The Role of ß-Mannanase (Hemicell) in Improving Poultry Productivity, Health and Environment

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of -mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of -mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.(AU)

The Role of ß-Mannanase (Hemicell) in Improving Poultry Productivity, Health and Environment

The poultry nutritionists constantly attempt to identify and alleviate the factors responsible for adverse effects on nutrient utilization and production performance in avian species, which are necessary for successful productivity of poultry. Enhanced feed utilization can reduce levels of some nutrients in the diet with concomitant mitigation in nutrient excretion into the environment, reduction of eutrophication and acidification potentials of excreta. Commercial enzymes have been used to improve feed efficiency and utilization in poultry. Among many anti-nutritional factors, the existence of ß-mannans in poultry feed ingredients including soybean and other leguminous seeds has been associated with negative effects on nutrient digestibility and high intestinal viscosity that adversely affects innate immunity and microbial proliferation in poultry gut. The ß-mannanase (a commercial product named as Hemicell) can hydrolyze ß-mannan, an anti-nutritional fiber present in many poultry feed ingredients. Supplement of ß-mannanase to ß-mannan-rich diets may boost the population of intestinal beneficial bacteria, increase the digestibility of mannans, enhance the immunity, suppresses the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, enhance the digestion and absorption of nutrients in intestinal tracts and reduce the environmental pollution due to poultry excreta. Supplementation of -mannanase at the level of 200 and 400 mg/kg in poultry diets has positively improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids. This review describes the promising beneficial effects of -mannanase, which may be used in the poultry feed industry for economic benefits. Another objective of this review is to explore the underlying mechanisms of ß-mannanase that can influence growth, digestion coefficients of nutrients, health and metabolism of nutrients in poultry birds and also the knowledge regarding the useful application of this feed enzyme in the commercial poultry feed industry.

Feeding frequency affects feed intake and growth in juvenile pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) / Frequência alimentar afeta a ingestão alimentar e o crescimento de juvenis de pirarucu (Arapaima gigas)

Pirarucu is one of the main fish species for the development of aquaculture in the Amazon. In this study, the optimal feeding frequency for juvenile pirarucu was assessed based on growth and feed efficiency. Juvenile pirarucu weighing ca. 80 g were fed once, twice, three or four times daily until apparent satiation for 63 days. Fish fed three or four times per day presented higher growth, feed intake, and fat body content than those fed once or twice per day. There was no significant difference for feed conversion ratio, and protein and energy retention rates among treatments, suggesting that increased feeding frequency did not affect feed utilization efficiency. Mean feed intake per meal was higher when fish were fed once per day, possibly causing hyperphagic behavior. Results suggest that feeding three times per day was sufficient to secure adequate feeding and growth of juvenile pirarucu.(AU)

O pirarucu é uma das principais espécies de peixe para o desenvolvimento da aquicultura na região amazônica. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a frequência de alimentação ideal para juvenis de pirarucu com base em crescimento e eficiência alimentar. Juvenis de aproximadamente 80 g foram alimentados uma, duas, três ou quatro vezes ao dia até a saciedade aparente durante 63 dias. Maior crescimento, ingestão alimentar e gordura corporal foram observados nos peixes alimentados três ou quatro vezes ao dia em comparação com aqueles alimentados uma ou duas vezes ao dia. Não houve diferença significativa para as taxas de conversão alimentar, retenção proteica e retenção energética entre os tratamentos, indicando que o aumento da frequência de alimentação não resultou em prejuízo da eficiência de utilização do alimento. O consumo médio de alimento por refeição foi maior nos peixes alimentados apenas uma vez ao dia, que provavelmente desenvolveram comportamento hiperfágico. Os resultados sugerem que três refeições diárias foram suficientes para garantir o consumo de alimento e crescimento adequados nessa fase.(AU)

Optimum dietary crude protein requirement for juvenile cachama Piaractus brachypomus

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein requirement for juvenile cachama, Piaractus brachypomus. Six semi-purified isoenergetic experimental diets using casein and gelatin as protein sources were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36%). Fish initially averaging 15.52±0.33g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the tanks (500L) as groups of 20 fish and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 60 days. The results showed that feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, fish weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were affected by dietary protein level (P 0.05) . No significant differences were observed in proximal composition of carcass (P 0.05) in response to dietary protein. Analysis of dietary protein level x WG with a second order polynomial regression suggested a requirement of 31.6% CP for optimum growth.

O presente experimento foi realizado para determinar o requerimento ótimo de proteína em dietas para juvenis de pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus. Foram formuladas seis dietas experimentais semi-purificadas, iso-energéticas e com diferentes níveis de proteína (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 e 36% de PB) usando caseína e gelatina como fontes de proteína. Os peixes com peso inicial 15,52±0,33g (média±SD) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos de 20 animais por tanque; foram alimentados durante 60 dias, duas vezes/dia até aparente saciedade. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de alimento, taxa de conversão de alimento, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência de proteína e valores produtivos da proteína e da energia foram significativamente afetados pelos níveis de proteína das dietas (P 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na composição proximal da carcaça (P 0,05) entre tratamentos. A análise do ganho de peso em função dos níveis de proteína da dieta, realizada utilizando regressão polinomial de segundo grau, deu um requerimento de 31,6% de proteína para ótimo crescimento de juvenis de pirapitinga.

Optimum dietary crude protein requirement for juvenile cachama Piaractus brachypomus

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein requirement for juvenile cachama, Piaractus brachypomus. Six semi-purified isoenergetic experimental diets using casein and gelatin as protein sources were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36%). Fish initially averaging 15.52±0.33g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the tanks (500L) as groups of 20 fish and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 60 days. The results showed that feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, fish weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were affected by dietary protein level (P 0.05) . No significant differences were observed in proximal composition of carcass (P 0.05) in response to dietary protein. Analysis of dietary protein level x WG with a second order polynomial regression suggested a requirement of 31.6% CP for optimum growth.

O presente experimento foi realizado para determinar o requerimento ótimo de proteína em dietas para juvenis de pirapitinga, Piaractus brachypomus. Foram formuladas seis dietas experimentais semi-purificadas, iso-energéticas e com diferentes níveis de proteína (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 e 36% de PB) usando caseína e gelatina como fontes de proteína. Os peixes com peso inicial 15,52±0,33g (média±SD) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos de 20 animais por tanque; foram alimentados durante 60 dias, duas vezes/dia até aparente saciedade. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de alimento, taxa de conversão de alimento, ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência de proteína e valores produtivos da proteína e da energia foram significativamente afetados pelos níveis de proteína das dietas (P 0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na composição proximal da carcaça (P 0,05) entre tratamentos. A análise do ganho de peso em função dos níveis de proteína da dieta, realizada utilizando regressão polinomial de segundo grau, deu um requerimento de 31,6% de proteína para ótimo crescimento de juvenis de pirapitinga.

Growth and feed utilization of the shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis fed diets containing different marine protein sources

Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different protein sources (fish, squid and mussel meals and their combinations at the proportions of 40, 30 and 30% or 60, 20 and 20%) were fed for 28 days to Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Growth performance and feed utilization of shrimp fed the fish meal-based diet was comparatively inferior to those fed other protein sources or their combinations. This indicates that fish meal may not be the best protein source for F. paulensis. Feeds containing a mixture of protein sources are better utilized by F. paulensis and therefore result in significantly higher growth than those containing a single protein source.

Cinco dietas iso-protéicas e iso-energéticas contendo diferentes fontes de proteína marinhas (farinhas de peixe, lula e mexilhão e suas misturas nas proporções de 40, 30 e 30% ou 60, 20 e 20%) foram oferecidas durante 28 dias para o camarão Farfantepenaeus paulensis. O crescimento e a taxa de conversão alimentar dos camarões arraçoados com a dieta a base de farinha de peixe tendeu a ser inferior àqueles alimentados com as outras fontes de proteína e/ou suas combinações. Estes resultados indicam que a farinha de peixe pode não ser a melhor fonte protéica para F. paulensis. Dietas contendo uma mistura de fontes protéicas foram mais bem utilizadas por F. paulensis e, portanto, resultaram em taxas de crescimento superiores àquelas contendo uma única fonte de proteína.

Growth and feed utilization of the shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis fed diets containing different marine protein sources

Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different protein sources (fish, squid and mussel meals and their combinations at the proportions of 40, 30 and 30% or 60, 20 and 20%) were fed for 28 days to Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Growth performance and feed utilization of shrimp fed the fish meal-based diet was comparatively inferior to those fed other protein sources or their combinations. This indicates that fish meal may not be the best protein source for F. paulensis. Feeds containing a mixture of protein sources are better utilized by F. paulensis and therefore result in significantly higher growth than those containing a single protein source.

Cinco dietas iso-protéicas e iso-energéticas contendo diferentes fontes de proteína marinhas (farinhas de peixe, lula e mexilhão e suas misturas nas proporções de 40, 30 e 30% ou 60, 20 e 20%) foram oferecidas durante 28 dias para o camarão Farfantepenaeus paulensis. O crescimento e a taxa de conversão alimentar dos camarões arraçoados com a dieta a base de farinha de peixe tendeu a ser inferior àqueles alimentados com as outras fontes de proteína e/ou suas combinações. Estes resultados indicam que a farinha de peixe pode não ser a melhor fonte protéica para F. paulensis. Dietas contendo uma mistura de fontes protéicas foram mais bem utilizadas por F. paulensis e, portanto, resultaram em taxas de crescimento superiores àquelas contendo uma única fonte de proteína.