Probiotic and synbiotic in broiler diet: performance and Enterobacteriaceae / [Probiótico e simbiótico em ração para frangos: desempenho e Enterobacteriaceae]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and synbiotics on the performance and Enterobacteriaceae count of broiler chickens. A total of 640 one-day-old male broiler chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates with 20 birds each. The treatments were: ration with performance enhancer (zinc bacitracin; positive control); ration without performance enhancer and probiotic/synbiotic (negative control); ration with probiotics; and ration with synbiotics. At 35 days, five birds from each treatment were euthanized and intestinal contents were harvested for determining the Enterobacteriaceae count. The performance data and average colony-forming units (CFUs) transformed as log CFU/g were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The effects of probiotics and synbiotics were observed in the initial phase, with supplemented birds exhibiting comparable weight gain to those supplemented with bacitracin. No effect of the treatment on broiler performance was observed after 42 days. The enterobacterial count was comparable among all experimental treatments. Supplementation with probiotics and synbiotics did not compromise the performance of broilers and did not alter the Enterobacteriaceae count.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do probiótico e do simbiótico sobre o desempenho e a contagem de Enterobacteriaceae em frangos. Foram utilizados 640 pintos de corte, machos, de um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos, oito repetições com 20 aves cada. Os tratamentos foram: ração com melhorador de desempenho (bacitracina de zinco) (controle positivo); ração sem melhorador de desempenho e sem probiótico/simbiótico (controle negativo); ração com probiótico e ração com simbiótico. Aos 35 dias, cinco aves por tratamento foram eutanasiadas para retirada de conteúdo intestinal e determinação de Enterobacteriaceae. As médias das unidades formadoras de colônias, transformadas em log/UFC/g, e de desempenho foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas pelo teste Tukey. Foi observado efeito do probiótico e do simbiótico na fase inicial, sendo que aves apresentaram os mesmos resultados de ganho de peso e de peso corporal que o grupo de aves alimentado com bacitracina. Aos 42 dias, não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho. Aves que não receberam nenhum aditivo não apresentaram maior contagem de enterobactérias, sendo semelhantes aos demais tratamentos. A adição do probiótico e do simbiótico não compromete o desempenho dos frangos e não altera a contagem de Enterobacteriaceae.(AU)

PERFORMANCE AND LIPID METABOLISM IN NELLORE ANGUS YOUNG BULLS FED IONOPHORES AND NON-IONOPHORES ADDITIVES

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da associação entre aditivos ionóforos e não-ionóforos sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e turnover lipídico ao longo do tempo no confinamento de tourinhos F1 Nelore Angus. Foram utilizados 72 animais, com peso corporal inicial de 417,4 ± 41,0 kg, que foram aleatoriamente alocados em 18 baias, totalizando 4 animais por baia, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os três tratamentos consistiam no fornecimento de monensina (MON), monensina e bacitracina de zinco (MONBZ) ou monensina e virginiamicina (MONVM). As doses de monensina, bacitracina de zinco e virginiamicina foram 25,0; 8,75 e 25,0 mg/kg matéria seca, respectivamente. O período de adaptação dos animais à dieta e às instalações foi de 27 dias e o período experimental durou 82 dias. A dieta era composta por 15% de silagem de milho e 85% de concentrado. Foi realizada biópsia do músculo longissimus thoracis no dia 7 do período experimental para análise de RT-qPCR. Também foram coletadas amostras de sangue nos dias 7 e 43 do período experimental para mensuração da concentração sérica de D-lactato. No abate também foram coletadas amostras de músculo. Não houve efeito significativo no desempenho total, eficiência alimentar, composição química da carne e na maioria das características de carcaça (P > 0,16). Os animais do tratamento MONVM apresentaram menor ganho médio diário (GMD) no início do confinamento (P = 0,02), já final do confinamento, os mesmos animais tenderam a apresentar maior GMD (P = 0,08). A concentração de D-lactato foi semelhante entre os três tratamentos e não foi afetada pelo tempo (P > 0,40). Os animais alimentados com MONVM tiveram maior número de refeições comparados com os animais alimentados com MON (P = 0,03). Por outro lado, os animais do tratamento MON tiveram maior seleção a favor das partículas médias (8 a 19 mm) do que o tratamento MONVM (P = 0,05). Enquanto que o tratamento MON também recusou mais as partículas pequenas (< 8 mm) do que os demais tratamentos (P < 0,01). A expressão dos genes SREBF1, PPARG, ACACA e SCD1 não foi influenciada pelos aditivos nem pelo tempo (P > 0,20). Todavia, a expressão dos genes LPL e CD36 aumentaram com o tempo (P = 0,02), enquanto que do gene FASN diminuiu (P = 0,07). O tratamento MONBZ apresentou maior expressão do PPARA no dia 7 e menor expressão no momento do abate (P = 0,07), já a expressão do CPT2 foi menor no tempo 7 para o tratamento MONBZ e maior no momento do abate para MONVM (P = 0,07). Diante disso, concluise que o uso isolado ou combinado dos aditivos não melhorou o desempenho dos animais nem as características de carcaça sugerindo que o uso pode ser realizado na forma isolada ou associada. Além disso, as alterações na expressão dos genes não foram suficientes para modificar a composição química da carne.

The objetive of the currently study was to evaluate the effects of combination between ionophores and non-ionofores additives on performance, carcass traits and lipid turnover over time in feedlot of Nellore Angus young bulls. Seventy-two animals were utilized, with initial body weight 417.4 ± 41.0 kg, and randomly allotted in 18 pens, totalizing 4 animals per pen, in a completely randomized design. The three treatments consisted of supplementation of monensin (MON), monensin plus zinc bacitracin (MONZB) or monensin plus virginiamycin (MONVM). Monensin, zinc bacitracin and virginiamycin doses were 25.0, 8.75 and 25.0 mg/kg dry matter, respectively. The facilities and diet adaptation period lasted 27 d and the experimental period 82 d. The diet consisted in 15% of corn silage and 85% of concentrate. It was performed muscle biopsy from longissimus thoracis on d 7 of the experimental period to RT-qPCR analysis. In addition, blood samples were collected on d 7 and 43 of the experimental period to measured serum Dlactate concentration. At slaughter were collected muscle samples. There was no significant effect on overall performance, feed efficiency and most of carcass traits (P > 0.16). Animals fed MONVM presented lower average daily gain (ADG) in the beginning of the feedlot (P = 0.02). On the other hand, in the end of the feedlot the same treatment presented greater ADG (P = 0.08). Serum D-lactate concentration was similar among the three treatments and was not affected by time (P > 0.40). Animals fed MONVM had higher number of meals compared to animals fed MON (P = 0.03). On the other hand, animals fed MON had greater preferential intake of middle particle size (8 to 19 mm) than animals fed MONVM (P = 0.05). While animals fed MON, also refuse more the small particles (< 8 mm) than other treatments (P < 0.01). The expression of SREBF1, PPARG, ACACAand SCD1 was not influenced by the additives either by time (P > 0.20). However, the expression of LPL and CD36 increased over time (P = 0.02), while FASN expression decreased (P = 0.07). MONZB presented greater expression of PPARA on d 7 and lower expression at slaughter (P = 0.07). CPT2 expression was lower on d 7 for MONZB and higher for MONVM at slaughter (P = 0.07). Thus, the alone or combined use of the additives did not improved animal overall performance either carcass traits, suggesting that additives can be used alone or combined. In addition, the changes in gene expression was not enough to modify chemical composition of the meat.

Systematic mutagenesis method for enhanced production of bacitracin by Bacillus licheniformis mutant strain UV-MN-HN-6

The purpose of the current study was intended to obtain the enhanced production of bacitracin by Bacillus licheniformis through random mutagenesis and optimization of various parameters. Several isolates of Bacillus licheniformis were isolated from local habitat and isolate designated as GP-35 produced maximum bacitracin production (14±0.72 IU ml-1). Bacitracin production of Bacillus licheniformis GP-35 was increased to 23±0.69 IU ml-1 after treatment with ultraviolet (UV) radiations. Similarly, treatment of vegetative cells of GP-35 with chemicals like N-methyl N'-nitro N-nitroso guanidine (MNNG) and Nitrous acid (HNO2) increased the bacitracin production to a level of 31±1.35 IU ml-1 and 27±0.89 IU ml-1 respectively. Treatment of isolate GP-35 with combined effect of UV and chemical treatment yield significantly higher titers of bacitracin with maximum bacitracin production of 41.6±0.92 IU ml-1. Production of bacitracin was further enhanced (59.1±1.35 IU ml-1) by optimization of different parameters like phosphate sources, organic acids as well as temperature and pH. An increase of 4.22 fold in the production of bacitracin after mutagenesis and optimization of various parameters was achieved in comparison to wild type. Mutant strain was highly stable and produced consistent yield of bacitracin even after 15 generations. On the basis of kinetic variables, notably Yp/s (IU/g substrate), Yp/x (IU/g cells), Yx/s (g/g), Yp/s, mutant strain B. licheniformis UV-MN-HN-6 was found to be a hyperproducer of bacitracin.

Performance and carcass quality of broilers supplemented with antibiotics or probiotics

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different additives on broiler performance and meat quality. A total of 1620 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were distributed by a completely randomized experimental design into 5 treatments: positive control - zinc bacitracin (PC); negative control - without additives (NC); probiotic 1 - 10.000 g/ton (PR-I); probiotic 2 - 500 g/ton (PR-II); and probiotic 3 - 50 g/ton (PR-III). The PC treatment promoted better weight gain (WG) than PR-II (1-28 days) and PR-III (1-14; 1-28 days), better feed conversion (1-40 days period), and the highest WG among all treatments (p 0.05). The performance of broilers fed probiotics was not different than those in the negative control group in any rearing phase, but there were performance differences among probiotic-treated birds. Hot and cold carcass yields and breast pH were not influenced by the different additives as compared to the negative control treatment. The only observed differences were in breast color (a*) and carcass yield between PR-III and the negative control group. Probiotics increased water holding capacity (except for PR-II) (p 0.05). The treatment with antibiotic promoted the highest WG. Meat quality suffered little influence from the different additives.

Performance and carcass quality of broilers supplemented with antibiotics or probiotics

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different additives on broiler performance and meat quality. A total of 1620 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were distributed by a completely randomized experimental design into 5 treatments: positive control - zinc bacitracin (PC); negative control - without additives (NC); probiotic 1 - 10.000 g/ton (PR-I); probiotic 2 - 500 g/ton (PR-II); and probiotic 3 - 50 g/ton (PR-III). The PC treatment promoted better weight gain (WG) than PR-II (1-28 days) and PR-III (1-14; 1-28 days), better feed conversion (1-40 days period), and the highest WG among all treatments (p 0.05). The performance of broilers fed probiotics was not different than those in the negative control group in any rearing phase, but there were performance differences among probiotic-treated birds. Hot and cold carcass yields and breast pH were not influenced by the different additives as compared to the negative control treatment. The only observed differences were in breast color (a*) and carcass yield between PR-III and the negative control group. Probiotics increased water holding capacity (except for PR-II) (p 0.05). The treatment with antibiotic promoted the highest WG. Meat quality suffered little influence from the different additives.

Efeitos do Coccídeostático lonóforo (Monensina ou Salinomicina), Bicarbonato de Sódio ou Potássio, ou Ambos, e Dissalicitato-Metileno de Bacitracina em Dietas para Frangos de Corte

Peterson x Arbor Acres chicks were grown on used litter to 45 or 46 days of age in three pen trials. Coccidial inoculations were given by water at 14 days of age. Sodium bicarbonate (SBC; 0.20%) or potassium bicarbonate (PBC; 0.14%) was added to broiler chicken diets containing monensin (MON; 110 mg/kg) or salinomycin (SAL; 66 mg/kg) in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, using SAL (55 mg/kg), three dietary bicarbonate treatments (SBC, 0.20%; PBC, 0.20%; or SBC + PBC 0.10% each) were tested with or without BMD R (55 mg/kg). Diets differing in SAL, BMD R, and SBC levels were evaluated in Experiment 3. Beneficial interaction was found between ionophores and bicarbonates for mortality (lower when SBC or PBC and MON) in Experiment 1. For main effects, in Experiment 1 PBC with MON or SAL improved body weight, feed conversion ratio and mortality. SAL improved weight, feed conversion ratio and mortality compared to MON. In Experiment 2, PBC with SAL improved weight, coccidial lesion score, feed conversion ratio and mortality across two levels of BMD R. The PBC and SBC were equally effective in Experiment 1, but PBC was about 0 to 40% as effective as SBC, depending on parameter in Experiment 2. Half levels of SBC plus PBC generally gave intermediate results between control and SBC. SBC with MON or SAL lowered mortalities, coccidial lesion scores, and feed conversion ratios (Experiments 1 and 2), and increased body weight (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, BMD R in all feeds improved body weight and feed conversion versus in starter feed only, and SBC with SAL and BMD R improved all performance parameters.

Pintos Peterson x Arbor Acres foram criados em camas usadas até 45 ou 46 dias de vida em três testes de aviário. Inoculações de coccídea foram dadas pela água na idade de 14 dias. O bicarbonato de sódio (BCS; 0.20%) ou bicarbonato de potássio (BCP; 0.14%) foi adicionado à dieta dos frangos contendo monensina (MON; 110 mg/kg) ou salinomicina (SAL; 66 mg/kg) no Experimento 1. No Experimento 2, usando SAL (55 mg/kg), três tratamentos de dieta de bicarbonato (SBC, 0.20%; PBC, 0.20%; ou SBC + PBC 0.10% cada) foram testados com ou sem BMD R (55 mg/kg). Dietas que diferem em níveis de SAL, BMD R e SBC foram avaliados no Experimento 3. Interação benéfica foi encontrada entre ionóforos e bicarbonatos para a mortalidade (menor no caso de BCS ou BCP e MON) no Experimento 1. Para efeitos principais, no Experimento 1 BCP com MON ou SAL melhorou o peso corporal, a taxa de conversão de alimento e a mortalidade. SAL melhorou o peso, a taxa de conversão de alimento e a mortalidade comparado com MON. No Experimento 2, BCP com SAL melhorou o peso, arranhões devidos a lesão coccídea, taxa de conversão de alimento e mortalidade através de dois níveis de BMD R. O BCP e BCS foram ambos eficazes no Experimento 1, mas BCP foi aproximadamente 0 a 40% tão efetivo quanto o BCS, dependendo do parâmetro no Experimento 2. A metade de níveis de BCS mais BCP geralmente apresentava resultados intermediários entre o controle e o BCS. BCS com MON ou SAL diminuíram a mortalidade, os arranhões devidos a lesão coccídea e taxas de conversão de alimento (Experimentos 1 e 2), e aumentou o peso corporal (Experimento 2). No Experimento 3, BMD R em todos os alimentos melhorou o peso corporal e a conversão de alimento contra o alimento inicial apenas, e BCS com SAL e BMD R melhoraram todos os parâmetros de desempenho.

Efeitos do Coccídeostático lonóforo (Monensina ou Salinomicina), Bicarbonato de Sódio ou Potássio, ou Ambos, e Dissalicitato-Metileno de Bacitracina em Dietas para Frangos de Corte

Peterson x Arbor Acres chicks were grown on used litter to 45 or 46 days of age in three pen trials. Coccidial inoculations were given by water at 14 days of age. Sodium bicarbonate (SBC; 0.20%) or potassium bicarbonate (PBC; 0.14%) was added to broiler chicken diets containing monensin (MON; 110 mg/kg) or salinomycin (SAL; 66 mg/kg) in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, using SAL (55 mg/kg), three dietary bicarbonate treatments (SBC, 0.20%; PBC, 0.20%; or SBC + PBC 0.10% each) were tested with or without BMD R (55 mg/kg). Diets differing in SAL, BMD R, and SBC levels were evaluated in Experiment 3. Beneficial interaction was found between ionophores and bicarbonates for mortality (lower when SBC or PBC and MON) in Experiment 1. For main effects, in Experiment 1 PBC with MON or SAL improved body weight, feed conversion ratio and mortality. SAL improved weight, feed conversion ratio and mortality compared to MON. In Experiment 2, PBC with SAL improved weight, coccidial lesion score, feed conversion ratio and mortality across two levels of BMD R. The PBC and SBC were equally effective in Experiment 1, but PBC was about 0 to 40% as effective as SBC, depending on parameter in Experiment 2. Half levels of SBC plus PBC generally gave intermediate results between control and SBC. SBC with MON or SAL lowered mortalities, coccidial lesion scores, and feed conversion ratios (Experiments 1 and 2), and increased body weight (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, BMD R in all feeds improved body weight and feed conversion versus in starter feed only, and SBC with SAL and BMD R improved all performance parameters.

Pintos Peterson x Arbor Acres foram criados em camas usadas até 45 ou 46 dias de vida em três testes de aviário. Inoculações de coccídea foram dadas pela água na idade de 14 dias. O bicarbonato de sódio (BCS; 0.20%) ou bicarbonato de potássio (BCP; 0.14%) foi adicionado à dieta dos frangos contendo monensina (MON; 110 mg/kg) ou salinomicina (SAL; 66 mg/kg) no Experimento 1. No Experimento 2, usando SAL (55 mg/kg), três tratamentos de dieta de bicarbonato (SBC, 0.20%; PBC, 0.20%; ou SBC + PBC 0.10% cada) foram testados com ou sem BMD R (55 mg/kg). Dietas que diferem em níveis de SAL, BMD R e SBC foram avaliados no Experimento 3. Interação benéfica foi encontrada entre ionóforos e bicarbonatos para a mortalidade (menor no caso de BCS ou BCP e MON) no Experimento 1. Para efeitos principais, no Experimento 1 BCP com MON ou SAL melhorou o peso corporal, a taxa de conversão de alimento e a mortalidade. SAL melhorou o peso, a taxa de conversão de alimento e a mortalidade comparado com MON. No Experimento 2, BCP com SAL melhorou o peso, arranhões devidos a lesão coccídea, taxa de conversão de alimento e mortalidade através de dois níveis de BMD R. O BCP e BCS foram ambos eficazes no Experimento 1, mas BCP foi aproximadamente 0 a 40% tão efetivo quanto o BCS, dependendo do parâmetro no Experimento 2. A metade de níveis de BCS mais BCP geralmente apresentava resultados intermediários entre o controle e o BCS. BCS com MON ou SAL diminuíram a mortalidade, os arranhões devidos a lesão coccídea e taxas de conversão de alimento (Experimentos 1 e 2), e aumentou o peso corporal (Experimento 2). No Experimento 3, BMD R em todos os alimentos melhorou o peso corporal e a conversão de alimento contra o alimento inicial apenas, e BCS com SAL e BMD R melhoraram todos os parâmetros de desempenho.