Coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e da energia de alimentos para Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Na carcinicultura a principal fonte proteica utilizada nas formulações de rações é a farinha de peixe, porém estima-se que nos próximos anos essa fonte proteica não consiga mais atender a demanda dessa atividade, desta forma, a busca por novos ingredientes é de grande importância para minimizar os impactos ambientais gerados, como redução dos estoques pesqueiros e eutrofização dos sistemas aquáticos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e extrato etéreo dos ingredientes (farinha de peixe, farinha de vísceras de frango, farinha de penas hidrolisadas, farinha de Tenebrio molitor e farinha de Gromphadorhina portentosa) para juvenis de Macrobrachium rosenbergii pelo método indireto de sifonagem. Para determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos ingredientes foram utilizados 90 camarões com peso médio de 15g, distribuídos aleatoriamente entre três caixas de polietileno de 1000L. A ração referência foi formulada de acordo com a exigência do camarão gigante da Malásia com 35% de proteína bruta e 3.600 kcal EB/kg e as rações testes compostas por 70% da ração referência e 30% do ingrediente teste. Os camarões eram alimentos três vezes ao dia (às 07h50, 12h50 e 18h50) até a sua saciedade aparente, sendo fornecido um tempo de 20 minutos para a alimentação; após este intervalo era realizada a limpeza das caixas, onde eram sifonadas as fezes e as sobras de ração. A coleta das fezes foi realizada pelo método indireto de sifonagem, duas vezes ao dia no mesmo local de alimentação (às 07h30 e 18h30), antes do fornecimento do alimento e limpeza das caixas. A temperatura da água foi mantida em 27 °C, oxigênio dissolvido: 6,65 mg/L e o pH: 7,76. Os demais parâmetros como amônia, nitrito, dureza e alcalinidade mantiveram-se dentro dos valores recomendados para a espécie em estudo. Os CDAs da MS, PB e EB foram respectivamente de 73,82; 75,21 e 76,42 para farinha de penas hidrolisadas; 76,48; 81,55 e 85,13 para farinha de vísceras de frango; 61,48; 88,28 e 88,25 para farinha de peixe; 27,49; 68,96 e 75,74 para farinha de Tenebrio molitor e 52,35; 59,48 e 67,64 para a farinha de Gromphadorhina portentosa. Os valores de proteína (%) e energia (kcal/kg) digestíveis foram de 55,20 e 3.711 para farinha de peixe; 47,27 e 4.285 para farinha de vísceras de frango; 34,56 e 4.983 para farinha de Tenebrio molitor; 47,72 e 3.616 para farinha de Gromphadorhina portentosa e 65,03 e 4.145 para farinha de penas hidrolisadas, esses resultados mostram o potencial dessas farinhas como ingredientes em dietas para juvenis do M. rosenbergii.

In prawn farming the main protein source used in the formulations is fish meal, but it is estimated that in the coming years this protein source will no longer be able to meet the demand for this activity, so the search for new ingredients is of great importance to minimize the risks, environmental impacts generated, such as reduction of fish stocks and eutrophication of aquatic systems. The objective of the present study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and ethereal extract of the ingredients (fish meal, poultry visceras meal, hydrolyzed feather meal, Tenebrio molitor meal and Gromphadorhina portentosa meal) for Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles by the indirect siphonage method. To determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ACDs) of the ingredients were used 90 shrimps with average weight of 15g, randomly distributed among three boxes 1000L polyethylene. The reference feed was formulated according to the requirement of the Malaysian giant prawn with 35% crude protein and 3,600 kcal EB/kg and the test diet composed of 70% of the reference diet and 30% of the test ingredient. The prawn were fed three times a day (at 07h50, 12h50 and 18h50) until their apparent satiety, and a time of 20 minutes was provided for feeding; after this interval, the boxes were cleaned, where the faeces and leftover feed were siphoned. The collection of feces was performed by the indirect siphoning method, twice a day at the same feeding site (at 7:30 am and 6:30 pm), before feeding and cleaning the boxes. Water parameters such as temperature were maintained at 27 °C, dissolved oxygen at 6.65 mg /L and pH at 7.76. Other parameters such as ammonia, nitrite, hardness and alkalinity remained within the recommended values for the species under study. The ACDs of DM, CP and GE were respectively 73.82; 75.21 and 76.42 for hydrolysed feather meal; 76.48; 81.55 and 85.13 for poultry visceras meal; 61.48; 88.28 and 88.25 for fish meal; 27.49; 68.96 and 75.74 for Tenebrio molitor meal and 52.35; 59.48 and 67.64 for Gromphadorhina portentosa meal. The values of protein (%) and energy (kcal / kg) digestible in dry matter of 55,20 and 3,711 for fish meal; 47,27 and 4,285 for poultry visceras meal; 34.56 and 4.983 for Tenebrio molitor meal; 47,72 and 3,616 for Gromphadorhina portentosa meal and 65,03 and 4,145 for hydrolysed feather meal, these results show the potential of these flours as ingredients in M. rosenbergii juvenile diets.

Determination of the chemical composition, amino acid levels and energy values of different poultry offal meals for broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, amino acid content and energy values, as well as to quantify the passage rate in the digestive tract of three different poultry offal meals (POM), in two experiments carried out with broilers. In the first experiment, metabolizable energy values were determined (AMEn and TMEn) using the method of total excreta collection. In this experiment, 150 15-d-old male and female broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. The following treatments were applied: a reference diet, three test diets consisting of 250 g/kg of the tested ingredient (POM) + 750 g/kg of the reference diet, and one group of birds fasted for excreta collection to determine endogenous and metabolic losses. In the second experiment, POM passage rate results were obtained using 90 26-d-old broilers distributed according a completely randomized design with three treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. POM passage rate was correlated (r = -99.86%) with its EE content. The evaluated POMs presented the following ME values: 16,727; 15,781 and 17,443 MJ AMEn /kg and 17,877; 15,882 and 17,527 MJ TMEn /kg for samples A, B and C, respectively.

Determination of the chemical composition, amino acid levels and energy values of different poultry offal meals for broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, amino acid content and energy values, as well as to quantify the passage rate in the digestive tract of three different poultry offal meals (POM), in two experiments carried out with broilers. In the first experiment, metabolizable energy values were determined (AMEn and TMEn) using the method of total excreta collection. In this experiment, 150 15-d-old male and female broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. The following treatments were applied: a reference diet, three test diets consisting of 250 g/kg of the tested ingredient (POM) + 750 g/kg of the reference diet, and one group of birds fasted for excreta collection to determine endogenous and metabolic losses. In the second experiment, POM passage rate results were obtained using 90 26-d-old broilers distributed according a completely randomized design with three treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. POM passage rate was correlated (r = -99.86%) with its EE content. The evaluated POMs presented the following ME values: 16,727; 15,781 and 17,443 MJ AMEn /kg and 17,877; 15,882 and 17,527 MJ TMEn /kg for samples A, B and C, respectively.(AU)

Determination of the chemical composition, amino acid levels and energy values of different poultry offal meals for broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, amino acid content and energy values, as well as to quantify the passage rate in the digestive tract of three different poultry offal meals (POM), in two experiments carried out with broilers. In the first experiment, metabolizable energy values were determined (AMEn and TMEn) using the method of total excreta collection. In this experiment, 150 15-d-old male and female broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. The following treatments were applied: a reference diet, three test diets consisting of 250 g/kg of the tested ingredient (POM) + 750 g/kg of the reference diet, and one group of birds fasted for excreta collection to determine endogenous and metabolic losses. In the second experiment, POM passage rate results were obtained using 90 26-d-old broilers distributed according a completely randomized design with three treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. POM passage rate was correlated (r = -99.86%) with its EE content. The evaluated POMs presented the following ME values: 16,727; 15,781 and 17,443 MJ AMEn /kg and 17,877; 15,882 and 17,527 MJ TMEn /kg for samples A, B and C, respectively.

AVALIAÇÃO DE FATORES QUE AFETAM A QUALIDADE DE FARINHA DE VÍSCERAS NA INDÚSTRIA DE SUBPRODUTOS AVÍCOLAS

Com o objetivo de caracterizar as possíveis variações na composição química das farinhas de vísceras foi realizado este trabalho para estudar as possíveis variáveis que podem provocar variações e afetar a qualidade final da farinha de vísceras de aves tendo como foco a sua utilização na indústria de rações para frangos de corte. Para tal experimento foi escolhido um abatedouro avícola comercial de grande porte que processa as vísceras imediatamente após o abate das aves em uma planta processadora de farinha de vísceras, unidade esta localizada na região central do estado de Goiás. As amostras foram coletadas e analisadas semanalmente durante um período de doze meses compreendido entre junho de 2014 e junho de 2015. Para caracterizar as possíveis variações na composição química das farinhas de vísceras foram estudas o efeito da temperatura, pressão, umidade, peso e tempo de processamento e para avaliar as farinhas obtidas os parâmetros utilizados foram os testes qualitativos (índice de acidez, índice de peróxido e teste de Éber), a avaliação proximal (extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, umidade, cálcio e fósforo), além deste foram realizados testes de granulometria, cor textura e odor. Para tal avaliação adotou-se o programa estatístico R utilizando-se o método estatístico de correlações de Pearson.

In order to characterize the possible variations in the chemical composition of the viscera meal was carried out this work to study the possible variables that can cause variations and affect the final quality of poultry by products focusing on their use in the feed industry broilers. For this experiment was chosen a large commercial poultry abattoir processing viscera immediately after slaughter of birds in a processing plant poultry meal, unit is located in central Goiás state. The samples were collected and analyzed weekly for a period of twelve months between June 2014 and June 2015. in order to characterize the possible variations in the chemical composition of the viscera flour were studied the effect of temperature, pressure, humidity, weight and processing time and to assess the flours obtained the parameters were qualitative tests (acidity index, peroxide index and Eber test), the proximal evaluation (ether extract, crude protein, moisture, calcium and phosphorus), and this grading tests were performed, color texture and odor. For such an assessment adopted the statistical program R using the statistical method of Pearson correlations.

Farinha de vísceras de aves na alimentação de alevinos de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus)

The present research aimed at evaluating the inclusion poultry by products of birds viscera flour (FV) in the feeding of piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) fingerlings. 125 fingerlings with weight and medium initial length of 0.26±0.01g and 2.37±0.28cm, respectively were used, distributed in 25 aquariums (30 liters water capacity each) in an entirely casualized delineation with five treatments and five repetitions. The rations were formulated in way to contain 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20% of FV, being the same isoenergetics and isoproteics. The feed giving was realized four times at 8, 11, 14 and 17 hours, with base in 10% of the total biomass. The zootechnics parameters evaluated were the final weight (PF), final length (CF), weight gain (GP), apparent alimentary conversion (CA) and survival (SO). There were observed an increase in the lineal differences (P 0.05) in the PF, CF, GP averages and CA with increase in the level of inclusion of FV. The SO and FC didn't present difference (P>0.05) among the treatments. The increase in the inclusion of FV in rations up to 20%, improves the piavuçu fingerlings performance.

No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves (FV) na alimentação de alevinos de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus). Foram utilizados 125 alevinos com peso e comprimento inicial médios de 0,26±0,01g e 2,37±0,28cm, respectivamente, distribuídos em 25 aquários com 30 litros de volume útil, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. As rações foram formuladas de forma a conterem 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20% de FV, sendo as mesmas isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas. O arraçoamento foi realizado às quatro vezes ao dia, às 8, 11, 14 e 17 horas, com base em 10% da biomassa total. Os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados foram peso final (PF), comprimento final (CF), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar aparente (CA) e sobrevivência (SO). Foram observados aumentos lineares (P 0,05) nas médias de PF, CF, GP e CA, com aumento no nível de inclusão de FV. A SO e a FC não apresentaram diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. O aumento na inclusão de FV em rações até 20% melhora o desempenho de alevinos de piavuçu.

Farinha de vísceras de aves na alimentação de alevinos de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus)

The present research aimed at evaluating the inclusion poultry by products of birds viscera flour (FV) in the feeding of piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) fingerlings. 125 fingerlings with weight and medium initial length of 0.26±0.01g and 2.37±0.28cm, respectively were used, distributed in 25 aquariums (30 liters water capacity each) in an entirely casualized delineation with five treatments and five repetitions. The rations were formulated in way to contain 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20% of FV, being the same isoenergetics and isoproteics. The feed giving was realized four times at 8, 11, 14 and 17 hours, with base in 10% of the total biomass. The zootechnics parameters evaluated were the final weight (PF), final length (CF), weight gain (GP), apparent alimentary conversion (CA) and survival (SO). There were observed an increase in the lineal differences (P 0.05) in the PF, CF, GP averages and CA with increase in the level of inclusion of FV. The SO and FC didn't present difference (P>0.05) among the treatments. The increase in the inclusion of FV in rations up to 20%, improves the piavuçu fingerlings performance.

No presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves (FV) na alimentação de alevinos de piavuçu (Leporinus macrocephalus). Foram utilizados 125 alevinos com peso e comprimento inicial médios de 0,26±0,01g e 2,37±0,28cm, respectivamente, distribuídos em 25 aquários com 30 litros de volume útil, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. As rações foram formuladas de forma a conterem 0; 5; 10; 15 e 20% de FV, sendo as mesmas isoenergéticas e isoprotéicas. O arraçoamento foi realizado às quatro vezes ao dia, às 8, 11, 14 e 17 horas, com base em 10% da biomassa total. Os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados foram peso final (PF), comprimento final (CF), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar aparente (CA) e sobrevivência (SO). Foram observados aumentos lineares (P 0,05) nas médias de PF, CF, GP e CA, com aumento no nível de inclusão de FV. A SO e a FC não apresentaram diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. O aumento na inclusão de FV em rações até 20% melhora o desempenho de alevinos de piavuçu.

Influence at the partial substitution partial of Coastcross hay on the ingestion of some nutritional component in diets containing different sources of nitrogen, in steers / Influência da substituição parcial do feno de Coastcross pela casca de soja sobre a ingestão de alguns componentes nutricionais de dietas contendo diferentes fontes de nitrogênio, em bovinos

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of two levels of soybean hulls (SH) and three sources of nitrogen on the ingestion of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), non fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP), in steers. Six Holstein x Zebu steers, with 12 months of age and 229 kg of live weight, rumen fistulated, were used. The animals were distributed in six treatments in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. They were individually fed allowing 10% DM leftover. The nitrogen sources did not influence the ingestion of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF. However, it was observed greater ingestion of NFC when animals were fed with starea than when they received avian slaughter byproducts flour. It was concluded that the soybean hulls can partially substitute the roughage fraction of bovine ration, and that the starea can totally substitute the soybean meal without detriment in the ingestion of the studied nutritional components.

Este experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de dois níveis de casca de soja (CS) e de três fontes de nitrogênio sobre a ingestão de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e de proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA), em bovinos. Foram usados seis novilhos Holandês x Zebu com idade média de 12 meses e pesando em média 229 kg de peso, fistulados no rúmen. Os animais foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos em quadrado latino 6 x 6, alimentados individualmente de tal forma que ocorresse sobra de 10% da matéria seca fornecida. As fontes de nitrogênio não influenciaram a ingestão de MS, MO, PB, FDN e de FDA. Porém, foram observadas maiores ingestões de CNF quando os animais foram alimentados com amiréia do que quando receberam farinha de subprodutos de abatedouro avícola. Concluímos que a casca de soja pode substituir parcialmente a fração volumosa da ração de bovinos e a amiréia pode substituir totalmente o farelo de soja sem prejuízos na ingestão dos componentes nutricionais estudados.