Warty Dyskeratoma with involvement of multiple hair follicles in a dog

The warty dyskeratoma is a neoplasm of follicular origin, with uncommon incidence in veterinary medicine, and benign biological behavior. An excisional biopsy sample was received from a dog, female, Shih Tzu, 12 years old, from the left axillary region. Grossly, after section, green and friable multifocal areas were identified, streaked by solid white areas. Microscopically, the analysis revealed multifocal cystic structures, lined by stratified epithelium, with basal area including villous epithelial projections, toward the dermis, and the luminal region featured acantholysis and dyskeratosis, as well as parakeratosis. Those findings were compatible with a warty dyskeratoma affecting multiple hair follicles, thus being the first case report in veterinary medicine with such this unique pattern. Up to now, the literature encompassed only human medicine. This report, besides collaborating to the description of a rare presentation of an uncommon neoplasm, also contributes with new information found for epidemiological studies of this tumor.(AU)

Pathological and Immunohistochemical Examinations in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) of Wild and Captive Population

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health situation of chukar partridges through several diagnostic methods. We investigated a total of 224 birds in eighteen populations throughout Turkey, fourteen wild and four captive. The molecular sexing method was used for gender identification. Clinically, traumatic lesions and inflammatory reactions were the most commonly observed in the eyes and extremities of the Chukar Partridges in the breeding stations. At necropsy, the most common findings were enteritis and liver lesions. At the histopathological examination, pneumonia, anthracosis, and inflammatory changes in the digestive system were among the common findings. Interestingly, liver parasites were found in wild samples. At the immunohistochemical examinations, the tissues were evaluated for Marek's disease (MD), Adenovirus, Avian mycobacteriosis (AMB), and Aspergillosis. While MD and AMB were not found in breeding stations, we determined them from wild populations. Aspergillus was found in both wild and captive populations; Adenovirus antigens were found only in breeding stations. When the captive and wild populations were evaluated together, MD 1.3%, AMB 0.9%, Aspergillosis 1.3%, Adenovirus 1.8% were found. The relation between sex and diseases was also examined. As a result, the data of this study showed that chukar partridges from both breeding stations and wild populations are not an important source of diseases, but especially released partridges from breeding stations may carry some microorganisms. For that reason, captive populations should be regularly monitored for contagious diseases.(AU)

Searching bovine papillomavirus presence in lesions seen on teats of cows

The samples were taken from 106 cows with various-looking lesions on their teats and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen (Ag) positive for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found in 59 (55.7%) blood serum samples. PCR using FAP59/64 primers was positive for 24 (22.6%) samples. BPV-2 (40, 37.7%), BPV-6 (28, 26.4%), BPV-8 (30, 28.3%), BPV-9 (36, 34%), BPV-10 (32, 30.3%), and BPV-12 (22, 20.8%) were found in a PCR type-specific analysis of single and mixed type teat warts. The highest positivity was observed in BPV-2, BPV-9 and BPV-10 in flat and round forms, BPV-6, BPV-10, BPV-12, and mixed types in rice grain-cauliflower forms, BPV-9 and mixed types in filiform in the distribution of types based on the macroscopic appearance of teat lesions. As for the distribution of BPV types according to age, the most BPV-2 types were found in the age group of two years, the most BPV-10 types in the age group of three years, the most BPV-9 types in the age group of four years, the most BPV-8+BPV-12 types in the age group of five years, and the most mixed types between the ages of six and eight years. The existence of the virus was then checked using electron microscopy on the chosen samples (at least one investigation was conducted), and it was positively identified using BPV type-specific primers. The authors concluded that BPV detection using an ELISA (Ag) test from blood serum samples was shown to be less sensitive than BPV type-specific PCR from wart samples.

Primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a bitch

Background: Primary lung neoplasms are uncommon in veterinary medicine, and when they develop, they are more frequently observed to be of epithelial origin. Although chondrosarcomas are the second most diagnosed type of neoplasm in dogs at skeletal sites, their development in extraskeletal tissues, including the spleen, aorta, heart, tongue, peritoneum, and lungs, corresponds to approximately only 1% of cases. Therefore, the occurrence of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma is considered very rare in domestic animals. Considering the rare occurrence and scarcity of data regarding its development, the present report describes the clinical and pathological aspects of a case of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a bitch. Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 14.2 kg, was examined at one private veterinary clinic with the principal complaint of prolonged respiratory distress and resistance to exercise. Clinical evaluation revealed tachypnea with expiratory dyspnea due to intense pleural effusion, tachycardia, and diffusely pale mucous membranes. Thoracocentesis was performed with drainage of 1000 mL of modified transudate, and fluid cytology, blood count, and chest radiography were performed. Cytological analysis of the thoracic fluid did not identify neoplastic cells, the blood count showed intense regenerative anemia, and the radiograph showed an extensive area of consolidation in the left caudal lung lobe, compatible with neoplasia. The results of the tests performed, in addition to the evolution of the clinical picture and the impossibility of performing the indicated surgical intervention, culminated in the patient's unfavorable prognosis, followed by euthanasia, necropsy, and histopathological evaluation of the collected material. Necropsy revealed a white neoplastic formation with reddish areas and firm consistency that diffused into the parenchyma of the left caudal lung lobe with invasion of the rib cage, fracture of the fifth and sixth left ribs, diaphragmatic metastasis, intense hydrothorax, and moderate hydroperitoneum. Microscopically, in the histological sections of the lung and diaphragm, poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells with moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and interspersed with them, moderately differentiated chondrocytes surrounded by chondroid matrix, moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, and a low mitotic index culminated in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Discussion: Malignant epithelial neoplasms were suspected; however, the histopathological features observed were compatible with primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma. The characteristics of the fluid collected through thoracentesis led to its classification as a modified transudate, which is often associated with neoplastic and hemorrhagic processes; both alterations were present in this case. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma was established based on the histopathological findings since the cell type and distribution observed in the present case were compatible with the typical pattern observed in extraskeletal chondrosarcomas. An unfavorable prognosis is common in cases of primary or metastatic lung neoplasm since, in most cases, the condition is identified in the advanced stages of the disease, making therapeutic management challenging. Given the increase in the number of dog deaths due to neoplasms in recent years, this case report may contribute to a better understanding of the biological behavior of pulmonary chondrosarcoma and assist in the choice of treatment to be adopted when required.

Viral diseases of sheep in Brazil: a review and current status / Doenças virais em ovinos no Brasil: revisão e status atual

The increase in sheep production is directly related to the health status of the flock. Brazil is one of the largest sheep producers in the world, and the sheep flock is concentrated in southern and northeast regions. Infectious diseases are responsible for severe economic losses resulting from a decrease in milk and meat production, deaths, and cost of treatment. Among infectious diseases, viral diseases are described chiefly in case reports or retrospective studies. This study aimed to review the main features of viral diseases that affect sheep in Brazil and their current situation in the Brazilian territory. We included eight viral diseases described in Brazil: rabies, bluetongue, contagious ecthyma, foot and mouth disease, visna-maedi, enzootic nasal tumor, ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, and border disease. We review the etiological, epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings for each agent and included differential diagnoses, information on recommended diagnostic methods to confirm the disease etiology, and control measures. This study served as quick consultation material for field veterinarians for an accurate diagnosis.

O aumento da produção ovina está diretamente relacionado ao status sanitário do rebanho. O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de ovinos, e o rebanho está concentrado nas regiões nordeste e sul do país. As doenças infecciosas são responsáveis por perdas econômicas severas que resultam da diminuição na produção de leite e carne, mortes e custos com tratamentos. Entre os agentes infecciosos, as doenças de origem viral são, em sua maioria, descritas em relatos de caso ou estudos retrospectivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar as principais características das doenças virais que afetam ovinos no território brasileiro, e qual sua situação atual. Nós incluímos oito doenças virais diagnosticadas no Brasil: raiva, língua azul, ectima contagioso, febre aftosa, maedi-visna, tumor enzoótico nasal, adenocarcinoma pulmonar ovino, e pestivirose. Revisamos os achados etiológicos, epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de cada agente e incluímos seus respectivos diagnósticos diferenciais, informações acerca dos métodos diagnósticos para confirmação da etiologia da doença e medidas de controle e prevenção. Esse estudo tem o propósito de servir como objetivo servir de material de consulta rápida, especialmente para veterinários de campo realizar um diagnóstico acurado.

Carcinoma hepatocelular metastático em Amazona aestiva / Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in Amazona aestiva

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary malignant tumor of the liver tissue and its occurrence in birds is considered rare. The tumor can occur as a single mass leading to hepatomegaly, or as multiple nodules in the liver. In animals of the genus Amazona, only 1 case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported in the United States, therefore, little is known about its epidemiology and clinicopathological aspects in these species. In this context, the aim of this work was to describe a case of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma in an Amazona aestiva. Case: A blue-fronted amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva) was referred to necropsy after being found dead in its enclosure. On examination, it presented cachectic body score. Examination of the coelomic cavity, revealed a serous translucent fluid and adhesions between the liver and peritoneum.A red mass restricted to the right hepatic lobe and raised to the capsular surface, interspersed with whitish and dark red multifocal areas was observed. When cut, this mass was soft, protruding, multilobulated, whitish and with a friable reddish center. Additionally, on the dorsal surface of the left lung lobe, there was a rounded, well defined, whitish, and soft nodule. Microscopically, partial replacement of the hepatic parenchyma was observed by neoplastic proliferation of cuboidal epithelial cells, organized in mantle and supported by a scarce fibrovascular stroma. Cells have large, eosinophilic, well-delimited cytoplasm, with a central, oval nucleus, loose chromatin, and evident nucleolus. Moderate pleomorphism was characterized by anisocytosis, anisokaryosis, and aberrant nuclei. In the lung, a focally extensive mass with a pattern similar to that seen in the liver was observed. In the kidney, multifocal neoplastic emboli were noted. Liver immunohistochemistry was performed. Positive and negative controls were used to validate the reaction; however, there was no immunolabelling for the evaluated antibodies. Discussion: The histopathological characteristics observed in this study favored the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with metastasis to kidney and lung. Primary liver tumors are rare in wild birds. In ducks, experimental studies have pointed aflatoxins and the duck hepatitis B virus as oncogenic agents, however, in birds of the genus Amazona, there are no studies that evaluate predisposing factors to the development of liver carcinoma. Macroscopically, hepatocellular carcinoma may present in massive, nodular or diffuse forms. In birds, the right lobe is the largest, which may suggest that this lobe is more prone to the development of HCC, as seen in the present case. The solid form, similar to that observed in this report, seems to be more commonly observed, as seen in the wild bird reports consulted. Metastases most often spread hematogenous, and in the present report there was metastasis to kidneys and lungs, which is a common feature for this neoplasm. In the present case, there was no labeling by any of the antibodies, perhaps because of their aggressiveness, associated with autolytic factors that prevent the labeling of antibodies, in addition to the specificity in the antibodyantigen relationship. This tumor must be differentiated from other liver tumors such as cholangiocarcinoma, and also the well-differentiated hepatocellular adenoma, in addition to non-neoplastic conditions. HCC should be considered as a differential diagnosis for Amazona aestiva found dead in the enclosure without previous clinical signs. This neoplasm is rare in Amazon parrots and reports should be encouraged in order to contribute to the understanding of the epidemiological and clinicopathological aspects of the tumor.

Polysaccharide storage myopathy in two Percheron horses / Miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo em dois equinos da raça Percheron

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a genetic disorder or by undetermined cause characterized by the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and polysaccharides in skeletal muscle fibers. The present report describes two Percheron horses, from different properties in the municipality of Pouso Redondo -SC, with locomotor clinical signs that started after work. The clinical signs observed were rigid gait, mainly of the pelvic limbs, muscle weakness, and recumbency. In the first case, the animal was diagnosed with severe multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, moderate multifocal myoglobin nephrosisand severe diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic gastritis. PSSM was confirmed by the presence of polysaccharide inclusions in myofiber sarcolemma visualized by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the second case, the horse presented two episodes ofmuscle disorder after work. The therapeutic protocol was based on penicillin, flunixin meglumine and fluid therapy with ringer lactate. An increase in creatine kinase (669.0 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (669.0 UI/L) was observed in the serum biochemical evaluation. Research for mutation in the GYS1 gene was performed, with a positive heterozygote result. After rest and gradual recovery, the horse was only submitted to light work, with no return of the clinical condition since then. Thus, this report describes two cases of PSSM with distinct clinical evolution and diagnostic methods.(AU)

A miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeos (PSSM) é uma desordem genética ou de causa indeterminada caracterizada pelo acúmulo anormal de glicogênio e polissacarídeos nas fibras musculares esqueléticas. O presente relato descreve dois cavalos Percheron, oriundos de diferentes propriedades do município de Pouso Redondo ­SC, com sinais clínicos locomotores que iniciaram após o trabalho. Os sinais clínicos observados foram marcha rígida, principalmente dos membros pélvicos, fraqueza muscular, e decúbito. No primeiro caso, o animal foi diagnosticado com rabdomionecrose multifocal acentuada, nefrose mioglobínica multifocal moderada e gastrite fibrinonecrótica transmural difusa acentuada. A PSSM foi confirmada pela presença de inclusões polissacarídicas no sarcolema de miofibras visualizadas pela coloração com ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No segundo caso, o equino apresentou dois episódios de disfunção muscular após o trabalho. O protocolo terapêutico foi baseado em penicilina, flunixin megluminee fluidoterapia com ringer lactato. Um aumento de creatina quinase (669,0 UI/L) e aspartato aminotransferase (669,0 UI/L) foi observado na avaliação bioquímica sérica. Foi realizada pesquisa de mutação nogene GYS1, com resultado heterozigoto positivo. Após repouso e recuperação gradual, o cavalo foi submetido apenas a trabalhos leves, sem retorno do quadro clínico desde então. Assim, este relato descreve dois casos com PSSM com evolução clínica e métodos diagnósticos distintos.(AU)

Use of smartphone messaging applications to increase diagnostic efficiency in veterinary diagnostic laboratories / Uso de aplicativos de mensagens de smartphones para aumentar a eficiência diagnóstica em laboratórios de diagnóstico veterinário

Many inconclusive diagnoses have been reported in studies carried out in veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs). These inconclusive diagnoses are often associated with field veterinarians sending tissue samples and carcasses for histopathological examination. The use of social media in care has the potential as a tool for improvements in animal health. We evaluated the improvement in the rate of conclusive diagnoses in the VDL when using a messaging application for smartphones as a guidance tool for field veterinarians to refer animals and sample tissues for necropsy and histopathology. Veterinarians contacted the VDL team via a messaging app and forwarded videos, images, and clinical-epidemiological history. Based on this information, guidelines were created in real-time for contacting professionals about methods for collecting samples during necropsy and making diagnoses and scheduling visits to properties. The data obtained showed that smartphone messaging applications could be useful tools to expand the performance of VDLs and improve their diagnostic efficiency, especially when sending samples of animals that died is impossible due to certain sanitary conditions.

Muitos diagnósticos inconclusivos têm sido relatados em estudos realizados em laboratórios de diagnóstico veterinário (LDVs). Esses diagnósticos inconclusivos são frequentemente associados a veterinários de campo que enviam amostras de tecidos e carcaças para exame histopatológico. O uso das mídias sociais com cuidado tem potencial como ferramenta para melhorias na saúde animal. Avaliamos a melhora na taxa de diagnósticos conclusivos no LDV ao utilizar um aplicativo de mensagens para smartphones como ferramenta de orientação para veterinários de campo encaminharem animais e amostras de tecidos para necropsia e histopatologia. Os veterinários entraram em contato com a equipe do L por meio de um aplicativo de mensagens e encaminharam vídeos, imagens e histórico clínico-epidemiológico. Com base nessas informações, foram criadas orientações em tempo real para contato dos profissionais sobre métodos de coleta de amostras durante a necropsia e realização de diagnósticos, além do agendamento de visitas às propriedades. Os dados obtidos mostraram que os aplicativos de mensagens para smartphones podem ser ferramentas úteis para ampliar o desempenho dos VDLs e melhorar sua eficiência diagnóstica, principalmente quando o envio de amostras de animais que morreram é impossível devido a determinadas condições sanitárias.

Lesions of the oral cavity of dogs: 720 cases / Lesões da cavidade oral de cães: 720 casos

Seven hundred twenty cases of oral cavity lesions in dogs were diagnosed from 2015 to 2020 in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Four hundred thirty-two (60%) lesions were neoplastic, and 288 (40%) were non-neoplastic. Of the neoplasms, 229 (53%) were considered malignant and 203 (47%) benign, affecting mainly males, of 43 different breeds, with an average age of 9.4 years, mainly the gum and lip. Melanoma was the most (96/432, 22.2%) commonly diagnosed neoplasm, followed by peripheral odontogenic fibroma (68/432, 15.7%), papilloma (63/432, 14.5%) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (56/432, 12.9%). Non-neoplastic lesions also affected males predominantly, from 41 different breeds, with an average age of 8.9 years, mainly in the gums, lip, and tongue. These lesions were diagnosed as inflammatory (230/288, 79.8%), hyperplastic (47/288, 16.3%) and other lesions (11/288, 3.8%).

Foram estudados 720 casos de lesões na cavidade oral em cães diagnosticados entre 2015 e 2020, no Distrito Federal. Dessas alterações, 432 (60%) foram neoplásicas e 288 (40%) não neoplásicas. Dentre os neoplasmas, 229 (53%) foram consideradas malignos e 203 (47%) benignos, acometendo principalmente machos, de 43 raças diferentes, com idade média 9,4 anos, afetando principalmente gengiva e lábio. Melanoma foi o neoplasma mais comumente diagnosticado (96/432; 22,2%), seguido do fibroma odontogênico periférico (68/432; 15,7%), papiloma (63/432; 14,5%) e carcinoma de células escamosas (56/432; 12,9%). As lesões não neoplásicas também acometeram predominantemente machos, de 41 raças diferentes, com idade média 8,9 anos, afetando principalmente gengiva, lábio e língua. Essas lesões foram diagnosticadas como inflamatórias (230/288; 79,8%), hiperplásicas (47/288; 16,3%) e como outras alterações (11/288; 3,8%).

Gota úrica visceral em pato-do-mato (Cairina moschata) / Visceral uric gout in muscovy duck (Cairina moschata)

Background: Gout, a metabolic disease affecting multiple species, is frequent in birds which are uricotelic animals. It is primarily caused by hyperuricemia originating from birds' renal disorders with subsequent deposition of urate crystals into tissue. The location of the crystals determines the type of disease. Joint disease occurs with deposition inside and around joints, joint capsules, and tandine hems, while visceral disease occurs when the serous surface of visceral organs (mainly pericardium, liver, kidneys, air sacs, peritoneum, and spleen) are affected. This report describes a case of visceral uric gout in a Muscovy duck, which is rare. Case: An adult, male, Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), kept under human care in a zoo, was referred to a veterinary clinic. The animal presented suddenly with prostration, ataxia, and anorexia, and died the following day. The body was sent to the Pathology Sector of Ritter dos Reis University Center (UniRitter) for a necropsy. During the necropsy, it was observed that white membranes, presenting a "chalk dust" appearance, were deposited under the serous layer of organs including the liver, kidneys, and pericardium. Following the necropsy and macroscopic evaluations, fragments of multiple organs were fixed in 10% formalin and processed routinely with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining for histopathological evaluation in an analysis laboratory in Porto Alegre city. A deposition of amorphous eosinophilic material was identified in the intestine, liver (serous), kidneys, lungs, and heart (epicardium) with findings of serositis, nephritis, and fibrinous epicarditis. The liver parenchyma and lungs had areas of congestion. There was both moderate and intense hepatocellular degeneration as well as degeneration in the renal tubular cells. These macro and microscopic changes were compatible with urate crystal deposition which represents visceral uric gout. Discussion: As opposed to free-living birds, birds in captivity have easy access to food and are sedentary. These factors, together with inadequate food management, make nutritional disorders the main predisposing cause of uric gout in these animals. Since it was not possible to determine the causative factors of this individual animal's disease due to the absence of examinations while alive, a nutritional origin of this animal's demise was considered. According to prior reports, an important cause of avian disease can be attributed directly or indirectly to kidney dysfunction. In addition to a deposition of amorphous material in the renal cortex, this Muscovy duck had areas of tubular cell degeneration and proliferation of fibrous connective tissue. However, it was not possible to establish a cause and effect relationship between the renal damage and the uric gout. Despite being common in birds under human care, the disease still is challenging for veterinarians, since the diagnosis is often late and treatment is often ineffective. The absence of documentation of this disease in the Muscovy duck contributes to the difficulty in establishing predisposing factors and a distinct disease etiology. This highlights the importance of the present report and the need for new studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of visceral uric gout in a Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). This highlights the importance of necroscopic examinations and the impact they can have in the clinical arena, especially in wild animals.

Estudo anatômico das lesões de endocardiose em cães, prevalência e epidemiologia / Anatomical study of endocardiosis lesions in dogs, prevalence and epidemiology / Estudio anatómico de las lesiones de endocardiosis en el perro, prevalencia y epidemiología

O coração é composto por duas importantes valvas átrio-ventriculares, a tricúspide e a bicúspide ou mitral. As válvulas cardíacas asseguram o sentido do fluxo sanguíneo dos átrios para os ventrículos e destes para as artérias. A endocardiose é um processo degenerativo crônico progressivo das válvulas, que acomete especialmente os cães, denominada endocardiose ou "doença do cão velho". Embora qualquer das válvulas possa ser afetada, é a válvula mitral que é habitualmente envolvida, isoladamente ou em combinação com a válvula tricúspide. A sua prevalência tem sido associada a parâmetros como idade, sexo e raça, afetando especialmente animais adultos de raças de pequeno porte. A etiologia da endocardiose é desconhecida, mas parece haver uma base hereditária. As lesões macroscópicas iniciais consistem em pequenos nódulos nas margens livres da valva, ficando distorcidas e com suas dimensões reduzidas, mas significativamente espessas e de coloração opaca, branca ou reluzente. Microscopicamente, a endocardiose é vista como um processo degenerativo do tecido valvular com discreta infiltração de tecido conjuntivo fibroso. Em estágios iniciais a doença apresenta, à auscultação, murmúrios cardíacos de baixa intensidade, sem sinais de descompensação e é geralmente achado incidental durante a rotina de exame clínico. As cúspides fundem-se em sua inserção, mas separam-se em direção ao centro da abertura, ajustando-se estreitamente ao mesmo tempo quando a valva se fecha e suas bordas livres são espessas e irregulares, especialmente durante uma fase tardia da vida. Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi averiguar as principais lesões, a epidemiologia e o grau de prevalência da endocardiose em cães na região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, o que se verificou que não há casos frequentes na rotina clínica de pequenos animais de endocardiose. Não sendo possível verificar se há um sexo mais predisposto a apresentar a endocardiose. As lesões observadas na macroscopia eram referentes a nódulos brilhantes, e na microscopia presença de colágeno causando o espessamento da cúspide, além de achados inflamatórios.(AU)

The heart is composed of two important atrio-ventricular valves, the tricuspid and the bicuspid or mitral valve. The heart valves ensure the direction of blood flow from the atria to the ventricles and from the ventricles to the arteries. Endocardiosis is a chronic progressive degenerative process of the valves that affects dogs in particular, called endocardiosis or "old dog's disease". Although any of the valves can be affected, it is the mitral valve that is usually involved, either alone or in combination with the tricuspid valve. Its prevalence has been associated with parameters such as age, sex, and breed, affecting especially adult animals of small breeds. The etiology of endocardiosis is unknown, but there appears to be a hereditary basis. The initial macroscopic lesions consist of small nodules on the free margins of the valve, becoming distorted and reduced in size, but significantly thickened and opaque, white or shiny in color. Microscopically, endocardiosis is seen as a degenerative process of the valvular tissue with a discrete infiltration of fibrous connective tissue. In early stages the disease presents, on auscultation, with low-intensity cardiac murmurs without signs of decompensation and is usually an incidental finding during routine clinical examination. The leaflets fuse at their insertion, but separate towards the center of the opening, fitting closely together when the valve closes, and their free edges are thick and irregular, especially during a late phase of life. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the main lesions, the epidemiology and the degree of prevalence of endocardiosis in dogs in the northwest region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which was found that there are no frequent cases in the clinical routine of small animals of endocardiosis. It was not possible to verify whether there is a sex more predisposed to present endocardiosis. The lesions observed at macroscopy were referring to bright nodules, and at microscopy the presence of collagen causing thickening of the leaflet, besides inflammatory findings.(AU)

El corazón está compuesto por dos importantes válvulas aurículo- ventriculares, la tricúspide y la bicúspide o válvula mitral. Las válvulas cardíacas aseguran la dirección del flujo sanguíneo de las aurículas a los ventrículos y de los ventrículos a las arterias. La endocardiosis es un proceso degenerativo crónico y progresivo de las válvulas que afecta sobre todo a los perros, denominado endocardiosis o "enfermedad del perro viejo". Aunque cualquiera de las válvulas puede verse afectada, es la válvula mitral la que suele estar implicada, ya sea sola o en combinación con la válvula tricúspide. Su prevalencia se ha asociado a parámetros como la edad, el sexo y la raza, afectando especialmente a animales adultos de razas pequeñas. La etiología de la endocardiosis es desconocida, pero parece tener una base hereditaria. Las lesiones macroscópicas iniciales consisten en pequeños nódulos en los márgenes libres de la válvula, que se distorsionan y reducen de tamaño, pero se engrosan significativamente y adquieren un color opaco, blanco o brillante. Microscópicamente, la endocardiosis se observa como un proceso degenerativo del tejido valvular con una discreta infiltración de tejido conectivo fibroso. En fases tempranas, la enfermedad se presenta, en la auscultación, con soplos cardíacos de baja intensidad sin signos de descompensación y suele ser un hallazgo incidental durante el examen clínico rutinario. Las valvas se fusionan en su inserción, pero se separan hacia el centro de la apertura, encajando estrechamente cuando la válvula se cierra, y sus bordes libres son gruesos e irregulares, especialmente durante una fase tardía de la vida. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las principales lesiones, la epidemiología y el grado de prevalencia de endocardiosis en perros de la región noroeste del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, que se encontró que no hay casos frecuentes en la rutina clínica de pequeños animales de endocardiosis. No fue posible verificar si existe un sexo más predispuesto a presentar endocardiosis. Las lesiones observadas en la macroscopia fueron referentes a nódulos brillantes, y en la microscopia la presencia de colágeno causando engrosamiento de la valva, además de hallazgos inflamatorios.(AU)

Biliary cystadenoma in a lion (Panthera leo)

Animals in human care often exceed the life expectancy of animals in the wild when they have veterinarian follow-ups, no competition for space or food, and continuous care. Advanced age favors the development of mutations that often trigger cancer, which sometimes causes death. There are reports in the literature on neoplasms in lions in the liver, which are one of the main organs affected. A 20-year-old lion specimen was received for necropsy at the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. Multiple cystic dilations were observed in the liver. Histologically, they were internally covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium, similar to that observed in the bile ducts, without cellular atypia. The adjacent liver parenchyma presented with mild disorganization of the hepatocyte cords. Biliary cystadenomas are benign growths formed by a thin opaque capsule filled with a slightly yellowish translucent fluid compressing the adjacent liver parenchyma, as highlighted in this case. The epithelium of the cysts was positive for anti-cytokeratin (CK) (EIA/A3E) and anti-CK7, confirming histogenesis in the bile ducts. This study reports a case of biliary cystadenoma in a Panthera leo specimen.(AU)

Canine splenic tumors: Histopathological study of 9 cases in Uruguay, 2019-2020

There are no reports of what kind of spleen tumors have developed within a certain period of time in Uruguay. Therefore, we investigated spleen tumors that were surgically resected and brought into our laboratory for a year (2019-2020). As a result, 9 splenic tumors were observed. Hemangiosarcomas occurred at the highest incidence in 6 of 9 cases. In addition, 1 case each of lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, and perivascular wall tumor was observed. Furthermore, the perivascular wall tumor, which has not been reported so far, was observed in a seven years-old female Cocker Spaniel.(AU)

Histopathological case study of canine hemangiosarcoma with multiple organ metastases

We studied a 14-year-old male dog necropsied. Gross findings were hemorrhagic nodules in the spleen, liver, heart and abdominal and thoracic lymph nodes. Histologically, we homogeneously observed tumor cells often with prominent, bulging and mitotic nuclei that were pleomorphic and hyperchromatic, forming small blood vessels. Tumors in all organs were diagnosed as capillary hemangiosarcomas. No tumor cells were detected in the lungs. We presume that the primary tumor was present in the spleen, from where it metastasized multiple organs via lymphatic vessels.(AU)

Seminoma in a gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) with unilateral cryptorchidism

Cryptorchidism is the incomplete descent of the testes and associated structures, and cryptorchid testes are more likely to develop testicular neoplasms, such as seminoma. This is the first report of a seminoma in a cryptorchid wild-caught gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira). The animal developed a unilateral seminoma with classical histopathological findings and benign behavior. Six months after the orchiectomy the cervid presented a metatarsal opened fracture, dying during the orthopedic surgery. No macro or micrometric metastasis was observed at the necropsy.(AU)

Avaliação histopatológica das principais lesões testiculares em gatos adultos submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva / Histopathological evaluation of the main testicular lesions in adult cats submitted to elective orchiectomy

O estudo das lesões testiculares em felinos é essencial no diagnóstico das doenças reprodutivas, uma vez que as gônadas podem apresentar alterações importantes, mesmo quando macroscopicamente normais. Assim, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as principais lesões testiculares em gatos adultos submetidos à orquiectomia eletiva, determinando as lesões de maior frequência. Para isso, foram utilizados 25 gatos machos, adultos, com idade entre um e dois anos. Todos os animais eram provenientes do Programa de Controle Populacional de Animais de Estimação Pelo Método de Esterilização Cirúrgica, do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HOVET-UFU). Após a orquiectomia, os testículos foram coletados e enviados ao Setor de Patologia Animal do HOVET-UFU, onde foram separados dos seus respectivos epidídimos. Foram obtidas as dimensões de comprimento, altura, largura, peso e volume de cada testículo. Esses foram então fixados em formalina 10%, por 24 horas, e clivados nas regiões cranial, média e caudal. Os fragmentos foram submetidos ao processamento para inclusão em parafina e coloração em hematoxilina e eosina. Mesmo sem alterações macroscópicas significativas, a maioria dos gatos avaliados no estudo exibiu alguma lesão testicular, sendo a degeneração testicular e a fibrose intersticial as mais comuns. Desta forma, destaca-se a importância da histopatologia no diagnóstico de alterações testiculares em animais considerados saudáveis.

The study of testicular lesions in felines is essential in the diagnosis of reproductive diseases, since, the gonads can present important alterations, even when they are macroscopically normal. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the main testicular injuries in adult cats submitted to elective orchiectomy, determining the most frequent ones. For this, 25 adult male cats, aged between one and two years, were used. All animals came from the Pet Population Control Program through the Surgical Sterilization Method of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia (HOVET-UFU). After the orchiectomy, the testicles were collected and sent to the Animal Pathology Sector of HOVET-UFU, where they were separated from their respective epididymis. The dimensions of length, height, width, weight, and volume of each testicle were obtained. These were then fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours, and cleaved in the cranial, middle, and caudal regions. The fragments were submitted to processing for inclusion in paraffin and staining by hematoxylin and eosin. Even without significant macroscopic changes, most cats evaluated in the present study showed some testicular damage, with testicular degeneration and interstitial fibrosis being the most common. Therefore, the importance of histopathology in the diagnosis of testicular alterations in animals considered healthy is highlighted.

Ressecção de pólipo nasofaríngeo inflamatório em conduto auditivo de felino doméstico: relato de caso / Resection of inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyp in ear canal of domestic feline: case report

Uma fêmea de felino doméstico foi encaminhada a um hospital veterinário particular da cidade de Guarujá (SP), Brasil, com a queixa de um aumento de volume em região de pavilhão auricular. Durante a inspeção, foi constatado que a formação peduncular tinha origem no interior da orelha, que somado ao histórico da paciente, suspeitou-se de um pólipo nasofaríngeo inflamatório. Foi feita a excisão e envio do material para exames patológicos que confirmaram a suspeita.(AU)

A female domestic cat was referred to a private veterinary hospital in the city of Guarujá-SP, Brazil, with the complaint of an increase in volume in the region of the ear. During inspection, it was found that the peduncular formation originated inside the ear, which added to the patient's history, suspected an inflammatory nasopharyngeal polyp. Excision was performed and the material was sent for pathological examinations that confirmed the suspicion.(AU)

Canine intraventricular pneumocephalus: a case report / Pneumoencéfalo intraventricular em cão: relato de caso

Pneumocephalus is a well described disease; it is commonly diagnosed in humans, but the condition is rarely encountered in veterinary medicine. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold-standard diagnostic method for identifying this disease, and other methods (such as necropsy) are rarely described. In this report, we describe necropsy findings of a 10-month-old, mixed-breed dog with intraventricular pneumocephalus. The dog was referred to Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil, for necropsy after being diagnosed with pneumocephalus upon CT. In the examination, the brain had dilation of both lateral ventricles with empty spaces. Histopathology showed congestion and mineralization only near the lateral ventricles, leading to the diagnosis of pneumocephalus based on the macroscopic findings. The animal also showed sinusitis characterized by nasal discharge and neutrophilic infiltration of nasal sinuses. However, bacterial culture was not conclusive because of contamination of the sample. This is therefore an important report that shows necropsy findings of intraventricular pneumocephalus, which is a rare condition in dogs. By documenting the necropsy findings, we hope to help veterinary pathologists, including those with limited access to diagnostic imaging.

Pneumoencéfalo é uma condição bem descrita e comumente diagnosticada em humanos, mas raramente encontrada na medicina veterinária. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é o método diagnóstico padrão-ouro para identificar tal alteração, e outros métodos (como a necropsia) raramente são descritos. Neste relato, são apresentados os achados de necropsia de um cão sem raça definida de 10 meses de idade com pneumoencéfalo intraventricular. O cão foi encaminhado ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brasil, para necropsia após ser diagnosticado com pneumoencéfalo na TC. No exame, o cérebro apresentava dilatação de ambos os ventrículos laterais com espaços vazios; à histopatologia, foram observadas congestão e mineralização próximas aos ventrículos laterais. Com isso foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de pneumoencéfalo, com base nos achados macroscópicos. O animal também apresentou sinusite caracterizada por secreção nasal e infiltração neutrofílica dos seios nasais. No entanto, a cultura bacteriana não foi conclusiva devido à contaminação da amostra. Este é, portanto, um importante relato que mostra achados de necropsia de pneumoencéfalo intraventricular, que é uma condição rara em cães. Ao documentar os achados da necropsia, esperamos ajudar os patologistas veterinários, incluindo aqueles com acesso limitado a técnicas de diagnóstico por imagem.

Evaluation of the incidence of endophytic fungi in leaves, stems and roots of bean plants in the State of Paraná / Avaliação da incidência de fungos endofíticos em folhas, caules e raízes de plantas de feijão no Estado do Paraná

The present study aimed to isolate endophilic fungi from plant tissues (leaves, stems and roots) of beans, in addition to identifying them at the genus level. The experiment was conducted at IDR-Londrina. Bean samples were collected at the Londrina Research Station and at UENP-Bandeirantes. The leaves, stems and roots were separated; fragments of 5 mm diameter were cut and disinfested. They were later transferred to BDA culture medium. The plates were incubated at room temperature for seven days for growth of the microorganisms present. The presence and absence, colonization rate (TC) for each tissue and gender identification of fungi were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with five replications. Forty-eight endophilic isolates were found, 13 in root, 17 in stem and 18 in leaf. CT ranged from 17-100% (leaf), 17-83% (stem) and 16-100% (root). The genus Alternaria sp. and Cladosporium sp. have greater specificity with the leaf and stem, Penicillium sp. root and stem. The genera Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus sp. are found in all organs, Curvularia sp., Nigrospora sp. and Thichoderma sp. demonstrated leaf specificity, Macrophomina sp. the root, and Colletotrichum sp. to the stem. Thus, the identified fungi present potential for future studies in their application in the biocontrol of various plant diseases.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar o isolamento de fungos endofíticos dos tecidos vegetais (folhas, caules e raízes) de feijão, além de identifica-los a nível de gênero. O experimento foi conduzido no IDR-Londrina. Amostras de feijão foram coletadas na Estação de Pesquisa de Londrina e na UENP-Bandeirantes. Foram separadas as folhas, caules e raízes, cortados fragmentos de 5 mm diâmetro e desinfestados. Posteriormente foram transferidos para meio de cultura BDA. As placas foram incubadas à temperatura ambiente por sete dias, para crescimento dos microrganismos presentes. Foram avaliados a presença e ausência, taxa de colonização (TC) para cada tecido e identificação a nível de gênero dos fungos. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Encontrou-se 48 isolados endofíticos, sendo 13 em raiz, 17 em caule e 18 em folha. A TC variou de 17-100% (folha), de 17-83% (caule) e 16-100% (raiz). O gênero Alternaria sp. e Cladosporium sp. apresentam especificidade maior com a folha e caule, o Penicillium sp. com raiz e caule. Os gêneros Fusarium sp. e Aspergillus sp. são encontrados em todos os órgãos, Curvularia sp., Nigrospora sp. e Thichoderma sp. demonstraram especificidade em folha, Macrophomina sp. a raiz, e Colletotrichum sp. ao caule. Dessa forma, os fungos identificados apresentam-se com potencial para futuros estudos em sua aplicação no biocontrole de diversas doenças de plantas.

Salmonella Pullorum em criação de galinhas caipiras no Oeste da Bahia, Brasil / Salmonella Pullorum in a free-range chicken farm in Western Bahia, Brazil

Background: Industrial poultry farming has developed progressively in Brazil, conferring the country a prominent position on the national and international scene. Likewise, alternative poultry farming is an important economic activity for small-scale family farmers. However, shortcomings related to sanitary management lead to increased occurrence of avian diseases, such as those caused by Salmonella spp. Despite salmonellosis has been described in industrial establishments, reports in alternative farms are less common, therefore the objective of this study was to describe the occurrence of salmonellosis in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra, Western Bahia, Brazil. Cases: The poultry farmer reported the occurrence of diarrhoea in his chicken flock since the acquisition of the batch of chicks. Initially, carrying out the medicinal treatment of the birds, there was clinical improvement, however, successive recurrences of clinical signs occurred, such as diarrhoea, apathy, anorexia, and death of some birds. Upon learning about the case, an epidemiological investigation of the flock was carried out, and it was noted that some of the birds were retracted, apathetic, anorexic, and a lot of diarrheic faeces of a yellowish-white appearance were also observed. The entire flock had a history of vaccination against diseases: newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, gumboro disease, and fowlpox. For better evaluation, five birds were necropsied, enabling the observation that the animals had a good body score. However, the necropsy revealed lesions such as splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and enteritis in the three birds initially analysed (Animals 1, 2, and 3). The other birds (Animals 4 and 5) were submitted to evaluation for Eimeria sp. oocysts by means of scrapings from the intestinal mucosa, and there were no structures compatible with oocysts. Faecal samples were collected from another six birds in the flock for coproparasitological examination, and the presence of oocysts was not detected. Finally, sera from 20 birds in the flock were collected for the Rapid Serum Agglutination Test (SAR) for the detection anti-Salmonella Pullorum antibodies. Discussion: The diagnosis was based on clinical evaluation, post mortem pathological findings of the necropsied birds, epidemiological data and confirmed with SAR testing, whereby 11 birds were seropositive for Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Pullorum. The prevalence of S. Pullorum is poorly described in alternative farming. Based on the farmer's report, it is believed that the chicks were purchased already infected, because birds from the same batch, also purchased by neighbouring producers, showed the same clinical signs. The unsatisfactory sanitation in the flock was another factor that may have favoured the persistence of the bacteria, since, the lack of removal of organic matter is a source of nutrients for microorganisms, and this may have favoured the multiplication and maintenance of the bacteria in the down feathers, feed, and water. The elimination of S. Pullorum through the faeces, in addition to the density of the birds, may have led to transmission to the other healthy birds. However, the knowledge and adoption of prophylactic measures in free-range chicken farms is a crucial factor in minimizing the occurrence of outbreaks and thus avoiding a future public Health Problem.