Effect of metronidazole on placental and fetal development in albino rats

Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial used in gynecology and obstetrics for the treatment of parasitic infections. However, despite having clinical use for more than three decades, questions about the safety of its use during pregnancy is not well understood. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of metronidazole on placental and fetal development in pregnant rats. Metronidazole was orally administered by gavage at a dosage of 130 mg/kg for 7 and 14 days. Morphological analysis, morphometry and immunohistochemistry were performed at the implantation sites and placentas with 14 days of development. The results showed that in the treated group there was a significant reduction in the number of implantation sites, total placental disc area and constituent elements of the labyrinth and spongiotrophoblast layers. Histochemical analysis revealed no significant changes in the content of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. The TUNEL test showed apoptotic activity in the implantation sites and placentas with 14 days of development independent of the treatment. There was no evidence of malformation in the neonates. However, there was a significant reduction in the number and weight of neonates in the group treated with metronidazole when compared to the control group. Thus, it is concluded that the administration of 130 mg/kg of metronidazole during pregnancy in rats, in addition to interfering with the number of implanted embryos, promotes changes in placental structure and interferes with fetal development. This suggests that this drug should be used with caution during pregnancy

Effect of metronidazole on placental and fetal development in albino rats

Metronidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial used in gynecology and obstetrics for the treatment of parasitic infections. However, despite having clinical use for more than three decades, questions about the safety of its use during pregnancy is not well understood. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of metronidazole on placental and fetal development in pregnant rats. Metronidazole was orally administered by gavage at a dosage of 130 mg/kg for 7 and 14 days. Morphological analysis, morphometry and immunohistochemistry were performed at the implantation sites and placentas with 14 days of development. The results showed that in the treated group there was a significant reduction in the number of implantation sites, total placental disc area and constituent elements of the labyrinth and spongiotrophoblast layers. Histochemical analysis revealed no significant changes in the content of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers. The TUNEL test showed apoptotic activity in the implantation sites and placentas with 14 days of development independent of the treatment. There was no evidence of malformation in the neonates. However, there was a significant reduction in the number and weight of neonates in the group treated with metronidazole when compared to the control group. Thus, it is concluded that the administration of 130 mg/kg of metronidazole during pregnancy in rats, in addition to interfering with the number of implanted embryos, promotes changes in placental structure and interferes with fetal development. This suggests that this drug should be used with caution during pregnancy(AU)

Metronidazole concentration in the bloodstream following its topical application, at different concentration levels, on experimental skin wounds during healing by secondary intention

Purpose:To characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the absorption of metronidazole solution, in greater concentrations and for longer periods, when applied topically to an experimental open skin wound model.Methods:An open skin wound, 2 cm in diameter and total skin thickness was prepared, under anesthetic, in the dorsal region of 108 Wistar rats weighing between 300 and 350 grams. The animals were allocated to groups of 18 animals in accordance with the concentration of metronidazole in the solution to be applied daily to the wound. In the control group (CG), 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used for application, and in the experimental groups (GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV) metronidazole solution at 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%, respectively, was applied. After 3, 7 and 14 days of treatment. Blood samples collected through cardiac puncture were examined for the existence or non-existence of metronidazole, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Detected metronidazole values were compared statistically within each group (temporal analysis 3 days X 7 days X 14 days) and between the groups that used topical metronidazole (4% X 6% X 8% X 10% and 12%) using the Kruskal-Wallis test, considering a statistical significance of 95% (p<0.05).Results:Metronidazole was detected in all the samples at all times in all the groups in which topical metronidazole was applied to the wounds. Characteristically, there was no significant difference between the doses obtained within each group over time (3 days X 7 days X 14 days) GI=0.461; GII=0.154; GIII=0.888; GIV= 0.264 and GV=0.152. In the evaluation between groups, a similar degree of absorption was found after 3 days (p=0.829) and 14 days (p=0.751).Conclusion:The serum concentration of metronidazole that was achieved was not influenced by the concentration of the solution applied to the skin wound, with similar extend, or by the duration of the application.(AU)

Perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile ao metronidazol, vancomicina e moxifloxacina isolados de animais e seres humanos em Minas Gerais, Brasil

Clostridioides difficile é um enteropatógeno bacteriano que infecta animais e seres humanos, capaz de promover distúrbios intestinais que podem levar o seu hospedeiro ao óbito. A infecção por C. difficile (ICD) representa atualmente uma das principais causas de infecção hospitalar, sendo a antibioticoterapia o principal fator predisponente. Na década de 2000, surtos ocasionados por C. difficile estiveram intimamente relacionados ao uso indiscriminado de antibióticos da classe das fluoroquinolonas. No Brasil, o tratamento da ICD é baseado no uso do metronidazol e da vancomicina. O uso de antimicrobianos parece ter relação direta com a seleção de determinadas estirpes de C. difficile. Nessa perspectiva, estudos epidemiológicos relacionados à resistência antimicrobiana desse patógeno são fundamentais para evitar a emergência de estirpes que podem representar um problema de saúde pública. Entretanto, o teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana padrão-ouro recomendado para C. difficile é laborioso e de custo elevado. Dessa forma, o teste de disco difusão torna-se uma opção mais atrativa, uma vez que o método é simples de executar, mais barato e eficaz. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade ao metronidazol, à vancomicina e à moxifloxacina através do método de disco difusão de 120 estirpes de C. difficile isoladas de animais e seres humanos no Brasil. De acordo com pontos de corte já estabelecidos em estudos anteriores, as estirpes consideradas resistentes nesse teste foram submetidas ao método E-test para confirmação do fenótipo através da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), mediante os critérios preconizados pelos órgãos de referência. Adicionalmente, três isolados classificados como resistentes à moxifloxacina foram sequenciados (gene gyrA) para detectar mutações que poderiam indicar o mecanismo genotípico de resistência à droga. Nenhum isolado foi resistente à vancomicina e somente uma estirpe (0,8%), considerada não toxigênica (RT010, clado 1), apresentou resistência ao metronidazol (CIM > 256 g/mL). Em relação à moxifloxacina, 14% (n = 17) das estirpes avaliadas foram resistentes, as quais obtiveram CIM > 32 g/mL. O ribotipo RT126 (clado 5) foi o único a apresentar associação estatística positiva de resistência à moxifloxacina (P < 0,0001), bem como os isolados das espécies equina e suína (P = 0,0139 e P = 0,0228, respectivamente). A mutação do tipo Thr82Ile foi encontrada nos três isolados sequenciados. O estudo revelou uma baixa frequência de resistência ao metronidazol e à vancomicina, enquanto a resistência à moxifloxacina foi superior a trabalhos anteriores realizados no Brasil

Clostridioides difficile is a bacterial enteropathogen that infects animals and humans, able to promote intestinal disorders that can lead to its host's death. Infection with C. difficile (CDI) currently represents one of the main causes of nosocomial infection, with antibiotic therapy being the main predisposing factor. In the 2000s, outbreaks caused by C. difficile were closely related to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone class. In Brazil, the treatment of CDI is based on the use of metronidazole and vancomycin. The use of antimicrobials seems to have a direct relationship with the selection of certain strains of C. difficile. In this perspective, epidemiological studies related to the antimicrobial resistance of this pathogen are essential to avoid the emergence of strains that may represent a public health problem. However, the gold standard antimicrobial susceptibility test recommended for C. difficile is laborious and expensive. Thus, the diffusion disk test becomes a more attractive option, since the method is simple to perform, cheaper and more effective. The study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity profile to metronidazole, vancomycin and moxifloxacin using the disk diffusion method from 120 strains of C. difficile from animals and humans isolated in Brazil. According to cutoff points already established in previous studies, strains considered resistant in this test were submitted to the E-test method to confirm the phenotype through the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), according to the criteria recommended by the reference institution. In addition, three isolates classified as resistant to moxifloxacin were sequenced (gyrA gene) to detect mutations that could indicate the genotypic mechanism of drug resistance. There was no vancomycin-resistant isolate and one strain (0.8%), non-toxigenic (RT010, clade 1), was resistant to metronidazole (MIC > 256 g/mL). Regarding moxifloxacin, 14% (n = 17) of the strains evaluated were resistant, which obtained MIC > 32 g/mL. The ribotype RT126 (clade 5) was the only one to present a positive statistical association of resistance to moxifloxacin (P < 0.0001), as well as isolates of the equine and swine species (P = 0.0139 and P = 0.0228, respectively). The Thr82Ile mutation was found in the three sequenced isolates. The study revealed a low frequency of resistance to metronidazole and vancomycin, while resistance to moxifloxacin was superior to previous studies carried out in Brazil.

Toxic concentrations of metronidazole to Microcystis protocystis

Antimicrobials are among the most commonly used drugs and have become a class of contaminants with great environmental importance. Metronidazole is an antimicrobial used for the therapeutic management of several human diseases. The toxicity of antimicrobials on aquatic species may affect sensitive microorganisms and reduce metabolic processes. Cyanobacteria is a group of organisms that are of great ecological importance in aquatic environments. Studies indicate that cyanobacteria are very sensitive to some antimicrobials. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of metronidazole contamination on phytoplankton. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metronidazole on the growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis protocystis and to evaluate the stability of this antimicrobial agent in the culture medium over a period of 96 hours. M. protocystis was resistant to growth inhibition by metronidazole. The EC50 of this antimicrobial for M. protocystis was 117.3 mg L1. Under the growth inhibition test conditions, neither a significant change in the MNZ concentration nor the presence of drug metabolites or degradation products was observed. These results indicate low cellular uptake of the antimicrobial agent and its persistence in the culture medium.

Antimicrobianos estão entre os fármacos mais usados e tem se tornado uma classe emergente de contaminantes com grande importância ambiental. A toxicidade dos antimicrobianos sobre as espécies aquáticas podem afetar microrganismos sensíveis e reduzir seus processos metabólicos. O Metronidazol é um antimicrobiano usado para o manejo terapêutico de várias doenças humanas. Cyanobacteria é um grupo de organismos de grande importância ecológica no ambiente aquático. O estudo visou investigar os efeitos do metronidazol- MNZ sobre o crescimento da cianobactéria Microcystis protocystis e avaliar a persistência do antimicrobiano no meio de cultivo durante 96h. A M. protocystis mostrou-se resistente à inibição de crescimento pelo MNZ. A EC50% do MNZ para a espécie foi 117,3 mg L1. Nas condições do teste de inibição de crescimento não foi observada variação significativa da concentração de MNZ nem a presença de metabólitos ou produtos de degradação do fármaco, indicando baixa captação celular do antimicrobiano e sua persistência no meio de cultivo.

Toxic concentrations of metronidazole to Microcystis protocystis / Concentrações tóxicas de metronidazol para Microcystis protocystis

Antimicrobials are among the most commonly used drugs and have become a class of contaminants with great environmental importance. Metronidazole is an antimicrobial used for the therapeutic management of several human diseases. The toxicity of antimicrobials on aquatic species may affect sensitive microorganisms and reduce metabolic processes. Cyanobacteria is a group of organisms that are of great ecological importance in aquatic environments. Studies indicate that cyanobacteria are very sensitive to some antimicrobials. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of metronidazole contamination on phytoplankton. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of metronidazole on the growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis protocystis and to evaluate the stability of this antimicrobial agent in the culture medium over a period of 96 hours. M. protocystis was resistant to growth inhibition by metronidazole. The EC50 of this antimicrobial for M. protocystis was 117.3 mg L–1. Under the growth inhibition test conditions, neither a significant change in the MNZ concentration nor the presence of drug metabolites or degradation products was observed. These results indicate low cellular uptake of the antimicrobial agent and its persistence in the culture medium.(AU)

Antimicrobianos estão entre os fármacos mais usados e tem se tornado uma classe emergente de contaminantes com grande importância ambiental. A toxicidade dos antimicrobianos sobre as espécies aquáticas podem afetar microrganismos sensíveis e reduzir seus processos metabólicos. O Metronidazol é um antimicrobiano usado para o manejo terapêutico de várias doenças humanas. Cyanobacteria é um grupo de organismos de grande importância ecológica no ambiente aquático. O estudo visou investigar os efeitos do metronidazol- MNZ sobre o crescimento da cianobactéria Microcystis protocystis e avaliar a persistência do antimicrobiano no meio de cultivo durante 96h. A M. protocystis mostrou-se resistente à inibição de crescimento pelo MNZ. A EC50% do MNZ para a espécie foi 117,3 mg L–1. Nas condições do teste de inibição de crescimento não foi observada variação significativa da concentração de MNZ nem a presença de metabólitos ou produtos de degradação do fármaco, indicando baixa captação celular do antimicrobiano e sua persistência no meio de cultivo.(AU)

TRATAMENTO DA DOENÇA PERIODONTAL EM PRÉ-MOLARES E MOLARES DE EQUINOS

A doença periodontal (DP) é definida como conjunto de condições inflamatórias de origem bacteriana, a qual acomete cavalos de todas as idades, principalmente geriátricos. Possui correlação com perda prematura dos dentes, sialorreia, dor, disfagia e emagrecimento progressivo. Na maioria dos casos é secundária à má oclusão, desgaste dental irregular, biomecânica mastigatória descompensada, o que predispõe a compactação de alimentos nos espaços interproximais e colonização bacteriana. Com a evolução da afecção, ocorre comprometimento dos ligamentos periodontais causando mobilidade dental. O diagnóstico da DP em equinos pode ser dificultoso principalmente em relação à região caudal da cavidade oral. Por essa razão, o incremento da endoscopia intraoral, ao exame clínico tradicional permite, além da identificação e diagnóstico fidedigno, a documentação das lesões dentais e periodontais. O exame complementar radiológico possui finalidade de localização, caracterização e graduação da DP. A terapia medicamentosa de eleição na profilaxia e tratamento das afecções orais é a Clorexidina. Adicionalmente, o metronidazol é citado como alternativa antimicrobiana na DP. No intuito de incrementar o tratamento da doença periodontal equina, a aplicação de plasma enriquecido com plaquetas intralesional surge como opção inovadora e com resultados promissores para a área da odontologia equina. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a evolução de tratamento a base de clorexidina, metronidazol e plasma enriquecido em plaquetas, para a doença periodontal em pré-molares e molares de equinos adultos. Foram utilizados cinquenta e um equinos adultos, machos castrados e fêmeas não prenhes, com idade média de 16 anos e com diagnóstico prévio de doença periodontal. O experimento foi realizado nas dependências do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Pampa, Câmpus Uruguaiana/RS e no Círculo Militar de Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana/RS. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que não foi possível evidenciar efetividade com aplicação única de clorexidina 0,2% tópica. Entretanto, é importante ressaltar a melhora clínica dos pacientes devido aos procedimentos de curetagem e debridamento. Quanto à utilização de metronidazol, a aplicação única de 200 mg tópico também não foi benéfica no tratamento da DP. Entretanto, é importante frisar a necessidade de estudos complementares utilizando os fármacos com uma frequência maior. Por outro lado, a aplicação intralesional do plasma enriquecido com plaquetas em associação ao tratamento de curetagem da bolsa periodontal, demonstrou efetividade clínica, evidenciando uma inovação promissora no tratamento da DP equina.

Periodontal disease (PD) is defined as a set of inflammatory conditions of bacterial origin, which affects horses of all ages, mainly geriatric. It has a correlation with premature tooth loss, sialorrhea, pain, dysphagia and progressive weight loss. In most cases it is secondary to malocclusion, irregular dental wear, decompensated masticatory biomechanics, which predisposes to food compaction in interproximal spaces and bacterial colonization. With evolution of affection, periodontal ligaments compromise causing dental mobility. The diagnosis of PD in horses can be difficult mainly in relation to caudal region of oral cavity. For this reason, increment of intraoral oral endoscopy, in traditional clinical examination allows, besides identification and reliable diagnosis, documentation of dental and periodontal lesions. Complementary radiological examination has the purpose of locating, characterizing and graduating PD. Drug therapy of choice in prophylaxis and treatment of oral disorders is chlorhexidine. In addition, metronidazole is cited as antimicrobial alternative in PD. In order to increase treatment of equine periodontal disease, application of intralesional platelet-enriched plasma appears as an innovative option with promising results for equine dentistry. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the evolution of treatment based on chlorhexidine, metronidazole and platelet-rich plasma for periodontal disease in premolars and molars of adult horses. Fifty-one adult horses, castrated males and non-pregnant females, with a mean age of 16 years, with prior diagnosis of periodontal disease, were used. The experiment was carried out at Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana/RS and at Military Circle of Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana/RS. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that in present study it was not possible to show effectiveness with a single application of 0.2% topical chlorhexidine. However, it is important to highlight the clinical improvement of patients due to curettage and debridement procedures. Regarding the use of metronidazole, the single application of topical 200 mg was also not beneficial in treatment of PD. However, it is important to stress the need for further studies using drugs with a higher frequency. On the other hand, intralesional application of platelet-enriched plasma in association with curettage of periodontal pocket demonstrated clinical effectiveness, evidencing a promising innovation in treatment of equine PD.

METRONIDAZOL NA ANGIOGÊNESE CORNEAL EM RATOS (Rattus norvegicus, variação albinus, Wistar)

Visou-se avaliar os efeitos do metronidazol sobre a neovascularização corneal. A pesquisa foi dividida em dois artigos. No primeiro, compararam-se modelos de angiogênese corneal induzida por cauterização alcalina. Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, que diferiram apenas quanto aos procedimentos para cauterização alcalina. Um fragmento circular de papel filtro de 3mm, embebido em solução aquosa de nitratos de prata e de potássio (3:1, vol/vol), foi pressionado sobre a região axial da córnea (olho direito). Os tempos de contato do papel com a córnea foram de 10 segundos para os grupos 1 e 4 (G1 e G4) e de 20 segundos para os grupos 2 e 3 (G2 e G3). Após cauterização, as córneas foram lavadas, por 1 min. Em G1 e em G2 os papéis filtro foram removidos imediatamente antes da lavagem. Em G3 e em G4, as córneas foram lavadas com os papeis filtro in loco. Parâmetros de neovascularização corneal foram estudados em diferentes momentos pós-cauterização. Diferenças foram significativas quando p < 0,05. As córneas em G1 apresentaram menos áreas vascularizadas (12,63 ± 12,59%), em comparação às córneas em G3 (41,95 ± 17,32%) e ém G4 (33 ± 11,74%) (p < 0,05). Os protocolos adotados para G2, G3 e G4 mostraram excelente reprodutibilidade, com 100% de córneas vascularizadas.No segundo, objetivou-se monitorar efeitos de instilações de soluções oftálmicas de metronidazol, 0,1% e 0,5%, sobre a neovascularização corneal, induziram-se lesões por cauterização alcalina em córneas (olho direito) de 40 ratos Wistar como descrito para G3. Após cauterização, os ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos (Met_0.1%, Met_0.5%, Sham, e não tratado). Os grupos Met_0.1% e Met_0.5% receberam, por instilação, soluções de metronidazol ao 0,1% ou de 0,5%, respectivamente, à intervalos de 6 horas, por 30 dias. O grupo Sham recebeu tampão fosfato salino (diluente de metronidazol). O grupo não tratado não recebeu qualquer instilação. Córneas em todos os grupos foram avaliadas em diferentes momentos pós-cauterização, quanto às intensidades das queimaduras, aos índices de neovascularização e aos percentuais de áreas vascularizadas. Nos dias 15 e 30, cinco ratos de cada grupo foram submetidos à eutanásia, para colheita de córneas que foram avaliadas à histopatologia. Diferenças foram significativas quando p< 0,05. Os índices de neovascularização corneal calculados para os grupos Met_0.1% e Met_0.5% foram menores que os obtidos para os grupos Sham e não tratado (p< 0.05). Córneas tratadas com 0,1% ou 0,5% de metronidazol apresentaram menos áreas vascularizadas. Há como admitir que a instilação de soluções de metronidazol, 0,1% ou 0,5%, inibiu o crescimento de vasos e a progressão de neovascularização corneal, em ratos albinos de laboratório.

The effect of metronidazole on corneal neovascularization were evaluated. The research was divided into two articles. In the first, models of corneal angiogenesis by alkaline cauterization were developed. Twenty-Four Wistar rats were divided into four groups, which differed in procedures for alkaline cauterization. A circular piece of filter paper of 3mm, soaked in a solution of silver and potassium nitrates (3:1, vol/vol) was pressed onto the axial region of the cornea (right eye). Cauterization times were 10 (G1 and G4), or 20 seconds (G2 and G3). After cauterization, the corneas were washed or 1 min. In G1 and G2, the filter papers were removed just prior to washing. In G3 and G4, the corneas were washed with the filter paper in loco. The parameters of corneal neovascularization were studied at different moments of after cauterization. Differences with p< 0.05 were considered significant. On day 15, G1 corneas showed smaller vascularized areas (12.63 ± 12.59%) compared to those in the G3 (41.95 ± 17.32%) and G4 (33 ± 11.74%) groups (p< 0.05). The G2, G3, and G4 protocols showed excellent reproducibility, and induced vascularization in 100% of corneas.In the second, in order to monitor the effects of 0.1% and 0.5% instillations of metronidazole ophthalmic solutions on corneal neovascularization. After cauterization, rats were distributed in four groups (Met_0.1%, Met_0.5%, Sham, and untreated). The groups Met_0.1% and Met_0.5% received, by instillation, solutions of 0.1% and 0.5% metronidazole solution, respectively, at intervals of 6 hours, for 30 days. The Sham group received phosphate-buffered saline (metronidazole diluent). Untreated group received no treatment or instillation. The corneas in all groups were evaluated at different post-cauterization moments, regarding burn intensitiy, indices of CNV and percentages of vascularized areas. On days 15 e 30 after the burn, five rats from each group were euthanized for the harvest of corneas which were processed for histopathological examinations. Differences with p< 0.05 were considered significant. However, the indices of corneal neovascularization (CNV) for Met_0.1% and Met_0.5% groups were lower than those for Sham and untreated groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, corneas treated with 0.1% or 0.5% metronidazole have fewer vascularized areas compared to control corneas. We can admit that regular instillation of 0.1% or 0.5% metronidazole inhibits blood vessel growth and progression of neovascularization in alkali-burned corneas of laboratory albino rats.

Experimental dry socket: microscopic and molecular evaluation of two treatment modalities / Alveolite experimental: análise microscópica e molecular de duas modalidades de tratamento

PURPOSE: To evaluate two treatment modalities of dry socket in rats and to discuss the first findings of the molecular analysis in this experimental model. METHODS: 84 rats underwent a tooth extraction were divided in 4 groups: I-uninfected socket (control), II-infected socket without any treatment, III-infected socket treated with irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, IV-infected socket submitted to curettage, irrigation with physiological saline solution and fulfilled with metronidazole paste as base. The groups were subdivided in postoperative sacrifice periods: 6/15/28 days. A quantitative and a qualitative microscopic analysis was performed. Also, a quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression in the wound healing: Collagen Type I/COL-I, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF, osteocalcin/OCN, alkaline phosphatase/ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2/RUNX2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF-α. RESULTS: The group I showed higher bone formation, followed by groups IV, III, II respectively. The group II presented higher inflammatory infiltrate and the wound healing was delayed compared with other groups. It was obtained a significant positive correlation between bone neoformation and the expression of OCN and RUNX2, inflammatory infiltrate with TNF-α and a negative correlation between bone neoformation and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the treatments.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar duas modalidades de tratamento da alveolite em ratos e discutir os primeiros achados de uma análise molecular neste modelo experimental. MÉTODOS: 84 ratos foram submetidos a uma extração dentária e foram divididos em quatro grupos: I- alvéolo não infectado (controle), II- alvéolo infectado sem tratamento, III- alvéolo infectado tratado com irrigação de iodeto de sódio a 2% e solução de peróxido de hidrogênio a 3%, IV- alvéolo infectado submetido à curetagem, irrigação com solução salina fisiológica e preenchimento com pasta a base de metronidazol. Os grupos foram subdivididos em períodos de sacrifício pós-operatório: 6/15/28 dias. Uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa microscópica foi realizada. Além disso, uma análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando RealTimePCR para avaliar a expressão de genes no reparo alveolar: o colágeno tipo I / COL-I, o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular / VEGF, osteocalcina / OCN, fosfatase alcalina / ALP, fator de transcrição runt relacionados 2 / RUNX2 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa / TNF-α. RESULTADOS: O grupo I mostrou maior formação óssea, seguido pelos grupos IV, III, II, respectivamente. O grupo II apresentou maior infiltrado inflamatório e a cicatrização foi atrasada em comparação com outros grupos. Foi obtida uma correlação positiva entre a neoformação óssea e a expressão de OCN e RUNX2, infiltrado inflamatório com TNF-α e uma correlação negativa entre a neoformação óssea e TNF-α. CONCLUSÃO: Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os tratamentos.(AU)

Utilização do óleo de alho e da amoxilina, metronidazol e omeprazol no controle de Helicobacter spp. em cães / Use of garlic oil and amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol in the control of Helicobacter spp. in dogs

Avaliaram-se a eficácia do óleo de alho e da terapia tripla (amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol) no tratamento de 21 cães infectados por Helicobacter spp., que apresentavam alterações histológicas nas biopsias endoscópicas da mucosa gástrica e reação positiva ao teste de urease. Os animais foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, em três grupos de sete cães, os quais receberam os seguintes tratamentos: grupo 1 - cápsulas vazias; grupo 2 - 500mg de óleo de alho em cápsulas, diariamente, por um período de 30 dias; grupo 3 - amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol, respectivamente, nas doses de 20mg/kg a cada 12 horas, 25mg/kg e 20mg/kg a cada 24 horas, durante 15 dias. Ao final dos tratamentos, os cães foram submetidos à endoscopia com realização de biopsias da mucosa gástrica. O tratamento com amoxicilina, metronidazol e omeprazol resultou em erradicação de Helicobacter spp. tanto na região fúndica quanto na pilórica. No grupo 2, houve redução da degeneração glandular na região fúndica em dois animais e em outros dois na pilórica. O tratamento com óleo de alho não foi eficaz em erradicar Helicobacter spp., apenas reduziu a sua colonização em quatro dos animais tratados.(AU)

The efficacy of garlic oil and triple therapy (amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol) were evaluated in the treatment of 21 dogs infected by Helicobacter spp., which presented histological alterations of the gastric mucosa according to endoscopic biopsies and positive reaction to urease test. The animals were randomly distributed into three groups of seven dogs each, and received the following treatment, group 1 - empty capsules; group 2 - 500mg of garlic oil capsules daily for a period of 30 days; and group 3 - amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol, in doses of 20mg/kg every 12 hours, 25mg/kg and 20mg/kg every 24 hours, respectively, for 15 days. By the end of the treatment, the dogs were subjected to new endoscopic procedure with gastric mucosa biopsies. Treatment with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and omeprazol resulted in eradication of Helicobacter spp. both in fundic and pyloric regions. The garlic oil treatment reduced glandular degeneration in the fundic region in two animals and in the pylorus region in two other animals, and it was inefficient in eradicating Helicobacter spp. in dogs as it only reduced the colonization in some of the treated animals.(AU)

Trichomoniasis in Bothrops jararaca (serpentes, viperidae)

We describe a case of trichomoniasis in a Bothrops jararaca (Serpentes, Viperidae) donated to the Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals - CEVAP/UNESP. The animal had diarrhea with great quantity of flagellated protozoa in the feces. Microscopic examination of fecal smears stained with Giemsa revealed the presence of trichomonads, morphologically similar to Trichomonas acosta. Trichomonads were not detected in fecal exams after treatment with a single dose of 40 mg/kg metronidazole (Flagyl®).

Efficacy of drugs against Giardia muris in mice Mus musculus naturally infected / Eficácia de drogas contra Giardia muris em camundongos Mus musculus naturalmente infectados

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of metronidazole, fenbendazole and secnidazole against Giardia muris in mice naturally infected. Forty mice of the species Mus musculus were divided in four groups of ten each, being group A non treated, the control group and groups B, C and D treated with 4mg/ml of metronidazole, fenbendazole and secnidazole, respectively. Two feces collection, on day 0 and on day 10 after treatment, were done in order to evaluate the efficacy of the drugs. Samples were analyzed by the centrifugal-flotation method with zinc sulfate. Efficacy of 97,05% for metronidazole, 98,30% for fenbendazole and 100% for secnidazole were observed in the study. According to the results it was concluded that the tested drugs were effective for the treatment of mice parasitized by Giardia muris.

Este estudo visou avaliar a eficácia do metronidazol, fenbendazole e secnidazol contra Giardia muris em camundongos naturalmente infectados. Foram utilizados 40 camundongos da espécie Mus musculus divididos em quatro grupos de 10 animais cada, sendo grupo A, grupo controle, não tratados, e grupos B, C e D tratados com 4mg/ml de metronidazol, fenbendazole e secnidazol, respectivamente. Para avaliar a eficácia dos medicamentos foram realizadas duas coletas de fezes uma no dia zero e outra 10 dias após tratamento. As amostras foram processadas e analisadas a partir do método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco. No estudo observou-se eficácia de 97,05% para metronidazol, 98,30% para fenbendazole e 100% para secnidazol no tratamento de giardiase murina. Com base nos resultados concluí-se que as drogas testadas apresentaram eficácia no tratamento de camundongos parasitados por Giardia muris.