Establishing an anesthetic protocol for refinement of intracerebral inoculation procedure

Mouse inoculation test (MIT) is a technique widely used for rabies diagnosis and must be liable to refinement due to animal welfare. The present study aims to compare five different anesthetic associations to stablish a protocol to improve the MIT procedure suitable for animal welfare and safe for a routine of viral isolation in newly weaned mice (3 weeks of age). 80 Swiss-Webster mice (Mus musculus) - 40 females and 40 males, 3-week-old, weight ranging from 11 to 14 grams ­ were used to conduct all procedures. Five anesthetic associations were tested: KX (Ketamine 100 mg/kg and Xylazine 10 mg/kg), KXA (Ketamine 80 mg/kg, Xylazine 5 mg/kg, and Acepromazine 1 mg/kg), KXT (Ketamine 80 mg/kg, Xylazine 5 mg/kg, and Tramadol 5 mg/kg), KXAT (Ketamine 100 mg/kg, Xylazine 10 mg/kg, Acepromazine 2 mg/kg and Tramadol 5 mg/kg) and ATI (Acepromazine 1 mg/kg + Tramadol 5 mg/kg + Isoflurane 5% - 0.5 L/min for induction and 2.5% - 0.5L/min for maintenance). Injectable anesthesia was administered intraperitoneally. We monitored the respiratory rate and body temperature. Response to anesthesia was evaluated according to the induction, surgical anesthesia, and recovery periods. The KXAT and ATI protocols induced surgical anesthesia, with the ATI protocol being the most appropriate and safe to perform the MIT procedure with 100% efficiency, absence of mortality, and rapid recovery of respiratory rate and temperature in the period after the procedure.

Effects on the lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense systems of the use of isoflurane or sevoflurane in calves undergoing surgery

Background: Incoming anaesthesia created by the use of many drugs with different physicochemical properties is a sourceof stress and trauma for the body. This event increases the oxidative response and changes the balance between oxidant/antioxidant capacity in the organism in favor of oxidant capacity. This situation is defined as oxidative stress. For thesereasons, studies are conducted to determine the effects of general anaesthetic agents on oxidant and antioxidant systems inthe organism. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane used for general anaesthesiain humans and animals on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in calves.Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 14 calves of different breeds, ages, sexes, and weighing, average 2 weeksold. The cases randomly were divided into 2 groups, the isoflurane group (group I), and the sevoflurane group (group II),and each group included 7 animals. Before general anaesthesia, 0.04 mg/kg atropine was administered intramuscularly toall animals for premedication. At 15 min after atropine administration, isoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in group I, and sevoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 5-7% in group II, via aface mask for 15 min for the induction of anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed in all cases at the 15 min ofthe induction period following the onset of general anaesthesia symptoms. After the induction, anaesthesia was continuedat an inspiratory concentration of 1.5-3% in the isoflurane group and inspiratory concentration of 2.5-4% in the sevofluranegroup. Blood samples were taken just before anaesthesia, just before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery,and at the 24 h postoperatively. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione...

Effects on the lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense systems of the use of isoflurane or sevoflurane in calves undergoing surgery

Background: Incoming anaesthesia created by the use of many drugs with different physicochemical properties is a sourceof stress and trauma for the body. This event increases the oxidative response and changes the balance between oxidant/antioxidant capacity in the organism in favor of oxidant capacity. This situation is defined as oxidative stress. For thesereasons, studies are conducted to determine the effects of general anaesthetic agents on oxidant and antioxidant systems inthe organism. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane used for general anaesthesiain humans and animals on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in calves.Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 14 calves of different breeds, ages, sexes, and weighing, average 2 weeksold. The cases randomly were divided into 2 groups, the isoflurane group (group I), and the sevoflurane group (group II),and each group included 7 animals. Before general anaesthesia, 0.04 mg/kg atropine was administered intramuscularly toall animals for premedication. At 15 min after atropine administration, isoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in group I, and sevoflurane was administered at an inspiratory concentration of 5-7% in group II, via aface mask for 15 min for the induction of anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed in all cases at the 15 min ofthe induction period following the onset of general anaesthesia symptoms. After the induction, anaesthesia was continuedat an inspiratory concentration of 1.5-3% in the isoflurane group and inspiratory concentration of 2.5-4% in the sevofluranegroup. Blood samples were taken just before anaesthesia, just before skin incision, at the end of anaesthesia and surgery,and at the 24 h postoperatively. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione...(AU)

Comparison of use of isoflurane or sevoflurane for anaesthesia induced by mask in calves

Background: Inhalation anaesthesia is an effective and reliable general anaesthesia method for inactivity, analgesia, and unconsciousness in extensive surgical procedures. Although widely used, especially in small animals, there are very few studies investigated the reliability and superiority of inhalation anaesthesia in surgical procedures for ruminants. This study intended to evaluate the anaesthetic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane in different surgical cases with endotracheal intubation following the induction of anaesthesia using a calve-specific facemask, which is not yet a routine option in cattle. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted on 14 calves, from new-born up to 3 months-old, that undergoing various surgical operations. The animals were divided into isoflurane and sevoflurane groups, and each group contained 7 animals. In all cases, atropine (0.04 mg/kg was administered intramusculer as premedication before 15 min from anaesthesia induction. For induction, the anaesthetic agent was given at an inspiratory concentration of 3-5% in the isoflurane group and at an inspiratory concentration of 5 - 7% in the sevoflurane group during 5 min via mask at 15 min after atropine administration. In both groups, endotracheal intubation was performed (about 1-3 min) after of general anaesthesia symptoms starting. At 5 min after induction, anaesthesia was continued at 1.5 - 3% in the isoflurane group and at 2.5 - 4% in the sevoflurane group during operation. The animals were monitored during anaesthesia and, anaesthetic effect, reaction of the calve, pronounced side effects, Heart Rate (HR), Systolic Arterial Blood Pressure (SABP), Diastolic Arterial Blood Pressure (DABP), Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP), Respiration Rate (RR), Pulse Rate (PR), Arterial Oxygen Saturation (SpO2 ) were recorded at before anaesthesia, the premedication period, 5...

Comparison of the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane general anaesthesia after induction by propofol on clinical and physiological measurements in calves

Background: In veterinary surgical operations for cats and dogs, inhalation anaesthesia is known to be a good option forgeneral anaesthesia in long operations or emergency cases. Studies have revealed that during inhalation anaesthesia, theheart and respiratory functions of the animals are more stable compared to injectable anaesthesia. However, there are fewstudies performed with the use of inhalation anaesthesia in ruminants. In this research, the goal is to evaluate the effectsof isoflurane and sevoflurane after induction with propofol in calves based on clinical and physiological parameters andto find a more reliable strategy for general anaesthesia in ruminants.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was carried out on 30 calves, from new-born up to 3-month-old, undergoingsurgery operation. Each group consisted of 15 animals that were divided as isoflurane and sevoflurane. For premedication,atropine was administered at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg via subcutaneous injection in calves. For induction, 15 min after atropineapplication, propofol was given at 5-6 mg/kg via intravenous infusion. Then, endotracheal intubation was performed andinhalation anaesthesia began at 5 min after induction. In the isoflurane group, the onset of anaesthesia concentration wasset to 3-5% and the maintenance was set to a concentration of 1.5-3%. In the sevoflurane group, the onset of anaesthesiaconcentration was set to 5-7% and the maintenance was set to a concentration of 2.5-4%. To monitor the calves, the heartrate (HR), the pulse rate (PR), the systolic blood pressure (SBP), the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the respiratory rate(RR), the rectal temperature (RT) and the electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements were recorded before anaesthesia, thepremedication, the induction periods, at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after the onset of inhalation anaesthesia during theoperation period. Blood samples were taken before anaesthesia, premedication, induction periods...

Comparison of the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane general anaesthesia after induction by propofol on clinical and physiological measurements in calves

Background: In veterinary surgical operations for cats and dogs, inhalation anaesthesia is known to be a good option forgeneral anaesthesia in long operations or emergency cases. Studies have revealed that during inhalation anaesthesia, theheart and respiratory functions of the animals are more stable compared to injectable anaesthesia. However, there are fewstudies performed with the use of inhalation anaesthesia in ruminants. In this research, the goal is to evaluate the effectsof isoflurane and sevoflurane after induction with propofol in calves based on clinical and physiological parameters andto find a more reliable strategy for general anaesthesia in ruminants.Materials, Methods & Results: The research was carried out on 30 calves, from new-born up to 3-month-old, undergoingsurgery operation. Each group consisted of 15 animals that were divided as isoflurane and sevoflurane. For premedication,atropine was administered at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg via subcutaneous injection in calves. For induction, 15 min after atropineapplication, propofol was given at 5-6 mg/kg via intravenous infusion. Then, endotracheal intubation was performed andinhalation anaesthesia began at 5 min after induction. In the isoflurane group, the onset of anaesthesia concentration wasset to 3-5% and the maintenance was set to a concentration of 1.5-3%. In the sevoflurane group, the onset of anaesthesiaconcentration was set to 5-7% and the maintenance was set to a concentration of 2.5-4%. To monitor the calves, the heartrate (HR), the pulse rate (PR), the systolic blood pressure (SBP), the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the respiratory rate(RR), the rectal temperature (RT) and the electrocardiogram (ECG) measurements were recorded before anaesthesia, thepremedication, the induction periods, at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min after the onset of inhalation anaesthesia during theoperation period. Blood samples were taken before anaesthesia, premedication, induction periods...(AU)

Effects of huperzine A on hippocampal inflammatory response and neurotrophic factors in aged rats after anesthesia

Purpose To investigate the effects of huperzine A (HupA) on hippocampal inflammatory response and neurotrophic factors in aged rats after anesthesia. Methods Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats (20-22 months old) were randomly divided into control, isofluran, and isoflurane+HupA groups; 12 rats in each group. The isoflurane+HupA group was intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mg/kg of HupA. After 30 min, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia was performed in the isoflurane and isoflurane+HupA groups. After 24 h from anesthesia, Morris water maze experiment and open-field test were performed. Hippocampal inflammatory and neurotrophic factors were determined. Results Compared with isoflurane group, in isofluran+HupA group the escape latency of rats was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), the original platform quadrant residence time and traversing times were significantly increased (P < 0.05), the central area residence time was significantly increased (P < 0.05), the hippocampal tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6 and interleukin 1β levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the hippocampal nerve growth factor, brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion HupA may alleviate the cognitive impairment in rats after isoflurane anesthesia by decreasing inflammatory factors and increasing hippocampal neurotrophic factors in hippocampus tissue.(AU)

Hematological and biochemical parameters in Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) undergoing pharmacological restraint and general anesthesia / Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos em Cuniculus paca sob contenção química e anesthesia geral

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chemical restraint, general anesthesia and opioid treatment on hematological components in Cuniculus paca. Eight healthy, adult, captivity female animals , underwent three laparoscopic procedures with a 15-day interval were evaluated. After physical restraint, an association of ketamine (25mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly for chemical restraint. Posteriorly, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; and randomly administered methadone (0.5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) or saline-placebo (0,1mL/kg) intramuscularly. After pharmacological restraint and in the final laparoscopy stage, venous blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium analysis. During general anesthesia, hemoglobin, TP concentration and lymphocytes decreased (P=0.029; <0.001; 0.022 respectively), whereas the potassium levels increased (P=0.034). In conclusion, chemical restraint with ketamine/midazolam association causes a slight decrease in blood cellular components. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopic procedure lead to decrease in hemoglobin, lymphocytes and protein concentrations, while potassium increased, without any influence from the tramadol or methadone treatment. However, these alterations were transient, and its hematologic values can collaborate in carrying out epidemiological, pathophysiological or case studies in the Cuniculus paca.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de contenção química, anestesia geral e tratamento com opiáceos nos parâmetros hematológicos em Cuniculus paca. Foram avaliados oito animais saudáveis, fêmeas, adultas, de cativeiro, que foram submetidas a três procedimentos laparoscópicos, com intervalo de 15 dias. Após a contenção física, uma associação de cetamina (25mg/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) foi administrada por via intramuscular para contenção química. Posteriormente, a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com isoflurano, e administrou-se aleatoriamente metadona (0,5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) ou placebo salina por via intramuscular. Após a contenção farmacológica e em estágio final da laparoscopia, foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso para contagem sanguínea completa, proteína de plasma total (TP), creatinina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), cálcio, sódio, potássio e cloreto ionizado. Durante a anestesia geral, a concentração de hemoglobina, TP e linfócitos diminuiu (P= 0,029;< 0,001; 0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os níveis de potássio aumentaram (P= 0,034). Em conclusão, a contenção química com associação de cetamina/midazolam promove uma ligeira diminuição dos componentes celulares do sangue. A anestesia com isoflavano para o procedimento laparoscópico levou a uma diminuição das concentrações de hemoglobina, linfócitos e proteínas, enquanto o potássio aumentou, sem qualquer influência do tratamento com tramadol ou metadona. No entanto, essas alterações foram transitórias, e os seus valores hematológicos obtidos podem colaborar na realização de estudos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos ou casuísticas para Cuniculus paca.(AU)

Hematological and biochemical parameters in Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) undergoing pharmacological restraint and general anesthesia / Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos em Cuniculus paca sob contenção química e anesthesia geral

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chemical restraint, general anesthesia and opioid treatment on hematological components in Cuniculus paca. Eight healthy, adult, captivity female animals , underwent three laparoscopic procedures with a 15-day interval were evaluated. After physical restraint, an association of ketamine (25mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly for chemical restraint. Posteriorly, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; and randomly administered methadone (0.5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) or saline-placebo (0,1mL/kg) intramuscularly. After pharmacological restraint and in the final laparoscopy stage, venous blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium analysis. During general anesthesia, hemoglobin, TP concentration and lymphocytes decreased (P=0.029; <0.001; 0.022 respectively), whereas the potassium levels increased (P=0.034). In conclusion, chemical restraint with ketamine/midazolam association causes a slight decrease in blood cellular components. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopic procedure lead to decrease in hemoglobin, lymphocytes and protein concentrations, while potassium increased, without any influence from the tramadol or methadone treatment. However, these alterations were transient, and its hematologic values can collaborate in carrying out epidemiological, pathophysiological or case studies in the Cuniculus paca.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de contenção química, anestesia geral e tratamento com opiáceos nos parâmetros hematológicos em Cuniculus paca. Foram avaliados oito animais saudáveis, fêmeas, adultas, de cativeiro, que foram submetidas a três procedimentos laparoscópicos, com intervalo de 15 dias. Após a contenção física, uma associação de cetamina (25mg/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) foi administrada por via intramuscular para contenção química. Posteriormente, a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com isoflurano, e administrou-se aleatoriamente metadona (0,5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) ou placebo salina por via intramuscular. Após a contenção farmacológica e em estágio final da laparoscopia, foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso para contagem sanguínea completa, proteína de plasma total (TP), creatinina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), cálcio, sódio, potássio e cloreto ionizado. Durante a anestesia geral, a concentração de hemoglobina, TP e linfócitos diminuiu (P= 0,029;< 0,001; 0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os níveis de potássio aumentaram (P= 0,034). Em conclusão, a contenção química com associação de cetamina/midazolam promove uma ligeira diminuição dos componentes celulares do sangue. A anestesia com isoflavano para o procedimento laparoscópico levou a uma diminuição das concentrações de hemoglobina, linfócitos e proteínas, enquanto o potássio aumentou, sem qualquer influência do tratamento com tramadol ou metadona. No entanto, essas alterações foram transitórias, e os seus valores hematológicos obtidos podem colaborar na realização de estudos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos ou casuísticas para Cuniculus paca.(AU)

General anesthesia in geriatric dogs with propofol-isoflurane, propofolsevoflurane, alphaxalone-isoflurane, alphaxalone-sevoflurane and their comparison of biochemical, hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary effects

Background: Geriatric is defined as the life-cycle in which the physical state, organ functions, sensory functions, mental function and immunity progressively regress. Aging causes progressive and irreversible changes in the functional capacities of organ systems, which in turn alter the response to stress and anesthetic drugs. Propofol is an anesthetic agent with sedative and hypnotic effects. Anesthesia induction with propofol is fast and smooth. Alphaxalone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane11,20-dione) is a central nervous system depressant in the form of synthetic neuroactive steroids. This allows anesthesia and muscle relaxation by increasing the inhibition of gamma amino butyric acid type A (GABA) receptors. The aim of this study is to compare effects of propofol-isoflurane and propofol-sevoflurane with relatively a new anesthetic combination alphaxalone-isoflurane and alphaxalone-sevoflurane on hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: Dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups and anesthesia protocols were applied. After induction of anesthesia with 6 mg/kg propofol in groups 1 and 2, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 1 and sevoflurane in group 2. After induction of 3 mg/kg alphaxalone anesthesia in groups 3 and 4, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 3 whereas sevoflurane in group 4. Vena cephalica was catheterized for blood collection. At the preanesthetic period, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after the anesthesia, complete blood counts were performed. Serum ALT, AST, urea, creatinine values were measured during preanesthesia, perianesthesia 15-30 min and 60 min after anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary parameters and reflexes were evaluated before anesthesia and recorded at perianesthetic 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after full recovery. Patients were monitored during anesthesia. The average age of the dogs in the study was 10.83.[...]

General anesthesia in geriatric dogs with propofol-isoflurane, propofolsevoflurane, alphaxalone-isoflurane, alphaxalone-sevoflurane and their comparison of biochemical, hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary effects

Background: Geriatric is defined as the life-cycle in which the physical state, organ functions, sensory functions, mental function and immunity progressively regress. Aging causes progressive and irreversible changes in the functional capacities of organ systems, which in turn alter the response to stress and anesthetic drugs. Propofol is an anesthetic agent with sedative and hypnotic effects. Anesthesia induction with propofol is fast and smooth. Alphaxalone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane11,20-dione) is a central nervous system depressant in the form of synthetic neuroactive steroids. This allows anesthesia and muscle relaxation by increasing the inhibition of gamma amino butyric acid type A (GABA) receptors. The aim of this study is to compare effects of propofol-isoflurane and propofol-sevoflurane with relatively a new anesthetic combination alphaxalone-isoflurane and alphaxalone-sevoflurane on hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: Dogs were randomly divided into 4 groups and anesthesia protocols were applied. After induction of anesthesia with 6 mg/kg propofol in groups 1 and 2, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 1 and sevoflurane in group 2. After induction of 3 mg/kg alphaxalone anesthesia in groups 3 and 4, isoflurane anesthesia was continued in group 3 whereas sevoflurane in group 4. Vena cephalica was catheterized for blood collection. At the preanesthetic period, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after the anesthesia, complete blood counts were performed. Serum ALT, AST, urea, creatinine values were measured during preanesthesia, perianesthesia 15-30 min and 60 min after anesthesia. Cardiopulmonary parameters and reflexes were evaluated before anesthesia and recorded at perianesthetic 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 min and 60 min after full recovery. Patients were monitored during anesthesia. The average age of the dogs in the study was 10.83.[...](AU)

Comparison of clinical and hemodynamic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in calves

Background: Inhalation anesthesia is the preferred method for use on many animal species, including ruminants, due to its superiority over the injectable anesthetics. The most commonly used inhalation anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular system of calves.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 20 calves (11 male, 9 female) between 1 and 6 months in age and 50 to 85 kg in body weight were used. The calves were divided randomly into two groups of 10 each, with one group being administered isoflurane and the other sevoflurane. An intramuscular dosage of 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine was administered to the calves as premedication. Induction was performed 10 min after calves were given an intramuscular dosage of 4 mg/kg of ketamine. Inhalation anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane in 100% oxygen saturation. Before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, the body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate of the calves were recorded. Additionally, before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, serum electrolyte (Na+ , Ca++, K+ , Mg++) and blood gases (pH, pCO2 , pO2 , HCO3-, TCO2 , O2 Sat, HCT) were evaluated from blood samples taken from both groups. The second derivation, durations and amplitudes of the P and T waves, the durations and amplitudes of the QRS complex, and the durations of PQ and QT intervals were evaluated on the ECGs recorded before anesthesia, after induction and during anesthesia. Following anesthesia termination, the extubation time and the time it took for straightening of the head and standing up were recorded. Decrease in heart rate and body temperature were found significant in two of the groups.[...]

Comparison of Clinical and Hemodynamic Effects of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Calves

Background: Inhalation anesthesia is the preferred method for use on many animal species, including ruminants, due to its superiority over the injectable anesthetics. The most commonly used inhalation anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular system of calves.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 20 calves (11 male, 9 female) between 1 and 6 months in age and 50 to 85 kg in body weight were used. The calves were divided randomly into two groups of 10 each, with one group being administered isoflurane and the other sevoflurane. An intramuscular dosage of 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine was administered to the calves as premedication. Induction was performed 10 min after calves were given an intramuscular dosage of 4 mg/kg of ketamine. Inhalation anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane in 100% oxygen saturation. Before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, the body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate of the calves were recorded. Additionally, before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, serum electrolyte (Na+, Ca++, K+, Mg++) and blood gases (pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, O2Sat, HCT) were evaluated from blood samples taken from both gr

Comparison of clinical and hemodynamic effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in calves

Background: Inhalation anesthesia is the preferred method for use on many animal species, including ruminants, due to its superiority over the injectable anesthetics. The most commonly used inhalation anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular system of calves.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 20 calves (11 male, 9 female) between 1 and 6 months in age and 50 to 85 kg in body weight were used. The calves were divided randomly into two groups of 10 each, with one group being administered isoflurane and the other sevoflurane. An intramuscular dosage of 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine was administered to the calves as premedication. Induction was performed 10 min after calves were given an intramuscular dosage of 4 mg/kg of ketamine. Inhalation anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane in 100% oxygen saturation. Before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, the body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate of the calves were recorded. Additionally, before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, serum electrolyte (Na+ , Ca++, K+ , Mg++) and blood gases (pH, pCO2 , pO2 , HCO3-, TCO2 , O2 Sat, HCT) were evaluated from blood samples taken from both groups. The second derivation, durations and amplitudes of the P and T waves, the durations and amplitudes of the QRS complex, and the durations of PQ and QT intervals were evaluated on the ECGs recorded before anesthesia, after induction and during anesthesia. Following anesthesia termination, the extubation time and the time it took for straightening of the head and standing up were recorded. Decrease in heart rate and body temperature were found significant in two of the groups.[...](AU)

Anestesia geral inalatória ou total intravenosa associada à anestesia subaracnoidea, em ovinos / General inhalation anesthesia or total intravenous associated with subarachnoid anesthesia in sheep

Avaliou-se a eficácia e a segurança anestésica em ovinos mantidos sob anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano ou anestesia total intravenosa com propofol, ambas associadas à anestesia subaracnoidea. Quatorze ovinos foram pré-medicados com 0,3mg.kg-1 de morfina IM, e cinco minutos após, receberam 20mcg.kg-1 de detomidina IV. Posteriormente, foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: GISO (n=7), os quais foram induzidos à anestesia geral com 0,5mg.kg-1 de diazepam e 5mg.kg-1 de cetamina IV, e mantidos em anestesia geral inalatória com isoflurano diluído em oxigênio a 100%; e GPRO (n=7), induzidos com 4mg.kg-1 de propofol IV seguido inicialmente de infusão contínua na taxa de 0,3mg.kg-1.min-1. Para realização da osteotomia bilateral, todos os animais receberam 0,5mg.kg-1 de ropivacaína 0,75% associado a 0,1mg.kg-1 de morfina pela via subaracnoidea. Houve redução de 40% nos valores médios de frequência cardíaca após sedação em ambos os grupos, permanecendo em média 23% reduzida até o final da avaliação. A pressão arterial média aumentou 16%, após a indução anestésica no GISO, mas se reduziu até o final do procedimento, assim como no GPRO. A EtISO média foi de 0,57V% e a taxa média de infusão do propofol foi de 0,24mg.kg-1.min-1. Os tempos totais de cirurgia, anestesia e extubação foram de 66±9,8, 92±13,8 e 7,0±1,5 minutos no GISO e 56±2,4, 82,9±4,6 e 5,4±1,5 minutos no GPRO, não havendo diferença significativa entre grupos. A manutenção anestésica com isoflurano ou propofol promoveu plano anestésico similar com mínimos efeitos cardiovasculares ou hemogasométricos, que são bem tolerados em ovinos hígidos.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sheep submitted to inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane or total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, both associated with subarachnoid anesthesia. Fourteen animals were pre-medicated with 0.3mg.kg-1 morphine IM, and 5 minutes later received 20mcg.kg-1 detomidine IV. Then they were allocated into two groups: GISO (n=7), which were induced with 0.5mg.kg-1 of diazepam and 5mg.kg-1 of ketamine IV, and anesthesia maintenance was performed by isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen; or GPRO (n=7), where animals were induced with 4mg.kg-1 propofol IV and subsequent maintenance anesthesia with its own infusion of 0.3mg.kg.min-1. To perform the bilateral tibial osteotomy, all animals received 0.5mg.kg-1 0.75% ropivacaine combined with 0.1mg.kg-1 morphine by the intrathecal route. There was a 40% reduction in mean heart rate after the sedative protocol in both groups, resulting in a 23% average reduction until the end of the review. Mean arterial pressure showed transient elevation of around 16%, after induction of anesthesia in GISO, but reducing it to the end of the procedure, as well as in GPRO. The average EtISO was 0.57 V% and average infusion rate of propofol was 0.24mg.kg-1.min-1. The total time of surgery, anesthesia and extubation was 66± 9.8, 92±7.0 and 13.8±1.5 minutes in GISO and 56±2.4, 82.9±4.6 and 5.4±1.5 minutes in GPRO. The maintenance of anesthesia with propofol or isoflurane produced similar anesthesia with minimal cardiovascular and blood gas effects, which are well tolerated in healthy sheep.(AU)

DETERMINAÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO ALVEOLAR MÍNIMA (CAM) DE ISOFLURANO E SEVOFLURANO EM SAGUIS-DE-TUFO PRETO (Callithrix penicillata)

DIETZE, W. Determinação da concentração alveolar mínima (CAM) de isoflurano e sevoflurano em Saguis-de-tufo preto (callithrix penicillata). 2021, 64p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal) Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Lages, 2021. A CAM é uma medida de potência anestésica quantitativa, necessária para abolir movimentos em 50% dos pacientes, em resposta a um estímulo supramáximo. Devido a suas características e a facilidade de mensurar o agente anestésico expirado, a CAM é o índice padrão de avaliação e comparação dos anestésicos voláteis, além de orientar a administração de dose. Os saguis-de tufo preto (Callithrix penicillata) são primatas presentes na rotina clínica e cirúrgica de hospitais veterinários, além de serem utilizados como modelos em experimentos, principalmente na neurociência. Mesmo apresentando tanta importância, poucos trabalhos avaliaram a potência dos principais anestésicos voláteis nesta espécie. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar neste estudo prospectivo e experimental, utilizando o método up-and-down, a concentração alveolar mínima de sevoflurano e isoflurano, nestes primatas, através estímulo elétrico. Foram utilizadas 7 famílias de saguis-de-tufo preto, que totalizaram 24 animais, 11 fêmeas e 13 machos, com idade indeterminada, sendo a higidez comprovada por meio de exames hematológicos e avaliação física. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, de forma aleatória, chamados de grupo ISOCAM e grupo SEVOCAM, e individualmente induzidos em caixa anestésica com oxigênio (5 L/min) juntamente com 7 V% de sevoflurano no SEVOCAM ou 5 V% de isoflurano no grupo ISOCAM. Quando os animais atingiam o decúbito, foram intubados com tubo endotraqueal e mantidos com oxigênio (0,8 L/min) e o halogenado eleito para o grupo, em circuito aberto sem reinalação de gases. Definido em estudo piloto, o primeiro animal do ISOCAM iniciou a manutenção com 2,6 V% de isoflurano e SEVOCAM com a concentração de 4 V% de sevoflurano. Realizado a instrumentação para avaliar FC, FR, PAS, SpO2, EtCO2, TR e EtISO ou EtSEV, aguardou-se 15 minutos para equilíbrio anestésico, e posteriormente foi realizado estímulo elétrico (50 mA e 50 hertz) em face lateral da coxa, no modo farádico (3 estímulos simples consecutivos, seguidos de 2 estímulos contínuos). Realizado o estímulo, foi observada a resposta, quando positiva (movimentos de membros, cabeça ou vocalização) e negativa (não apresentou movimentos) a concentração anestésica foi aumentada ou reduzida em 10%, respectivamente, no próximo sagui. A indução dos animais bem como a recuperação anestésica foi avaliada utilizando escala apropriada. Variáveis fisiológicas foram aferidas antes (M0) e depois (M1) do estímulo nociceptivo. A CAM foi calculada utilizando a técnica de up-and-down e cálculo de média dos cruzamentos. Os valores das variáveis fisiológicas foram pareados e submetidos ao teste t. Para a comparação entre grupos utilizou-se do teste Anova com pós teste de Bonferroni. O teste de Qui-quadrado serviu para analisar a categóricas (escala de indução e retorno anestésico). A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para determinar associações entre as concentrações dos halogenados e os parâmetros de M0 e M1. As CAMs de isoflurano e sevoflurano em Callithrix penicillata foram de 2,29 V% e de 3,93 V% respectivamente. Os parâmetros fisiológicos foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Na avaliação de indução e recuperação, ambos apresentaram resultados semelhantes. Porém o isoflurano causou irritação das vias aéreas e mucosas oculares, provocando mais tosse e lacrimejamento.

DIETZE, W. Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and sevoflurane in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). 2021, 64p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science) - University of the State of Santa Catarina. Graduate Program in Animal Science, Lages, 2021. MAC is a measurement of quantitative anesthetic potential necessary to abolish movements in 50% of patients in response to a supramaximal stimulus. Due to its characteristics and the ease of measuring the expired anesthetic agent, MAC is the standard index for evaluating and comparing volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical routine of veterinary hospitals and used as models in few experiments to evaluate the potency of the primary volatile anesthetics in this species. The objective of this prospective and experimental study was to assess, using the up-and-down method, the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane and isoflurane, in these primates, through electrical stimulation. Seven families of black-tufted marmosets were elected, totaling 24 animals, 11 females and 13 males of undetermined age. Hematological exams and physical evaluation confirmed their health. The animals were randomly divided into two groups, called the MACISO group and the MACSEVO group, and individually induced in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and 7 V% sevoflurane in MACSEVO or 5 V% isoflurane in the MACISO group. When the animals reached the decubitus position, they were intubated with an endotracheal tube, maintained with oxygen (0.8 L/min), and the halogenate chosen for the group in an open circuit without gas rebreathing. Defined in a pilot study, the first MACISO animal started maintenance with 2.6 V% isoflurane and MACSEVO with a concentration of 4 V% sevoflurane. The instrumentation was performed to measure heart rate (HR), Respiratory rate(RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), SpO2, EtCO2, Temperature, and FE'Iso or FE'Sevo, waited 15 minutes for anesthetic balance, and then electrical stimulation (50 mA and 50 hertz) was implemented on the subcutaneous region of the tibia at faradic mode ( three consecutive simple stimuli, followed by two continuous stimuli). After the stimulation, the primate response was observed if positive (movements of limbs, head, or vocalization) and negative (no movements), subsequently in the next marmoset, the anesthetic concentration was increased or reduced by 10%, respectively. Animal induction and anesthetic recovery were evaluated using an appropriate scale; also, physiological variables were measured before (M0) and after (M1) the nociceptive stimulus. The MAC was calculated using the up-and-down technique; calculating the average of the crossings and the values of physiological variables were paired and submitted to the t-test. For the comparison between groups, the ANOVA test with Bonferroni post-test was used, the Chi-square test was used to analyze the categorical (anesthetic induction and return scale). Pearson's correlation was used to determine associations between isoflurane and sevoflurane concentrations and M0 and M1 parameters, and the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillata were 2.29 V% and 3.93 V%, respectively. Concerning physiological parameters similar to groups, the evaluation of induction and recovery presented excellent results with no statistical difference; however, isoflurane irritated the airways and ocular mucous membranes, appearing more cough and tear.

Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of a constant rate infusion of remifentanil undergoing mastectomy in dogs / Avaliação da concentração expirada de isoflurano em infusão continua de remifentanil em cadelas submetidas a mastectomia

Os objetivos deste estudo são a avaliação dos efeitos de duas taxas fixas de infusão continua de remifentanil na concentração expirada de isoflurano (ETiso) em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia. Foram utilizadas 18 cadelas, 12+2 anos de idade e pesando 15+5 Kg. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos (n=6/grupo) e submetidos à mastectomia unilateral devido a neoplasia mamária. Todos os animais foram pré-medicados com morfina (0,5 mg Kg-1) e acepromazina (0,03 mg Kg-1), ambas por via intramuscular (IM). A indução da anestesia foi realizada com propofol (dose-efeito). Os animais foram intubados e conectados a um sistema circular com reinalação de gases. Foi utilizada ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente para manutenção de normocapnia com fluxo de oxigênio de 2 L/min e FiO2 de 100%. A anestesia foi mantida com isoflurano e solução salina (grupo controle [GCON], n=6) ou infusão intravenosa de remifentanil na taxa de 0,15 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0,15 n=6) ou 0,3 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0,3 n=6). As variáveis cardiovasculares e a ETiso foram monitoradas antes e a cada 15 minutos após o início da cirurgia. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA com repetições múltiplas para comparações entre momentos e ANOVA seguida de teste Student Newman Keuls (p£0.05) para comparações entre grupos. A frequência cardíaca foi menor em todos os momentos nos grupos REMI 0,15 e REMI 0,3 em comparação com GCON, sendo que não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para essa variável entre os dois grupos com infusão de remifentanil. Adicionalmente, os valores de pressão arterial (PAS, PAM e PAD) não apresentaram diferenças entre grupos. Os valores basais (antes da cirurgia) de ETiso não apresentaram diferenças entre os 3 grupos. Após o início da cirurgia, a ETiso variou entre 1,37±0,3 e 1,05±0,19 no grupo controle; nos grupos REMI 0,15 e REMI 0,3 a ETiso foi 36,5% e 65,7% menor que no grupo controle (M15).[...](AU)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of two constant rate infusions of remifentanil on end tidal isoflurane (ETiso) in dogs undergoing mastectomy surgery. Eighteen bitches, 12+2 years of age, weighing 15+5 Kg were randomized into 3 groups (n=6/group) and underwent unilateral mastectomy due to mammary neoplasia. All animals received the premedications of morphine (0.5 mg Kg-1) and acepromazine (0.03 mg Kg-1) by intramuscular route (IM). Propofol dose-effect was used for induction of anesthesia. The animals were intubated and connected to a circle breathing system, and IPPV (intermittent positive pressure ventilation) was used to maintain normocapnia with an oxygen flow rate of 2 L/min and FiO2 100%. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and saline solution (control group [GCON], n=6) or intravenous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 0.15 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0.15 n=6) or 0.3 ?g Kg-1min-1 (REMI 0.3 n=6). Cardiopulmonary variables and ETiso were monitored before and every 15 minutes after the start of surgery. The data were analyzed by ANOVA with multiple repetitions between moments and ANOVA followed by the Student Newman Keuls test (p£0.05) for comparisons between groups. Heart rate was lower at all moments in the REMI 0.15 and REMI 0.3 groups than in the GCON, and heart rate was not significantly different between the two remifentanil infusion groups. Additionally, the arterial blood pressure values (SAP, MAP and DAP) were not different between all groups. Baseline values (before surgery) of ETiso were not different between the 3 groups. After the start of surgery, ETiso ranged from 1.37±0.3 to 1.05±0.19 in the control group; in the REMI 0.15 and REMI 0.3 groups, ETiso was 36.5% and 65.7% lower than in the control group (M15). Remifentanil infusion reduced ETiso in a dose-dependent manner in animals undergoing radical mastectomy without causing significant cardiopulmonary alterations.(AU)

Análise comparativa de dois métodos de eutanásia por overdose de anestésico inalatório em neonatos de camundongos Swiss Webster

A eutanásia na Ciência em Animais de laboratório é um tema delicado e que vem sendo discutido de forma mais intensa nos últimos anos, uma vez que envolve questões éticas e de bem-estar animal. Os métodos de eutanásia aceitáveis devem proporcionar uma eutanásia rápida, indolor e não estressante. No Brasil, é indicado o uso de anestésicos gerais injetáveis ou inalatórios para pequenos roedores. No caso de camundongos neonatos, a decapitação e o congelamento rápido são práticas correntes nas criações e experimentações pelo Brasil, mesmo sendo métodos aceitos com restrição pelo Concea. Neste estudo foram comparados dois métodos de administração de isoflurano para eutanásia de neonatos: uso de gaze embebida em isoflurano (volatilização espontânea) e insuflação de altas doses de isoflurano por vaporizador universal (volatilização forçada pelo oxigênio), ambos em câmara de eutanásia. A eficiência dos métodos foi comparada por meio da análise dos tempos: até a inconsciência pela avaliação de LORR (loss of the righting reflex), da perda de reflexos pela avaliação de LOPR (loss of the pedal withdrawal reflex) e parada cardíaca avaliada por meio de doppler vascular. Além destas aferições, foram mensurados os resíduos gerais de anestésicos (RGA) no ambiente, com resultados que poderão contribuir para avaliações sobre a saúde ocupacional do operador. Os resultados demonstraram que ambos os métodos levam à inconsciência (LORR) em tempos médios similares, entretanto o uso de gaze embebida com isoflurano, em câmara de eutanásia, ocasiona um tempo menor para perda de reflexo de dor profunda e tolerância cirúrgica (LOPR) e um tempo menor até a parada cardíaca, além de gerar menor custo e produzir menor contaminação do ambiente de eutanásia.

Euthanasia in Laboratory Animal Science is a sensitive topic and has been discussed more intensively in recent years since it involves ethical and animal welfare issues. Acceptable euthanasia methods should provide quick, painless and non-stressful euthanasia. In Brazil, the use of general injectable or inhaled anesthetics is recommended for small rodents. In the case of neonatal mice, decapitation and rapid freezing are common practices in breeding and experimentation in Brazil, even though methods are restricted by Concea. In this study, two methods of administering isoflurane for euthanasia of neonates were compared: use of gauze soaked in isoflurane (spontaneous volatilization) and insufflation of high doses of isoflurane by universal vaporizer (volatilization forced by oxygen), both in a euthanasia chamber. The efficiency of the methods was compared through the analysis of times: up to unconsciousness by the LORR (loss of the righting reflex) assessment, the loss of reflexes by the LOPR (loss of the pedal withdrawal reflex) assessment and cardiac arrest assessed by means of vascular doppler. In addition to these measurements, general anesthetic residues (RGA) in the environment were measured, with results that may contribute to evaluations of the operator's occupational health. The results showed that both methods lead to unconsciousness (LORR) in similar average times, however the use of gauze soaked with isoflurane, in a euthanasia chamber, causes a shorter time for loss of reflex of deep pain and surgical tolerance (LOPR) and shorter time to cardiac arrest, in addition to lower costs and less contamination of the euthanasia environment.

Effects of epidural nalbuphine on intraoperative isoflurane and postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs

To measure the change in the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (EtISO) associated with epidural nalbuphine and the postoperative analgesic requirements in dogs after ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Twenty four healthy female dogs were randomly assigned to receive saline or nalbuphine at 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg (n=8 for each group) administered via lumbosacral epidural catheter introduced cranially into the epidural canal. Changes in heart and respiratory rates and arterial blood pressure during surgery were recorded along with the corresponding EtISO. Immediately after tracheal extubation, analgesia, sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were measured at predetermined intervals and every 60 min thereafter until the first rescue analgesic. RESULTS: A significant decrease in EtISO was associated with epidural nalbuphine at 0.3 mg/kg (26.3%) and 0.6 mg/kg (38.4%) but not with saline in ovariohysterectomized dogs. In the postoperative period, VAS and Colorado analgesic scores were lower for the dogs that received the higher nalbuphine dose, which only required supplemental analgesia 10 h following its administration, compared with dogs that received the lower dose. CONCLUSION: Epidural nalbuphine significantly reduces the intra-operative isoflurane requirement and provides prolonged postoperative analgesia after ovariohysterectomy in dogs.(AU)

Efeito da associação de morfina-lidocaína-ketamina sobre a função cardiopulmonar e concentração expirada de Isoflurano em ovelhas / Effects of the morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination on cardiopulmonary function and isoflurane sparing in sheep

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a redução na concentração expirada de isoflurano, bem como os efeitos clínicos de uma infusão constante de morfina lidocaína cetamina (MLK) em ovinos saudáveis submetidos a cirurgia gastrointestinal experimental. Foram utilizados doze ovinos adultos da raça Texel, fêmeas, pesando 36,5 ± 8,1 kg. Os animais foram anestesiados para implantação de cânulas no duodeno, sendo pré-medicados com morfina 0,3 mg kg-1, pela via intramuscular (IM), e detomidina 20 ug kg- 1 pela via intravenosa (IV). Após a pré-medicação, a anestesia foi induzida com cetamina 5 mg kg 1 e diazepam 0,5 mg kg 1 IV, sendo mantidos com isoflurano em oxigênio a 100%. Após a indução da anestesia os animais foram divididos em dois grupos (n = 6): GMLK (grupo MLK 10 mg de morfina, 150 mg de lidocaína e 30 mg de cetamina foram adicionados em 500 ml de solução salina) que recebeu infusão contínua de MLK na taxa de 10 mL kg 1h-1 durante a manutenção da anestesia; e o GCON (grupo de controle) que recebeu infusão contínua de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% na taxa de 10 mL kg 1h-1 durante a manutenção da anestesia. Os animais foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica. As variáveis cardiopulmonares e concentração de isoflurano ao final da expiração (FEIso) foram avaliados durante o momento basal (imediatamente antes da cirurgia), e 15, 30 e 45 minutos após o início da cirurgia...(AU)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the isoflurane sparing and clinical effects of a constant rate infusion of morphine lidocaine ketamine (MLK) in healthy sheep undergoing experimental gastrointestinal surgery. Twelve adult female sheep (Texel breed) were used, weighing 36.5 ± 8.1 kg. The sheep were anesthetized for the implantation of duodenal cannulas. The sheep were premedicated with 0.3 mg kg-1 intramuscular (IM) morphine and 20 ?g kg-1 intravenous (IV) detomidine. After premedication, anesthesia was induced using 5 mg kg-1 ketamine and 0.5 mg kg-1 diazepam IV and maintained using isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After the induction of anesthesia, the animals were allocated into two groups (each n=6); the GMLK (MLK group 10 mg morphine, 150 mg lidocaine, 30 mg de ketamine were added in 500 mL saline) received a 10 mL kg-1h-1 MLK infusion during the maintenance of anesthesia, and GCON (control group) received 10 mL kg-1h-1 of 0.9% sodium chloride. The animals were mechanically ventilated. Cardiopulmonary variables and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (FE´Iso)  were measured at baseline (immediately before the surgery) and 15, 30 and 45 minutes after initiation of surgery. In GMLK, there was a decrease in the FE´Iso at 15, 30 and 45 minutes, a reduction of up to 75.6% during the surgery. The HR was lower in GMLK compared with GCON at 30 minutes, and the MAP was...(AU)