais foram avaliados nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 após a cirurgia por meio de avaliação clínica, histológica, morfométrica e cultura bacteriana dos enxertos. As avaliações clínicas, morfométricas e bacteriológicas dos tecidos enxertados não revelaram diferenças significativas entre o grupo controle e o grupo tratamento com PRP. A avaliação histológica revelou um aumento da inflamação aguda no momento 7 e de concentração de colágeno no momento 14 no grupo tratamento, decorrente da liberação de fatores de crescimento pelas plaquetas presentes no gel, que não diferiu nos demais momentos. De acordo com as condições experimentais utilizadas neste estudo, pode-se concluir que não houve diferenças significativas entre o lado tratado com PRP e o lado controle em enxertos cutâneos em equinos.

Assessment of the healing of standardized wounds in rabbits treated serially with autologous platelet-rich plasma gel / Avaliação da reparação de feridas padronizadas em coelhos tratadas de forma seriada com plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo gel

Recent studies have been carried out to evaluate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the cicatrization of wounds; however, the protocols for treatment have been based on a single application of PRP. To evaluate the effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma in gel form on the cicatrization of cutaneous wounds in vivo experimental model, wounds were induced in the dorsal areas of six New Zealand white rabbits with the aid of an 8-mm punch. The right side was used as a control (A) and treated with 0.9% NaCl, whereas the left side (B) was treated serially with the autologous platelet-rich plasma gel. Lesions were assessed over a 17-day period. At days 0, 10 and 17, the animals were evaluated and morphological and morphometric analyses of the wounds were performed. At day 17, a biopsy wasperformed for histopathological evaluation. Macroscopically, wounds treated with PRP showed better cicatrization and higher contraction percentages than the control wounds. Regarding the percentage of wound contraction, it was found that the average treated wound with autologous platelet-rich plasma gelwas 95% while with the control was 88%. We concluded that autologous platelet-rich plasma gel is effective and accelerates cicatrization when used serially in short intervals, thus confirming its therapeutic potential in cutaneous lesions and potential as an alternative wound treatment option.

Estudos recentes demonstram uma evolução do papel do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) na cicatrização de feridas. No entanto, os protocolos para tratamento baseiam-se em uma única aplicação do PRP. Para avaliar o efeito da aplicação seriada do plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo na forma gel sobre a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em modelos experimentais in vivo, induziu-se feridas no dorso de seis coelhos brancos da raça Nova Zelândia com auxílio de um punch de 8mm. O lado direito foi considerado controle (A) e tratado com NaCl 0,9% e o lado esquerdo (B)e tratado com gel autólogo de plasma rico em plaquetas. As lesões foram avaliadas por um período de 17 dias. Nos dias 0, 10 e 17, as feridas foram avaliadas morfológica e morfometricamente. No 17º dia foi feita biópsia para avaliação histopatológica. Macroscopicamente, as feridas tratadas com PRP evidenciaram melhor cicatrização e maior porcentagem de contração quando comparadas as feridas controle. Com relação ao percentual de contração das feridas, verificou-se que a média das feridas tratadas com plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo gel foi de 95%, enquanto o lado controle foi de 88%. Concluiu-se que o PRP autólogo gel é eficaz e acelera o processo de cicatrização, quando aplicado em intervalos curtos e de forma seriada, comprovando seu potencial terapêutico sobre lesões cutâneas, podendo ainda ser uma alternativa de tratamento de feridas.

Assessment of the healing of standardized wounds in rabbits treated serially with autologous platelet-rich plasma gel / Avaliação da reparação de feridas padronizadas em coelhos tratadas de forma seriada com plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo gel

Recent studies have been carried out to evaluate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the cicatrization of wounds; however, the protocols for treatment have been based on a single application of PRP. To evaluate the effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma in gel form on the cicatrization of cutaneous wounds in vivo experimental model, wounds were induced in the dorsal areas of six New Zealand white rabbits with the aid of an 8-mm punch. The right side was used as a control (A) and treated with 0.9% NaCl, whereas the left side (B) was treated serially with the autologous platelet-rich plasma gel. Lesions were assessed over a 17-day period. At days 0, 10 and 17, the animals were evaluated and morphological and morphometric analyses of the wounds were performed. At day 17, a biopsy wasperformed for histopathological evaluation. Macroscopically, wounds treated with PRP showed better cicatrization and higher contraction percentages than the control wounds. Regarding the percentage of wound contraction, it was found that the average treated wound with autologous platelet-rich plasma gelwas 95% while with the control was 88%. We concluded that autologous platelet-rich plasma gel is effective and accelerates cicatrization when used serially in short intervals, thus confirming its therapeutic potential in cutaneous lesions and potential as an alternative wound treatment option.(AU)

Estudos recentes demonstram uma evolução do papel do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) na cicatrização de feridas. No entanto, os protocolos para tratamento baseiam-se em uma única aplicação do PRP. Para avaliar o efeito da aplicação seriada do plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo na forma gel sobre a cicatrização de feridas cutâneas em modelos experimentais in vivo, induziu-se feridas no dorso de seis coelhos brancos da raça Nova Zelândia com auxílio de um punch de 8mm. O lado direito foi considerado controle (A) e tratado com NaCl 0,9% e o lado esquerdo (B)e tratado com gel autólogo de plasma rico em plaquetas. As lesões foram avaliadas por um período de 17 dias. Nos dias 0, 10 e 17, as feridas foram avaliadas morfológica e morfometricamente. No 17º dia foi feita biópsia para avaliação histopatológica. Macroscopicamente, as feridas tratadas com PRP evidenciaram melhor cicatrização e maior porcentagem de contração quando comparadas as feridas controle. Com relação ao percentual de contração das feridas, verificou-se que a média das feridas tratadas com plasma rico em plaquetas autólogo gel foi de 95%, enquanto o lado controle foi de 88%. Concluiu-se que o PRP autólogo gel é eficaz e acelera o processo de cicatrização, quando aplicado em intervalos curtos e de forma seriada, comprovando seu potencial terapêutico sobre lesões cutâneas, podendo ainda ser uma alternativa de tratamento de feridas.(AU)

N-acetylcysteine improves morphologic and functional aspects of ovarian grafts in rats

To evaluate morphological and functional aspects of the ovarian graft in transplanted rats treated with NAC. Female Wistar rats, virgin, 3 to 4 months old, weighing 200-250 grams were used in experiments. The rats have been kept in proper sanitary conditions, receiving food and water ad libitum. Five groups (n=10, each) were constituted: 4 groups treated subcutaneously with NAC, at doses of 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg (NAC150, NAC300, NAC600 and NAC1200, respectively), one hour of before the ovarian transplantation and control group (GTx) - treated with physiological solution and submitted to ovarian transplantation. The rats were anesthetized and submitted to autologous left ovarian transplantation, without anastomosis in retroperitoneum, and contralateral oophorectomy. During follow-up of 4 or 15 days, the estrous cycle was evaluated by vaginal smears to determine cycle regularity. At the end of 4th or 15th days, rats were re-anesthetized and blood and graft were obtained to estradiol analysis and morphological assessment. Data were analysed by One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) or ANOVA on ranks complemented by Student-Newman-Keuls test. RESULTS: At 4th day, viable follicles in the graft did not altered by NAC treatments. The NAC300 and NAC600 groups showed increasing in follicle atresia (p=0.012) compared to GTx and NAC1200 group. At 15th day, 50% of GTx, NAC150, and NAC300 rats showed regular oestrous cycle; 83% of NAC600 and 100% of NAC1200 rats returned to regular cycle. NAC1200 group showed increasing in primordial follicle compared to GTx, NAC150 or NAC300 (p=0.011). NAC did not interfere in estradiol levels after 4 or 15 days of transplantation. In autologous ovarian transplantation, high dose of NAC promotes graft viability with recovery of estrous cycle.(AU)

Autologous conditioned serum and platelet-rich plasma in equine orthopedic therapeutics / Uso do soro autólogo condicionado e do plasma rico em plaquetas na terapia ortopédica de equinos

Musculoskeletal injuries that occur in horses during sports activities are often disabling and require a long period of treatment and rehabilitation, most resulting in scar tissue, predisposing to recurrence. In search of more effective therapies and tissue regeneration, studies have been carried out with blood derivatives - platelet rich plasma and autologous conditioned serum. In spite of both being bloodderived therapies, platelet rich plasma and autologous conditioned serum are distinct products, with equally distinct indications for their use. Platelet rich plasma shows promising results in ligament and tendon injuries in clinical and experimental trials. This occurs also in osteoarticular lesions with both hemoderivates, autologous conditioned serum and platelet rich plasma. This review aims to present clinical and experimental studies (in vivo and in vitro) in the equine species, as an aid for an appropriate therapeutic choice, when hemoderivates are considered for treatment of musculoskeletal lesions. (AU)

As lesões musculoesqueléticas que ocorrem durante a prática esportiva em equinos são debilitantes e demandam um longo período de tratamento e reabilitação, para muitas vezes obter-se após o tratamento apenas um tecido cicatricial, predispondo à recidiva. Em busca de terapias mais efetivas e da reparação tecidual de melhor qualidade, tem sido estudada a utilização de derivados sanguíneos, como plasma rico em plaquetas e soro autólogo condicionado. Apesar de ambos serem considerados hemoderivados, o soro autólogo condicionado e o plasma rico em plaquetas são produtos distintos com indicações totalmente diferentes para seu uso. Em lesões tendíneas e ligamentares o plasma rico em plaquetas apresenta resultado promissor em estudos clínicos e experimentais. Nas lesões osteoarticulares estes resultados são obtidos tanto com o soro autólogo condicionado como com o plasma rico em plaquetas. A presente revisão tem como objetivo apresentar estudos clínicos e experimentais (in vivo e in vitro) na espécie equina, que auxiliem na escolha do melhor hemoderivado a ser utilizado frente às diferentes lesões musculoesqueléticas.(AU)

TERAPIA COM CÉLULAS TRONCO EM CÃES COM CERATOCONJUNTIVITE SECA

A Ceratoconjuntivite Seca (CCS) é uma condição multifatorial que acarreta em desordem na produção de lágrimas, resultando em sinais clássicos como: ressecamento ocular, hiperemia conjuntival, incômodo, dor, hiperpigmentação, neovascularização, secreção mucosa ou mucopurulenta, podendo ou não haver presença de úlceras. No tratamento convencional normalmente são utilizados fármacos imunossupressores, administrados por longos períodos, porém possuem resultados limitados. Desta forma, a necessidade de se buscar novos tratamentos, que visem reparar e restaurar a funcionalidade da glândula lacrimal comprometida é um dos principais desafios no campo da medicina veterinária. Diante do exposto, foram utilizados quatro cães (CCS-1, CCS-2, CCS-3 e CCS-4) acometidos bilateralmente pela Ceratoconjuntivite Seca, adultos, que receberam células de forma autóloga, instiladas em cada olho, recebendo 3 aplicações, com intervalo de 30 dias cada uma e sendo avaliados semanalmente quanto a evolução clínica e a produção lacrimal, por meio do Teste de Schirmer. Inicialmente houve redução dos sinais clínicos da doença, com melhora significativa durante todo o período de avaliação, apresentando queda acentuada da secreção ocular, melhora quanto a opacidade e vascularização da córnea, e sutil aumento da produção lacrimal. No entanto, o custo benefício precisa ser melhor avaliado visto que o uso de células, assim como o tratamento convencional, se mostra limitado, podendo não ser duradouro quando se trata de animais com estágio avançado da doença, o que pode ter influenciado diretamente nos resultados encontrados. Desta maneira, mais estudos com animais com a enfermidade de leve a moderada se fazem necessários no que concerne o uso tópico de células-tronco mesenquimais.

Dry keratoconjunctivitis (DKC) is a multifactorial condition that causes tear production disorder, resulting in classic signs such as: ocular dryness, conjunctival hyperemia, nuisance, pain, hyperpigmentation, neovascularization, mucous or mucopurulent secretion, and may or may not be present. ulcers. In conventional treatment, immunosuppressive drugs are usually used, administered for long periods, but they have limited results. Thus, the need to seek new treatments aimed at repairing and restoring the functionality of the compromised lacrimal gland is one of the main challenges in the field of veterinary medicine. In the present study, four dogs (DKC-1, DKC -2, DKC-3 and DKC-4) bilaterally affected by Ceratoconjunctivitis Seca were used, which received autologous cells, instilled in each eye, receiving 3 applications with interval of 30 days each and being evaluated weekly for clinical evolution and lacrimal production, by means of the Schirmer test. Initially, there was a reduction of the clinical signs of the disease, with a significant improvement throughout the evaluation period, showing a marked decrease in ocular secretion, improvement in opacity and corneal vascularization, and subtle increase in lacrimal production. However, the cost benefit needs to be better evaluated since the use of cells as well as the conventional treatment is also limited, and may not be long lasting when it comes to animals with a chronic stage of the disease, which may have had a direct influence on the results found. In this way, more studies with animals with mild to moderate disease are necessary regarding the topical use of mesenchymal stem cells.

AVALIAÇÃO COMPARATIVA DA EFICÁCIA NA OBTENÇÃO DO PLASMA RICO EM PLAQUETAS (PRP) PRODUZIDO A PARTIR DE SANGUE DE MUAR (Equus caballus X Equus asininus) E EQUINOS (Equus caballus) SADIOS.

O uso do Plasma Rico em Plaquetas (PRP) autólogo apresenta resultados positivos em diversas enfermidades na medicina equina, tais como tendinites e desmites, no tratamento de feridas, osteoartrite e na cicatrização de fraturas. No entanto, a falta de padronização dos protocolos de preparo do PRP torna difícil a avaliação dos resultados clínicos. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar comparativamente a eficácia de obtenção do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) utilizando dois protocolos distintos, produzido a partir de sangue de muares (Equus caballus x Equus asininus) e equinos (Equus caballus) sadios. Para este estudo, foram coletados 54mL de sangue total de 19 equídeos sadios, sendo 8 equinos da raça Quarto de Milha, e 11 Muares subdivididos em 12 tubos a vácuo com citrato de sódio a 3,2%. As amostras de cada grupo foram submetidas ao protocolo I com descanso de 2 horas no final do processamento do PRP e o protocolo II com 2 horas de descanso antes do processamento do PRP. A força g e o tempo de centrifugação foram as mesmas utilizados para ambos os protocolos. Após as centrifugações foram aliquotadas 2mL do plasma e congelados para análise do VEGF (Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular) (estágio A e B) e o PRP (estágio C) por meio de ELISA. Verificou-se que a concentração plaquetária no grupo do protocolo II dos equinos foi superior ao grupo do protocolo I (p< 0,01; 95%), enquanto que nos muares, o protocolo I apresentou uma média de plaquetas no PRP de 816,9 x 103/µL ± 177,50 e para o protocolo II uma média foi de 769,1 x 103/µL ± 212,20, não havendo diferenças significativas. Ao mensurar os níveis de VEGF nos diferentes estágios da produção do PRP, os mesmos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Desta forma concluímos que não houve ativação plaquetária no processamento do PRP. O protocolo II é o mais eficaz na concentração do PRP em equinos e não difere quanto à eficácia para os muares. Ao comparar as espécies, os muares forneceram o PRP mais concentrado que dos equinos.

Autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) has been used with positive results in equine veterinary medicine to treat conditions such as tendonitis, desmitis, in wound healing, osteoarthritis and fracture healing. However, lack of standardization for PRP preparation protocols make it difficult to evaluate clinical results. This study evaluates platelet yield using two different PRP preparation protocols from blood obtained from healthy horses (Equus caballus) and mules/jacks (Equus caballus x Equus asininus). Fifty four millilitres of whole blood were collected into twelve 3.2% sodium citrate evacuated tubes from 19 animals, eight horses and eleven mules/jacks. The samples were subjected to different procedural protocols (I and II) using the same g force and centrifugation time but with different moments of sample resting. After the centrifugations, 2mL of the plasma were aliquoted and frozen for analysis of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) (stage A and B) and PRP (stage C) by ELISA. Mean platelet counts in protocol II were significantly higher than protocol I for the horses (p< 0.01; 95%) while there were no significant differences (p = 0.49) between protocols for the mules (protocol I mean PRP platelet count 816.900 x 103.000/µL ± 177.500; protocol II mean PRP platelet count 769.100 x 103.000/µL ± 212.200). When measuring VEGF levels at the different stages of PRP production, there were no significant differences, indicating there was no platelet activation and degranulation during processing. In conclusion, protocol II for PRP preparation produces a higher yield for horses but not for mules. When species were compared, mules offered a higher platelet yield than horses.