Dietary net energy mainly affects growth performance and pork quality of finishing pigs

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of net energy levels in diets for barrows, from 70 to 100 kg, on performance, plasma parameters and carcass characteristics. Two experiments were carried out: in the first (Experiment I), a metabolism assay was carried out to estimate the net energy (NE) of experimental diets. Twelve crossbred barrows, averaging 85.74 ± 6.80 kg initial body weight, were distributed in a randomized block design with two metabolizable energy (ME) levels (3100 and 3500 kcal kg–¹) with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. In the second (Experiment II), 45 castrated male pigs were used, averaging 70.10 ± 1.26 kg of initial body weight distributed in a randomized block design, with five NE levels (2345, 2425, 2505, 2585, 2665 kcal kg–¹), nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The increase in diet NE levels provided a linear reduction (p ≤ 0.00039) in average daily feed intake (ADFI). There was a quadratic effect on NE efficiency (p ≤ 0.0027), average daily gain (ADG), (p ≤ 0.0352) and the feed:gain ratio (F:G), (p ≤ 0.0024), the optimal levels being estimated at 2485, 2493 and 2533 kcal kg–¹, respectively. Drip loss (DL) decreased (p ≤ 0.0001) as NE levels increased. There was also a linear decrease (p ≤ 0.0462) in the Minolta color parameter (+a*), due to the NE levels. Plasma parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) by NE levels. The dietary net energy levels affected the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs and the level of 2493 kcal kg–¹ provided the best ADG.

Dietary net energy mainly affects growth performance and pork quality of finishing pigs

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of net energy levels in diets for barrows, from 70 to 100 kg, on performance, plasma parameters and carcass characteristics. Two experiments were carried out: in the first (Experiment I), a metabolism assay was carried out to estimate the net energy (NE) of experimental diets. Twelve crossbred barrows, averaging 85.74 ± 6.80 kg initial body weight, were distributed in a randomized block design with two metabolizable energy (ME) levels (3100 and 3500 kcal kg­1) with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. In the second (Experiment II), 45 castrated male pigs were used, averaging 70.10 ± 1.26 kg of initial body weight distributed in a randomized block design, with five NE levels (2345, 2425, 2505, 2585, 2665 kcal kg­1), nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The increase in diet NE levels provided a linear reduction (p ≤ 0.00039) in average daily feed intake (ADFI). There was a quadratic effect on NE efficiency (p ≤ 0.0027), average daily gain (ADG), (p ≤ 0.0352) and the feed:gain ratio (F:G), (p ≤ 0.0024), the optimal levels being estimated at 2485, 2493 and 2533 kcal kg­1, respectively. Drip loss (DL) decreased (p ≤ 0.0001) as NE levels increased. There was also a linear decrease (p ≤ 0.0462) in the Minolta color parameter (+a*), due to the NE levels. Plasma parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) by NE levels. The dietary net energy levels affected the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs and the level of 2493 kcal kg­1 provided the best ADG.(AU)

Dietary net energy mainly affects growth performance and pork quality of finishing pigs

ABSTRACT The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of net energy levels in diets for barrows, from 70 to 100 kg, on performance, plasma parameters and carcass characteristics. Two experiments were carried out: in the first (Experiment I), a metabolism assay was carried out to estimate the net energy (NE) of experimental diets. Twelve crossbred barrows, averaging 85.74 ± 6.80 kg initial body weight, were distributed in a randomized block design with two metabolizable energy (ME) levels (3100 and 3500 kcal kg1) with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. In the second (Experiment II), 45 castrated male pigs were used, averaging 70.10 ± 1.26 kg of initial body weight distributed in a randomized block design, with five NE levels (2345, 2425, 2505, 2585, 2665 kcal kg1), nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The increase in diet NE levels provided a linear reduction (p 0.00039) in average daily feed intake (ADFI). There was a quadratic effect on NE efficiency (p 0.0027), average daily gain (ADG), (p 0.0352) and the feed:gain ratio (F:G), (p 0.0024), the optimal levels being estimated at 2485, 2493 and 2533 kcal kg1, respectively. Drip loss (DL) decreased (p 0.0001) as NE levels increased. There was also a linear decrease (p 0.0462) in the Minolta color parameter (+a*), due to the NE levels. Plasma parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) by NE levels. The dietary net energy levels affected the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs and the level of 2493 kcal kg1 provided the best ADG.

Digestible energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): A factorial approach-based model

Results of nutrient requirements as determined in dose-response trials are valid only for fish within the same size range of that of experimental model fish. This study used the factorial approach to estimate digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) requirements for maintenance and growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Juvenile pacu (63.5 ± 1.27 g) were stocked in a recirculation system (26.89 ± 0.36 °C) for 58 days, and fed two daily meals. One diet contained 6.96 % lipids (LF) and another 9.98 % lipids (HF), both diets formulated to contain 32 % crude protein, theoretical dietary energy level for maintenance (52.23 kJ DE kg-0.80 d-¹), in a completely randomized, 2 × 5 factorial experimental design. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy and protein were 84.66 ± 0.27 % and 89.20 ± 0.61 %, respectively, determined in specific assays for the HF diet, while for the LF diet, the values were 84.52 ± 0.37 % and 89.19 ± 0.16 %, respectively. The analysis of growth and carcass composition data revealed that dietary requirements of digestible energy and protein for maintenance were not influenced by dietary lipid levels; however, requirements of growth digestible energy were higher for fish fed the LF diet (1.39) than for fish fed the HF diet (1.29). The requirement of DP for growth, expressed as g of DP per g of deposited protein, were higher for fish fed the LF diet than for fish fed the HF diet (1.70 vs 1.58).

Digestible energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): A factorial approach-based model

Results of nutrient requirements as determined in dose-response trials are valid only for fish within the same size range of that of experimental model fish. This study used the factorial approach to estimate digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) requirements for maintenance and growth of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Juvenile pacu (63.5 ± 1.27 g) were stocked in a recirculation system (26.89 ± 0.36 °C) for 58 days, and fed two daily meals. One diet contained 6.96 % lipids (LF) and another 9.98 % lipids (HF), both diets formulated to contain 32 % crude protein, theoretical dietary energy level for maintenance (52.23 kJ DE kg-0.80 d-¹), in a completely randomized, 2 × 5 factorial experimental design. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy and protein were 84.66 ± 0.27 % and 89.20 ± 0.61 %, respectively, determined in specific assays for the HF diet, while for the LF diet, the values were 84.52 ± 0.37 % and 89.19 ± 0.16 %, respectively. The analysis of growth and carcass composition data revealed that dietary requirements of digestible energy and protein for maintenance were not influenced by dietary lipid levels; however, requirements of growth digestible energy were higher for fish fed the LF diet (1.39) than for fish fed the HF diet (1.29). The requirement of DP for growth, expressed as g of DP per g of deposited protein, were higher for fish fed the LF diet than for fish fed the HF diet (1.70 vs 1.58).(AU)

Sequential metabolizable energy plans for piglets from 7 to 30 kg / Planos sequenciais de energia metabolizável para leitões dos 7 aos 30 kg

The objective of this study was to evaluate sequential metabolizable energy (ME) plans, maintaining the lysine: calorie ratio for piglets from 7 to 30 kg. Forty eight female piglets with initial weight of 6.9 ± 1.2 kg and final weight of 30.5 ± 3.8 kg were randomly allocated in a randomized complete blocks design to three nutritional plans with eight replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Sequential plans provided four ME levels: plan 1: 3,300-3,250-3,200-3,150 kcal ME kg-1, plan 2: 3,400-3,350-3,300-3,250 kcal ME kg-1, and plan 3: 3,500-3,450-3,400-3,350 kcal ME kg-1 of feed, from 7 to 10 kg, 10 to 15 kg, 15 to 20 kg and 20 to 30 kg, respectively. From 7 to 10 kg, there was no effect (P>0.05) of the nutritional plans in the evaluated variables. From 7 to 15 kg, a higher (P 0.05) energy intake and weight gain and a better (P 0.05) feed conversion was observed in animals fed with nutritional plans 2 and 3. Nutritional plans 2 and 3 resulted in higher (P 0.05) final weight, feed intake, energy intake, digestible lysine intake, weight gain, and better feed conversion in the 7 to 20 kg, 7 to 25 kg and 7 to 30 kg. It is recommended the sequential plan containing 3,400-3,350-3,300-3,250 kcal ME kg-1 of feed from 7 to 10 kg, from 10 to 15 kg, 15 to 20 kg, and from 20 to 30 kg; respectively, equivalent to levels of 2,546-2,513-2,501-2,475 kcal net energy (NE) kg-1 of feed for piglets.(AU)

Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar planos sequenciais de energia metabolizável (EM), mantendo a relação lisina: caloria, para leitões dos 7 ao 30 kg. Foram utilizados 48 leitões, fêmeas, com peso inicial de 6,9 ± 1,2 kg e final de 30,5 ± 3,8 kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três planos nutricionais, sendo: 1- 3.300-3.250-3.200-3.150 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração; 2- 3.400-3.350-3.300-3.250 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração; e 3- 3.500-3.450-3.400-3.350 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração, dos 7 aos 10 kg, dos 10 aos 15 kg, dos 15 aos 20 kg e dos 20 aos 30 kg, respectivamente, com oito repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Dos 7 aos 10 kg, não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos planos nutricionais nas variáveis avaliadas. Observou-se, dos 7 aos 15 kg, maiores (P 0,05) consumos de energia e ganho de peso e melhor (P 0,05) conversão alimentar nos animais alimentados com os planos nutricionais 2 e 3. Os leitões alimentados com os planos nutricionais 2 e 3 apresentaram maior (P 0,05) peso final, consumos de ração, de energia, de lisina digestível, ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar nos períodos dos 7 aos 20 kg, dos 7 aos 25 kg e dos 7 aos 30 kg. Recomenda-se o plano sequencial contendo 3.400-3.350-3.300-3.250 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração dos 7 aos 10 kg, dos 10 aos 15 kg, 15 aos 20 kg e dos 20 aos 30 kg, respectivamente, equivalentes aos níveis de 2.546-2.513-2.501-2.475 Kcal de energia líquida kg-1 de ração.(AU)

Net energy and ractopamine levels for barrows weighing 70 to 100 kg / Níveis de energia líquida e ractopamina para suínos machos castrados dos 70 aos 100 kg

The purpose of this study was to evaluate net energy and dietary ractopamine levels for barrows weighing 70 to 100kg. The 150 pigs investigated (initial weight 70.80±3.84kg) were distributed in a randomized block design with a 5×3 factorial arrangement, comprising five levels of net energy (2,300; 2,425; 2,550; 2,675; and 2,800Kcal kg-1 of diet) and three levels of ractopamine (5, 10, and 20ppm kg-1 of diet), with five replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. No interaction (P>0.05) was observed between net energy and ractopamine levels. Increasing the dietary net energy levels led to a linear reduction in feed intake, with a linear improvement in feed conversion. Net energy levels had no observable effect (P>0.05) on weight gain, final weight, or carcass characteristics. A dietary net energy level of 2,800Kcal kg-1 can be recommended for pigs weighing 70-100kg, improving feed conversion without affecting carcass characteristics, regardless of dietary ractopamine levels. Ractopamine levels above 5ppm did not affect performance or modify the quantitative characteristics of carcasses, regardless of dietary net energy levels.(AU)

Conduziu-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de energia líquida e ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos castrados em terminação dos 70 aos 100kg. Foram utilizados 150 suínos, com peso inicial de 70,80±3,84kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x3, com cinco níveis de energia líquida (2.300, 2.425, 2.550, 2.675 e 2.800Kcal kg-1 de dieta) e três níveis de ractopamina (5, 10 e 20ppm kg-1 de dieta), cinco repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis de energia líquida e ractopamina. O aumento dos níveis de energia líquida das dietas proporcionou redução linear do consumo de ração e resultou em melhora linear da conversão alimentar. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de energia líquida no ganho de peso, peso final e nas características de carcaça. Recomenda-se o nível de 2.800Kcal de EL kg-1 de dieta para suínos de 70 a 100kg por melhorar a conversão alimentar, sem prejudicar as características de carcaça, independentemente do nível de ractopamina das dietas. A inclusão de ractopamina na dieta de suínos dos 70 aos 100kg não afeta o desempenho e não modifica as características quantitativas das carcaças, independente do nível de energia líquida das dietas.(AU)

Variação da quantidade de leite ofertada e efeitos no desempenho de cabritos lactentes / Variation in the amount of milk offered and effects on the performance of suckling goat kids

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer um manejo, durante a fase de aleitamento, que fosse nutricional e economicamente satisfatório. Comparou-se o aleitamento na quantidade tradicional (1,5 kg de leite/dia) com o aleitamento de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos animais (quantidade variável de leite), calculado por regressão, com base na literatura. Os animais que receberam o tratamento tradicional tiveram ganho de peso médio de 0,155 kg/dia, não diferindo estatisticamente (P≥0,05) do tratamento em que os animais receberam quantidade variável de leite (ganho de peso médio de 0,134 kg/dia). O desaleitamento foi feito, em média, aos 76 dias de idade. Os animais que receberam quantidades variáveis de leite ingeriram, em média, menos 20 kg de leite durante o período de aleitamento. Considerando os resultados, o melhor aleitamento foi o que utilizou a quantidade de leite variando de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos cabritos...

The study was conducted with the objective to establish a nutritionally and economically satisfactory management during the suckling phase. Suckling using the traditional amount (1.5 kg milk/day) was compared to suckling according to the energy requirements of the animals (variable amount of milk) calculated by regression based on literature data. Animals receiving the traditional treatment presented a mean weight gain of 0.155 kg/day, which did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from that of animals receiving a variable amount of milk (mean weight gain of 0.134 kg/day). The average weaning age was 76 days. Animals receiving variable amounts of milk ingested on average 20 kg less milk during the suckling period. Considering the results, the best suckling was obtained when the amount of milk was varied according to the energy requirements of goat kids...

Variação da quantidade de leite ofertada e efeitos no desempenho de cabritos lactentes / Variation in the amount of milk offered and effects on the performance of suckling goat kids

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer um manejo, durante a fase de aleitamento, que fosse nutricional e economicamente satisfatório. Comparou-se o aleitamento na quantidade tradicional (1,5 kg de leite/dia) com o aleitamento de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos animais (quantidade variável de leite), calculado por regressão, com base na literatura. Os animais que receberam o tratamento tradicional tiveram ganho de peso médio de 0,155 kg/dia, não diferindo estatisticamente (P≥0,05) do tratamento em que os animais receberam quantidade variável de leite (ganho de peso médio de 0,134 kg/dia). O desaleitamento foi feito, em média, aos 76 dias de idade. Os animais que receberam quantidades variáveis de leite ingeriram, em média, menos 20 kg de leite durante o período de aleitamento. Considerando os resultados, o melhor aleitamento foi o que utilizou a quantidade de leite variando de acordo com as necessidades energéticas dos cabritos...(AU)

The study was conducted with the objective to establish a nutritionally and economically satisfactory management during the suckling phase. Suckling using the traditional amount (1.5 kg milk/day) was compared to suckling according to the energy requirements of the animals (variable amount of milk) calculated by regression based on literature data. Animals receiving the traditional treatment presented a mean weight gain of 0.155 kg/day, which did not differ significantly (P≥0.05) from that of animals receiving a variable amount of milk (mean weight gain of 0.134 kg/day). The average weaning age was 76 days. Animals receiving variable amounts of milk ingested on average 20 kg less milk during the suckling period. Considering the results, the best suckling was obtained when the amount of milk was varied according to the energy requirements of goat kids...(AU)

PLANOS NUTRICIONAIS SEQUENCIAIS DE ENERGIA METABOLIZÁVEL PARA LEITÕES DOS 7 AOS 30 KG

Os suínos tendem a ajustar o consumo de ração conforme a densidade energética da dieta. Porém, para leitõesdesmamados existe a hipótese de que o aumento da concentração energética estimula o consumo e crescimento devido àbaixa capacidade estomacal que pode limitar seu consumo energético, enquanto que suínos mais pesados tendem a ingerir alimento até que sua exigência energética seja atendida. Desse modo, é necessário reavaliar as respostas dos leitões após o desmame quanto as exigências nutricionais de energia da dieta. Neste contexto, realizou-se o presente trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de planos nutricionais de energia metabolizável, mantendo a relação caloria: lisina constante, em dietas formuladas segundo o conceito de proteína ideal, no desempenho de leitões dos 7 aos 30kg. Foram utilizados 48 leitões com peso inicial de 6,88±1,19 kg e peso final de 30,52 ±3,79 kg. Foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três planos nutricionais com diferentes níveis energéticos, sendo plano nutricional 1: 3.300-3.250-3.200-3.150Kcal/kg de ração; plano nutricional 2: 3.400-3.350-3.300-3.250Kcal/kg de ração; e plano nutricional 3: 3.500-3.450-3.400-3.350Kcal/kg de ração, dos 7 aos 10kg, dos 10 aos 15kg, dos 15 aos 20kg e dos 20 aos 30kg, respectivamente, com oito repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. O critério de bloqueamento utilizado foi o peso inicial dos animais. As variáveis de desempenho estudadas foram opeso final (PF),consumos de ração diário (CRD), de energia metabolizável diário (CEM), de energia líquida diária (CEL), de lisina digestível diário (CLD), ganho de peso diário (GPD) e conversão alimentar (CA) e. Também foram avaliados os escores fecais e a ocorrência de diarreia.Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos planos nutricionais no escore fecal e na ocorrência de diarreia durante o período experimental. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) dos planos nutricionais de energia metabolizável no peso final, consumos de ração, de energia metabolizável, de líquida, de lisina, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar dos leitões dos 7 aos 10 kg. Observou-se, dos 7 aos 15 kg, maiores (P<0,05) consumos de energia metabolizável, de energia líquida e ganho de peso nos animais alimentados com os planos nutricionais 2 e 3. E nessa fase o plano nutricional 3 apresentou melhor (p<0,05) conversão alimentar. Os planos nutricionais 2 e 3 resultaram em maior (P<0,05) peso final, consumos de ração, de energia líquida, de energia metabolizável, de lisina digestível, ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar nos períodos dos 7 aos 20 kg, dos 7 aos 25 kg e dos 7 aos 30 kg.O melhor plano nutricional a ser recomendado é o contendo a densidade energética intermediária (plano nutricional 2), pois o aumento da densidade energética do plano nutricional de 3.400-3.350-3.300-3.250 Kcal de EM/kg de ração para 3.500-3.450-3.400-3.350 Kcal de EM/kg de ração não promoveu melhora do desempenho dos animais. Logo, o aumento da densidade energética da dieta também resultou no aumento da concentração dos demais nutrientes como os aminoácidos promovendo o aumento do custo da dieta, sem incremento no desempenho.

It pigs tend to adjust feed intake according to the energy density of the diet. However, for weaned piglets there is a hypothesis that increased energy concentration stimulates consumption and growth because of the low stomach capacity that may limit their energy consumption, while heavier pigs tend to ingest food until their energy requirement is met.Thus, it is necessary to reassess the responses of piglets after weaning to the dietary energy requirements of the diet. In this context, the present work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of nutritional plans of metabolizable energy, maintaining the calorie: constant lysine ratio in diets formulated according to the ideal protein concept for piglets from 7 to 30 kg.A total of 48 piglets were used, with initial weight of 6.88 ± 1.19 kg and final weight of 30.52 ± 3.79 kg. The piglets were distributed in a randomized complete block design in three nutritional plans with different energy levels, being nutritional plan 1: 3,300 3,250-3,200-3,150 Kcal / kg of feed; nutritional plan 2: 3,400-3,350-3,300-3,250 Kcal/kg of feed; and nutritional plan 3: 3,500-3,450-3,400-3,350 Kcal / kg of feed, 7 to 10 kg, 10 to 15 kg, 15 to 20 kg and 20 to 30 kg, respectively, with eight replicates and two animals per experimental unit. The blocking criterion used was the initial weight of the animals.The performance variables studied were the final weight (PF), daily dietary intake (CRD), daily metabolizable energy (CEM), daily net energy (CEL), daily digestible lysine (CLD), daily weight gain GPD) and feed conversion (CA) e. Fecal scores and the occurrence of diarrhea were also evaluated. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of the nutritional plans on the fecal score and on the occurrence of diarrhea during the experimental period. No effect (P> 0.05) of nutritional plans of metabolizable energy on final weight, feed intake, metabolizable energy, liquid, lysine, weight gain and feed conversion of piglets from 7 to 10 kg was observed. The highest intake (P <0.05) of metabolizable energy, net energy and weight gain were observed in 7- to 15-kg animals fed with nutritional plans 2 and 3. At that stage the nutritional plan 3 presented better (p <0.05) feed conversion ratio.Nutritional plans 2 and 3 resulted in higher (P <0.05) final weight, feed intake, net energy, metabolizable energy, digestible lysine, weight gain and better feed conversion in the 7 to 20 kg periods, from 7 to 25 kg and from 7 to 30 kg. The best nutritional plan to be recommended is the intermediate energy density (nutritional plan 2), as the increase in energy density of the nutritional plan from 3,400-3,350-,300-3,250 Kcal ME/kg of feed to 3,500-3,450-3,400 -3,350 Kcal ME / kg of feed did not improve the performance of the animals. Thus, increasing the energy density of the diet also resulted in an increase in the concentration of other nutrients, such as amino acids, increasing the cost of the diet, without any increase in performance.

Energia líquida para suínos em terminação

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de estimar o melhor nível de energia líquida na ração de suínos, machos castrados, em fase de terminação sobre o desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos e características de carcaça. No experimento I, realizou-se um ensaio de metabolismo para estimar o valor de energia líquida (EL) das rações. Foram utilizados 12 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 85,74±6,80kg; distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, sendo dois níveis de energia metabolizável (3100 e 3500 kcal/kg), com 6 repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. No experimento II, foram utilizados 45 suínos, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 70,10±1,26kg; distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, contendo cinco níveis de EL (2345, 2425, 2505, 2585, 2665 kcal/kg), nove repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Houve efeito linear decrescente (P=0,00039) dos níveis de EL sobre o consumo diário de ração (CDR). O aumento dos níveis de EL proporcionou efeito quadrático para a eficiência de EL (P=0,0027), o ganho de peso diário (GPD) (P=0,0352) e para a conversão alimentar (CA) (P=0,0024) dos suínos, com níveis ótimos estimados em 2485, 2493 e 2533 kcal/kg, respectivamente. Foi observado efeito linear decrescente (P=0,0001) para a perda de água por gotejamento (PAG) e para o parâmetro de cor Minolta a* (P=0,0462) sobre os níveis crescentes de EL. Os parâmetros sanguíneos não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de EL. A melhor eficiência de utilização de energia líquida para suínos em terminação é de 2485 kcal/kg e a qualidade da carne mostra respostas diferenciadas em função dos níveis crescentes de energia líquida.

Two experiments were carried out with to estimate the optimal net energy level barrows diets in finishing phase on performance, plasma parameters and carcass characteristics. In experiment I, a metabolism trial was performed to estimate the diets net energy (NE) value. Twelve crossbred barrows, with initial mean weight of 85.74 ± 6.80 kg, were distributed in a randonized block design with two metabolizable energy levels (3100 and 3500 kcal/kg), with six replicates and one animal per experimental unit. In experiment II, 45 castrated male pigs were used, with initial mean weight of 70.10 ± 1.26 kg, also distributed to a randomized block design, with five levels of NE (2345, 2425, 2505, 2585, 2665 kcal/kg), nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. There was a linear decreasing effect (P = 0.00039) of NE levels on average daily feed intake (ADFI). The increase of NE levels provided a quadratic effect for NE efficiency (P=0.0027), average daily gain (ADG), (P=0.0352) and for feed:gain (F:G), (P=0,0024) of swine, with optimal levels estimated at 2485, 2493 and 2533 kcal/kg, respectively. A decreasing linear effect (P=0.0001) was observed for drip loss (DL) and for the Minolta a * (P=0.0462) color parameter on increasing NE levels. Plasma parameters were not influenced (P> 0.05) by NE levels. The best net energy utilization efficiency for finishing pigs is 2485 kcal/kg and the meat quality shows differentiated responses as a function of increasing net energy levels.

PARTIÇÃO DA ENERGIA METABOLIZÁVEL PARA CODORNAS JAPONESAS NA FASE DE PRODUÇÃO DE OVOS

Compreender o metabolismo energético das aves e como a energia é utilizada para mantença, ganho de peso e produção de ovos, permite a elaboração e avaliação de modelos que estimam a exigência nutricional considerando as diferenças de peso corporal (P), ganho de peso (GP) e massa de ovo (MO) na avicultura industrial. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa analisar os coeficientes que representam a partição da energia ingerida por codornas japonesas na fase de produção de ovos, a partir de um estudo dose-resposta. Foram utilizadas 70 codornas japonesas da linhagem VICAMI®, com 24 semanas de idade, durante 8 semanas, alojadas em galpão convencional. Duas dietas foram formuladas, uma com alto (3.600 kcal/kg) e a outra com baixo (2.100 kcal/kg) teor de energia. Para modificar a energia retida pelas aves, foi empregada a técnica da diluição, obtendo os níveis crescente de energia metabolizável da dieta. Foram utilizados sete tratamentos distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, com dez repetições e uma codorna por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram 2.118; 2.381; 2.557; 2.776; 2.908; 3.171 e 3.435 kcal/kg, com base na composição analisada das dietas determinadas em ensaio de metabolismo. As variáveis analisadas foram ingestão de energia metabolizável (IEM), produção de calor (PC) e energia retida (ER) expressas em kcal/kg0,67. A energia metabolizável para mantença (EMm) foi obtida a partir da relação entre ER e IEM, considerando a condição ER = 0. A exigência metabolizável para ganho de peso (EMg) foi estimada pela relação entre eficiência de utilização de energia (k) e energia líquida para ganho (ELg). A exigência de energia metabolizável para massa de ovo (EMo), foi obtida por meio da energia retida no ovo, dividida pela eficiência de utilização de energia para massa de ovo (ko). Os valores estimados para EMm, EMg e EMo foram 155,60 kcal/kg P0,67; 5,89 kcal/g e 2,74 kcal/g, respectivamente. Os modelos que predizem a IEM baseados nos parâmetros que representam exigência de energia de acordo com seu fracionamento, foram avaliados por meio da decomposição linear do erro (observado - predito), em erro escalar e viés de predição, obtidos por regressão linear entre os erros e valores preditos. O modelo obtido foi IEM = 155,60 × P0,67 + 5,89 × GP + 2,74 × MO, a composição do erro analisado (3,79 kcal/ave.dia) mostrou que o modelo é imparcial, com 93% de precisão nas estimativas, portanto, capaz de predizer o conjunto de dados analisados, o que valida seu uso.

To understand the energy metabolism of birds and how energy is used for maintenance, weight gain and egg production, allow the elaboration and evaluation of models that estimate the nutritional requirement considering the differences of body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG) and egg mass (EO) in industrial poultry. The objective of this research was to analyze the coefficients that represent the partition of the energy ingested by Japanese quails in the egg production phase, from a dose-response study. In a conventional shed it was housed 70 Japanese quails of VICAMI® line, at 24 weeks old, during 8 weeks. Based on the dilution technique it was formulated two energy levels diets, one with high (3,600 kcal/kg) and other with low (2,100 kcal/kg). Seven treatments were randomly distributed, with ten replicates and one quail per experimental unit. Treatments were levels of metabolizable energy in the diet being: 2,118; 2,381; 2,557; 2,776; 2,908; 3,171 and 3,435 kcal/kg. The variables analyzed were metabolizable energy intake (MEI), heat production (HP) and retained energy (RE) expressed in kcal/kg0.67. The metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) was obtained from the relation between RE and MEI, solving the equation RE = 0. The metabolizable requirement for weight gain (MEg) was estimated by the relation between use efficiency of energy (k) and net energy for gain (NEg). The metabolizable energy requirement for egg mass (MEe) was obtained by the relation between energy retained in the egg, divided by the energy utilization efficiency for egg mass (ke). The estimated values for MEm, MEg, MEe were 155.60 kcal/kg BW0.67, 5.89 kcal/g and 2.74 kcal/g; respectively. The models that predict MEI based on the parameters that represent the energy requirement according to its fractionation were evaluated by linear error decomposition (observed - predicted), in scalar error and prediction bias obtained by linear regression between errors and predicted values. The obtained model was MEI = 155.60 × BW0.67 + 5.89 × BWG + 2.74 × EO, the analyzed error composition (3.79kcal/bird.day), of display showing the model is unbiased, with 93% accuracy in the estimates, therefore, able to predict the analyzed data set, which validates its use.

Modeling energy utilization in broiler breeders, laying hens and broilers

The factorial approach has been used to partition the energy requirements into maintenance, growth, and production. The coefficients determined for these purposes can be used to elaborate energy requirement models. These models consider the body weight, weight gain, egg production, and environmental temperature to determine the energy requirements for poultry. Predicting daily energy requirement models can help to establish better and more profitable feeding programs for poultry. Studies were conducted at UNESP-Jaboticabal to determine metabolizable energy (ME) requirement models for broiler breeders, laying hens, and broilers. These models were evaluated in performance trials and provided good adjustments. Therefore, they could be used to establish nutritional programs. This review aims to outline the results found at UNESP studies and to show the application of models in nutritional programs for broiler breeders, laying hens, and broilers.

Modeling energy utilization in broiler breeders, laying hens and broilers

The factorial approach has been used to partition the energy requirements into maintenance, growth, and production. The coefficients determined for these purposes can be used to elaborate energy requirement models. These models consider the body weight, weight gain, egg production, and environmental temperature to determine the energy requirements for poultry. Predicting daily energy requirement models can help to establish better and more profitable feeding programs for poultry. Studies were conducted at UNESP-Jaboticabal to determine metabolizable energy (ME) requirement models for broiler breeders, laying hens, and broilers. These models were evaluated in performance trials and provided good adjustments. Therefore, they could be used to establish nutritional programs. This review aims to outline the results found at UNESP studies and to show the application of models in nutritional programs for broiler breeders, laying hens, and broilers.

Ingestión calórica y el alta en hospitalización de perros y gatos / Energy consumption and hospital discharge in dogs and cats / Ingestão calórica e alta hospitalar em cães e gatos

Objetivo: Investigar la correlación entre ingestión calórica y tiempo de internación con la alta de hospitalización o el óbito de perros y gatos. Material y Método: Animales internados en el Hospital Veterinario de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias de la Universidad Estadual Paulista (HV-FCAV/UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Sp, Brasil, que por cualquier motivo o enfermedad sea en el pre o posquirúrgico, tuvieron estimada su necesidad energética de manutención (NEM): 132 x (peso corporal)O.75 kcal por día en perros; 70 x (peso corporal) kcal por día para gatos. Recibieron alimento comercial super-premium, soporte enteral y parenteral. Fueron incluidos 279 animales (233 perros y 56 galos). Resultados: Tuvieron alta en el hospital el 76,7% de los pacientes, la ingestión porcentual media de la NEM de esos animales fue de 71,12%, ya los que murieron ingirieron apenas 33,97% de la NEM (p 0,001). Los animales del grupo Alta permanecieron 7,18 días hospitalizados y los del grupo Óbito solamente 5,45 días (p = 0,16). Dentro del grupo de animales que recibieron de 0% a 33% de la NEM, el 38% tuvo alta y el 62% murió, para los que recibieron entre un 34% a un 66% de la NEM, 84% tuvieron alta y el 16% murió y para los que recibieron más que 67% de la NEM, 89% de los animales tuvieron alta y un 11% murió, demostrando menor mortalidad en los intervalos de mayor equilibrio ca

Objective: To investigate the correlation between caloric ingestion, hospital discharge and death rate of dogs and cats. Material and Method: Animals hospitalized at the Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista (HV-FCAV/UNESP), (Veterinarian Hospital of the College of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences of Paulista State University) Campus of Jaboticabal, Sp, for any disease or in pre or post surgery period, had their maintenance energy requirement (MER): 132 x (body weighjO·75 kc a day for dogs; 70 x (body weigh) kcal a day for cats. Animals were fed commercial super-premium food and received enteral and parenteral nutrition support. A total of 279 animals were studied, 223 dogs and 56 cats. Results: Were discharged from hospital 76,7% of patients, the average percentage ingestion of (MER) of those animals was 71,12%, while those who died ingested only 33.97% of (MER) (p 0,001). Animals of the Discharge group remained 7.18 days in hospital, while those in the group that died 5.45 days (p = 0,16). Among the animals that received from 0% lo 33% of MER, 38% were discharged and 62% died, out of those who received 34% to 66% of MER, 84% were discharged and 16% died and for those who received more than 67% of MER, 89% of the animals were discharged and 11% died, indicating lower mortality rate in the group with highe

Objetivo: Investigar a correlação entre ingestão calórica e tempo de internação com a alta ou o óbito de cães e gatos. Material e Método: Animais internados no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista (HV-FCAV/UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, por qualquer motivo de doença no pré ou pós-cirúrgico, tiveram estimada sua necessidade energética de manutenção ( EM): 132 x (peso corporal)o.75 kcal por dia para cães; 70 x (peso corporal) kcal por dia para gatos. Receberam alimento comercial super-premium, suporte enteral e parenteral. Foram incluídos 279 animais (223 cães e 56 gatos). Resultados: Tiveram alta hospitalar 76,7% dos pacientes, cuja ingestão percentual média da NEM foi de 71,12%. Já os que vieram a óbito ingeriam apenas 33,97% da NEM (p  0,00 I). Os animais do grupo Alta permaneceram , 18 dias no hospital, enquanto os do grupo Óbito 5,45 dias (p =0,16). Dentre os animais que receberam de 0% a 33% da NEM, 38% tiveram alta e 62% vieram a óbito; dos que receberam entre 34% e 66% da NEM, 84% tiveram alta e 16% vieram a óbito; para os que receberam mais de 67% da NEM, 89% tiveram alta e 11% vieram a óbito, demonstrando menor mortalidade nas faixas de maior balanço calórico (p 0,00 I). Nestas faixas, os animais permaneceram mais tempo hospitalizados (p 0,002), o que também pode ser verificado pela associa

Ingestión calórica y el alta en hospitalización de perros y gatos / Energy consumption and hospital discharge in dogs and cats / Ingestão calórica e alta hospitalar em cães e gatos

Objetivo: Investigar la correlación entre ingestión calórica y tiempo de internación con la alta de hospitalización o el óbito de perros y gatos. Material y Método: Animales internados en el Hospital Veterinario de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias de la Universidad Estadual Paulista (HV-FCAV/UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Sp, Brasil, que por cualquier motivo o enfermedad sea en el pre o posquirúrgico, tuvieron estimada su necesidad energética de manutención (NEM): 132 x (peso corporal)O.75 kcal por día en perros; 70 x (peso corporal) kcal por día para gatos. Recibieron alimento comercial super-premium, soporte enteral y parenteral. Fueron incluidos 279 animales (233 perros y 56 galos). Resultados: Tuvieron alta en el hospital el 76,7% de los pacientes, la ingestión porcentual media de la NEM de esos animales fue de 71,12%, ya los que murieron ingirieron apenas 33,97% de la NEM (p 0,001). Los animales del grupo Alta permanecieron 7,18 días hospitalizados y los del grupo Óbito solamente 5,45 días (p = 0,16). Dentro del grupo de animales que recibieron de 0% a 33% de la NEM, el 38% tuvo alta y el 62% murió, para los que recibieron entre un 34% a un 66% de la NEM, 84% tuvieron alta y el 16% murió y para los que recibieron más que 67% de la NEM, 89% de los animales tuvieron alta y un 11% murió, demostrando menor mortalidad en los intervalos de mayor equilibrio ca

Objective: To investigate the correlation between caloric ingestion, hospital discharge and death rate of dogs and cats. Material and Method: Animals hospitalized at the Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista (HV-FCAV/UNESP), (Veterinarian Hospital of the College of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences of Paulista State University) Campus of Jaboticabal, Sp, for any disease or in pre or post surgery period, had their maintenance energy requirement (MER): 132 x (body weighjO·75 kc a day for dogs; 70 x (body weigh) kcal a day for cats. Animals were fed commercial super-premium food and received enteral and parenteral nutrition support. A total of 279 animals were studied, 223 dogs and 56 cats. Results: Were discharged from hospital 76,7% of patients, the average percentage ingestion of (MER) of those animals was 71,12%, while those who died ingested only 33.97% of (MER) (p 0,001). Animals of the Discharge group remained 7.18 days in hospital, while those in the group that died 5.45 days (p = 0,16). Among the animals that received from 0% lo 33% of MER, 38% were discharged and 62% died, out of those who received 34% to 66% of MER, 84% were discharged and 16% died and for those who received more than 67% of MER, 89% of the animals were discharged and 11% died, indicating lower mortality rate in the group with highe

Objetivo: Investigar a correlação entre ingestão calórica e tempo de internação com a alta ou o óbito de cães e gatos. Material e Método: Animais internados no Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista (HV-FCAV/UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, por qualquer motivo de doença no pré ou pós-cirúrgico, tiveram estimada sua necessidade energética de manutenção ( EM): 132 x (peso corporal)o.75 kcal por dia para cães; 70 x (peso corporal) kcal por dia para gatos. Receberam alimento comercial super-premium, suporte enteral e parenteral. Foram incluídos 279 animais (223 cães e 56 gatos). Resultados: Tiveram alta hospitalar 76,7% dos pacientes, cuja ingestão percentual média da NEM foi de 71,12%. Já os que vieram a óbito ingeriam apenas 33,97% da NEM (p  0,00 I). Os animais do grupo Alta permaneceram , 18 dias no hospital, enquanto os do grupo Óbito 5,45 dias (p =0,16). Dentre os animais que receberam de 0% a 33% da NEM, 38% tiveram alta e 62% vieram a óbito; dos que receberam entre 34% e 66% da NEM, 84% tiveram alta e 16% vieram a óbito; para os que receberam mais de 67% da NEM, 89% tiveram alta e 11% vieram a óbito, demonstrando menor mortalidade nas faixas de maior balanço calórico (p 0,00 I). Nestas faixas, os animais permaneceram mais tempo hospitalizados (p 0,002), o que também pode ser verificado pela associa